., PAPER Writing PAPER Use of English Part Part Part For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap PAPER listening ¥ PAPER Speaking sse tia tips ~ Read each text quickly to understand its general meaning before you attempt the task ~ The gapped word or phrase may be part of a fixed expression, collocation or phrasal verb, or it may be a discourse marker which affects the meaning of the text as a whole ~ Check the words before and after the gap carefully to decide what type of word you are looking for ~ Once you have finished the task, read the whole text again to check that your choices make sense in the text as a whole In ancient times the egg was a symbol of life, birth and fertility, and it featured prominently in several creation myths, representing the (1) beginnings of time and the birth of the universe It was also believed that the egg had magical powers: it could (2) off storms, illnesses and the evil eye In many societies decorated eggs were at the centre of rituals and ceremonies that (3) with the spring - a time of new life and growth after the long hard winter Today eggs continue to be important in many cultural and religious events - such as Easter - and shell decoration is an effective (4) for demonstrating artistic skills The symmetrical form of the egg - often (5) one of the most aesthetically pleasing shapes in nature - (6) itself to a great variety of decorative techniques: it can be dyed, painted and embellished and precious jewels A total A ward A A A A occurred method regarded helps B B B B B B complete put happened means considered lends with leaves and flowers, and even gold, silver C C C C C C absolute fend resulted vehicle viewed offers D D D D D D very send coincided drive seen provides Question 2: Which of the options forms a phrasal verb with 'off', meaning 'do something to protect yourself from'? Question 3: The preposition after the gap is regularly used with one of the options Question 4: The sentence talks about the activity of decorating egg shells and how this can demonstrate artistic talent Which option can be used to describe how something is conveyed? Question 6: One of the options is often used with a reflexive pronoun and the preposition 'to' to mean 'be suitable for being used in a particular way' Question 7: One of the options often collocates with 'collections' that are on display in museums and art galleries Question 9: The correct option is often used to express that someone or something possesses something impressive Question 12: The correct option must mean 'open a building officially for the first time' The Burlington Museum was recently re-opened after an extensive development programme that aims to make the collections (7) there more appealing to a wider public The Museum's fine collections can now be seen in more inspiring (8) , and exhibitions include a wide range of innovative displays which allow visitors to make use of the latest interactive information technology The Museum also (9) an excellent new education centre and art room, as well as a gift shop Finally, ramps and wider doorways offer improved (10) for the disabled and people with limited mobility The Museum worked closely with community groups to achieve its goals One of the (11) of this collaboration is a Buddhist shrine created with the assistance and advice of the local Buddhist community A priest (12) this significant exhibition and more than two hundred people of different faiths attended the event A A A 10 A 11 A 12 A set backgrounds boasts entrance effects installed B B B B B B placed contexts prides access outputs presided C C C C C C housed frameworks scores admission fruits commenced D D D D D D homed circumstances acquires admittance benefits inaugurated Question 14: The correct option must mean 'unexpected' Question 15: There is a 'trap' , here, so think carefully about the structure of the sentence and the meaning intended! Question 17: The correct option must mean 'lift something heavy' Peter's plane was due to leave at 8.40 am My father, having little (13) in my brgther's ability to get himself to the airport on time, had offered to drive him there A punotual man himself by nature, he detested the thought of any (14) delays, and so roused Peter as early as he dared (15) ,they arrived at the airport well in advance of the recommended two hours prior to departure They made their way over to the check-in desk, where a queue was only just starting to (16) up When his turn came, Peter handed over his passport and ticket and (17) his bags onto the conveyor belt The check-in attendant frowned 'I'm sorry, sir, but you aren't on the passenger list,' she said Then she took a closer look at his ticket and her eyes widened in surprise 'Now I see the problem You're booked on tomorrow's fli-9~t! You've come a day too early!' She turned to my father, who was temporarily (18) for words, and asked, 'Does he this often?' 13 A credit 14 15 16 17 18 A A A A A improper Subsequently build settled stunned B faith B unfounded B Duly B gather B hoisted B shocked C C C C C C belief groundless Consequently collect elevated lost 0 0 0 assurance untoward Finally grow handed struck CPE TEST PAPER Writing PAPER Use of English You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with the sense of touch For questions 19-26, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text PAPER4 listening PAPER Speaking E sential lips In touch with machines ~ This part of the exam tests your understanding of the whole short text or text organisation, and some questions may also focus on the details in sections of the text Engineers are finally beginning to recognise the value of the human touch with regard to the operation of mechanical devices Until recently, the makers of automated machinery seemed bent on rendering operators redundant by reducing their involvement with the machine to the touch of ~ Readeach text quickly to understand its general meaning before you attempt the questions a button This theoretically made the user's job easier, but in practice, they felt they had no connection with the machine or how it functioned The relatively new field of haptics is changing all that It focuses on ~ Readthe questions carefully and decide which part of the text they refer to ensuring that an operator can 'feel' what a machine is doing Haptic principles, which have been applied very successfully to cars and aircraft, ~ Look at key words in the questions and see how they relate to the relevant part of the text The text will probably express ideas using different words from those that appear in the questions and options are now being applied to earth-moving equipment with excellent results By programming haptic feedback into the electronic control system, engineers are helping operators to enhance their understanding of how a machine is responding to a particular terrain through feel, and by doing so, achieve optimum performance It is also hoped that operators will be able ~ Checkthat the option which answers the question or completes the question stem conveys the same meaning as that expressed in the text to anticipate possible hazards in the ground, such as hidden water or gas pipes, by means of haptic warning sensations transmitted through the controls and so take evasive action Question 19: What did the manufacturers before that is now changing? Question 20: Readthe second paragraph and think carefully about how haptic feedback helps the machine operator Which option describes this most successfully? 19 The writer says that until recently, the manufacturers of automated A intended to make the users of machines redundant machinery B felt no connection with the machine they were operating C largely ignored the human need for physical contact with a machine D used haptic principles to develop machinery 20 Haptic feedback A reduces the operator's understanding of how his or her machine operates B enables the operator to manoeuvre machinery over the ground C makes the operator's job less complex D makes the operator more aware of how his or her machine is performing fia f· Chiropractic Question 21: Readthe question stem and answer options Here, you are being asked in what way :; iropractors treat patients Find" - e part of the text which c swers this question Which otion expresses the same idea in other words? - - - - - - - - •.- , -Are you suffering from back pain or inexplicable headaches? Any strained muscles from playing sport or perhaps whiplash from a recent accident? Then what you may need is to visit your local chiropractor estion 22: Read the question =:-Bmcarefully Note that the er implies that a person who 'shes to visit a chiropractor ::~ould something; however, -'" does not give this advice =mlicitly Chiropractors diagnose and then treat problems musculoskeletal nature by making specific adjustments of the body - the spine in particular function of a neuroto the joints - in order to improve the of the nervous system, and thereby enable the body's natural healing processes to their work No drugs or surgery, just gentle manipulation Chiropractic is a primary for a doctor's regulations, at the hands of a trained specialist! health-care profession, referral Registered chiropractors negating the need are subject to rigorous and high standards of practice are maintained Patients enthuse about the wonderful feeling of release they experience after treatment, movement becomes So why not give it a try? Chiropractic and how much easier and more supple may change your life! 21 22 Chiropractors treat patients A by employing gentle massage techniques B by altering the alignment of bones in the body C by adjusting the position of nerves and muscles in the body D by manipulating the nervous system Before visiting a chiropractor, the writer implies you should A visit a doctor who can diagnose your problem B obtain a referral from your doctor C stop taking any medication D ensure they are a member of a recognised chiropractic organisation Question 23: Look for a word or phrase in the text that means 'realise' and what the writer say~ after this Which option expresses the same idea in other words? Also, think about the words in the options For example, if you 'conform' to something, what does that mean? Question 24: Think about the overall meaning of what the writer says in the second paragraph What does 'abstract images from forms' mean? What artists try to and how they it? How might the sense of touch help them to this? Art and Visual Impairment Ks a student artist with a minor visual impairment I had spent years trying to keep up with my peers, struggling to master the principles of colour, form and perspective, until it dawned on me one day that perhaps the skills I was attempting to develop need not necessarily be visual I started to re-examine the way in which I worked and realised that I could change my perspective, so to speak I started to devise a tactile approach to recording the world that would complement the way I experienced it - rather than merely trying to reproduce it Touch is far more meaningful to the visually impaired - blind people in particular - than it is for the majority of people It can offer an alternative means of observation that increases one's sense of perception and it provides a unique, non-visual way for artists to abstract images from forms Visual artists are taught to understand light I have been learning to understand space and distance, volume and dimension, form and substance, and to work with materials that occasionally dwarf me 23 What did the artist realise about herself? A She had been trying to conform to established ideas about art B She needed to improve her visual skills C She wasn't as talented as the other students in her class D She could improve her sight by changing the way she worked 24 How can touch be used in art? A It can improve one's powers of observation B It facilitates the power of sight C It enables artists to create without needing to see D It helps visual artists to experience large objects Question 25: Readthe question stem carefully You need to find the 'main' reason, which implies ¥ there may be other reasons too : just less important ones! Question 26: Be careful not to read too much between the lines You may think that a text implies something, but what does it actually say? Which of the options is stated explicitly in the text? In touch with the child Touch is the first sense to develop in the embryo Only a few weeks after conception a primitive nervous system linking skin cells to a rudimentary brain has already developed Throughout the gestation period the foetus's tactile system develops and it will remain a potent form of communication throughout the course of a person's life Essentially, touch aids psychological, intellectual and physical development while its absence can cause undeniable harm Touch is a child's first language Long before he can see, smell, taste or hear, he experiences others and himself through touch, the only reciprocal sense In our consumer based society, we misguidedly try to meet the sensory needs of the newborn by providing artificial stimulation and security, so that we can keep ourselves 'at a distance We put our children down to sleep in cots, monitoring their breathing with alarms while we sleep in the next room Instead of holding them close to our bodies, we push them around at arms' length in prams We suspend them in baby bouncers in an attempt to reproduce the experience of being jogged around in human arms But babies need their mothers, not machines and contraptions No invention can substitute for the direct physical contact that forms the basis of the mother and child bond 25 The main reason why touch is important A B C D it it it it is because is the first sense to develop facilitates healthy development improves our communication skills teaches us how to reciprocate 26 What is the writer's main point in the second paragraph? A B C D Children should never be left to sleep alone Most people fail to provide the right kind of security for their children Man-made objects cannot replace nature in providing tactile stimulation People should take a more active part in bringing up their children PAPER Writing PAPER Use of English You are going to read an article about palaeoanthropology Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33) There is one extra paragraph which you not need to use PAPER4 Listening PAPER5 Speaking If these bones could talk To a palaeoanthropologist, the past is an open book, but one that fails to tell the whole story The covers are missing The first chapters may never be found There are hardly any pages, and most are so smeared and crumpled, so foxed and faded, that the text could mean almost anything The cast of characters is confusing and narrative thread anybody's guess Is it a detective story, a clifThanger, or a romance? Can there be a happy ending? CEJ _ Homo floresiensis was the mysterious survivor unearthed from a cave on the island of Flores in Indonesia: a pygmy descendant, perhaps, of Homo erectus, perhaps even connected to an earlier human species, but with this special feature: the bones were only 18,000 years old So Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalis and Homo floresiensis must have all shared the planet at the same time, tantalisingly recently: within the last 100,000 years perhaps Now only Homo sapiens survives Q!J_ Stringer, 57, is head of human origins at the Natural History Museum in London One of palaeoanthropology's big players, he has spent his career in pursuit of Homo neanderthalis and is also one of the great proselytisers of the Out-of-Africa theory, the one that says the human story begins on just one continent Homo floresiensis, however, astonished him ~ -'Nature is constantly experimenting I think a lot of people thought that humans were somehow different; that we had this all embracing culture and this unifying adaptation, which meant that human evolution progressed in a somewhat different way, because of our technology and the way we probably vainly think we are partly controlling the world now So people project backwards and think that humans are somehow special The evidence shows us that our evolution was as complex and as undirected, I suppose, as that of any other species we have studied.' ~ -Modern humans probably popped up within the last 200,000 years, but the things that make modern humans so distinctive in the fossil record - symbolic art, pottery and jewellery - bloomed only about 50,000 years ago Nobody in the world of palaeoanthropology considers modern humanity to be the flower of creation, either A temporary bloom, maybe QIJ_ Genetic evidence suggests humans may have come close to extinction a number of times in the past Modern humans shared the Middle East with Homo neanderthalis 120,000 years ago, and as Cro-Magnons became the sole tenants of Europe 30,000 years ago, a terrain held successfully by the Neanderthals for more than 100,000 years Did they compete? Did they co-exist? Did they trade, or cohabit? [E]~ _ 'I still tend to the view that the primary message would have been: different They would have had a different body language, a completely different way of communication; they would have had different behaviours.' @] -He and his co-author Peter Andrews - a former head of human origins at the Natural History Museum, and an expert on the early part of the human story - tried to tell the story of human evolution not just through time, but through its context, Stringer says: how you set about excavating a site, what a piece of tooth or jaw can tell you about ancient human behaviour In that, the title of the book means what it says: complete A It's humbling, Stringer says.'We shouldn't see ourselves as the summit of the pel{ection of whatever evolution is trying to achieve We seem to be very successful at the moment in terms of our numbers but, looking at it on a geological timescale, how ~uccessful will we look in 50,000 years, which is a very short time, geologically speaking?' E These B 'Neanderthals were certainly human and evolved as us in their own way, but they were different They had several hundred thousand years of evolving their own anatomy and behaviour But when these people met in Europe would they have seen each other as people? Or as someone different?' he says F There is a story-so-far, but that potted version of events is forever being revised, and nobody knows that better than Chris Stringer, one of the authors of a book published today called The Complete World of Human Evolution Complete? Stringer spent eight years on the text Then, late last year, he had to sit down in one night and compose an entirely new chapter to incorporate the discovery of Homo floresiensis, also known as the Hobbit C What stories could these bones tell? And who could have dreamed, before their discovery that some tree-climbing, pygmy-elephant-hunting human candidate could have survived on a tropical island while Homo sapiens moved into the Fertile Crescent, preparing to invent agriculture, civilisation and global terrorism? D He thinks the Neanderthals perished at a moment of maximum stress in the stop-go, hot-cold pattern of climate during the last ice age Though they left their mark in the Pyrenees, they never got to Britain at all But then the human occupation of Britain itself is a bit of a riddle There is evidence of it, most of it indirect, of little pulses of human occupation, and then a gap of 100,000 years when no humans appeared to have visited Britain at all Modern humans finally moved in and stayed only 12,000 years ago people were capable of making tools and butchering large beasts like rhinos They may not have killed these beasts themselves - they were, after all, dangerous animals - but even if they were just scavenging, it must have taken some degree of cooperation and organisation to have driven off the lions or wolves, and secured the carcass for themselves G Here is the orthodm,'Y, pieced together over a century or more by Darwin's disciples: primate creatures with a capacity for walking upright emerged perhaps twenty million years ago From these emerged the ancestors of all gorillas, all chimpanzees and all humans There is no line of evolution: think, instead, of foliage, and the surviving humans and two species of chimpanzees are just nearby buds at the ends of twigs dose together on the tree oflife H 'Until that turned up, we had no idea that ancient humans had ever reached as far as Flores We certainly had no idea that there was a completely new kind of human - or is it even human? That is still being argued about - living there, and the fact that it was still around there when modern people passed through the region Each of those is astonishing and that shows how little we knew about human evolution in that part of the world We are building up the pieces of a huge, complex jigsaw, and we still have a lot of spaces to fill in,' he says ~ This part of the exam tests your understanding of how a text is organised and, in particular, how paragraphs relate to each other ~ Underline time references and notice any changes in tense within a text The writer may be comparing a past situation with the present ~ Read the main text through first to get an idea of what it is about and how the writer develops his or her subject matter ~ When you have finished the task, read through completed text to make sure it makes sense ~ Read the paragraphs before and after each gap carefully to see how they are connected ~ Underline the names of people, organisations or places Also, underline reference words such as 'this', 'it', 'there', etc They will help you see connections between sentences and paragraphs ~ Read paragraphs A-H and the same, noting how each may be linked to the subject matter of the main article the Question 30: Compare the paragraph before the gap with that which comes after it Notice that in the paragraph after the gap, the writer makes use of a metaphor Look for an option which employs a similar use of language Question 32: In the paragraph before the gap, Homo neanderthalis is mentioned and questions are asked Look for an option which addresses these questions in some way You are going to read an extract from a short story For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text PAPER3 Use of English PAPER4 Listening PAPER5 Speaking 'Time to go, Joe: Officer Dicks stands in the now open doorway to freedom I hesitate and contemplate this fact with some trepidation, oscillating between a feeling of excitement and one of utter dread I suddenly feel as if I am standing at the top of a precipice, parachute attached and ready to jump, but tortured by the overwhelming fear that when I jump the chute won't open After dreaming of this moment for years, endlessly counting off the days, over and over - ever since I came here, in fact - I am now gripped with a sense of terror at the thought that the time has actually arrived Bill, my soon-to-be erstwhile neighbour, notices my sudden reluctance and smiles, nodding sagely 'Hard, isn't it?' he says 'You spend all your time waiting for your release only to find that when it comes down to it, you don't want to go Much as you hate to admit it, this dump has become your home, and the lads, even the warden, bless him, welt they've become family: A sarcastic quip in response to this last remark dies in my throat It strikes me that this motley bunch of miscreants with whom I have co-existed for the last five years have indeed come to mean something to me, and that in spite of myself I will miss them Like a worn-out old coat that you can't throwaway, we have moulded together, an unlikely yet close-knit group, not particularly fond of each other, perhaps, but comfortable in the familiarity of each other's presence Bill, with his weather-beaten, pock-marked face and his infuriating habit of whistling the same tune over and over again has become like a brother to me He may irritate me to screaming point several times a day, and no doubt if you were to ask him about me, the feeling would be mutual, but we have grown used to sharing a fag and talking about nothing in particular It suddenly dawns on me that he understands me in a way nobody else ever has and I never have to pretend to be something I am not with him He just seems to know what is going on in my head and doesn't question it, but rather accepts it philosophically I realise there is something comforting about waking up every morning to the sounds of Bill moving around his domain next door Sighing, I take a last look around the walls of my cell Not much to look at because I never really bothered to decorate it, my mind determinedly focused on the temporary nature of my stay Even so, it is amazing how we unwittingly leave traces of ourselves wherever we go, stamping our self on everything we touch There is the rubber mark on the wall above my bed, made by my throwing a small ball at it every day, an activity which grated on Bill's nerves but which helped me calm my own Then the wall against which my bunk stands is spattered with writing: the lyrics of songs and the lines of poems that I have struggled not to forget Wherever I look, I see things that are familiar They define me in some way and give me my identity by which others recognise me Out there the unknown waits to engulf me, and the loneliness of being marginalised by society; I will be branded by the fact that I have done time - just another bad apple It occurs to me that we convicts spend all our time cooped up and trapped, longing for the moment we will be free again, not realising that there is a perverse freedom to being inside: a freedom from all forms of responsibility Your accommodation, food, clothing and essentials are all provided free of charge There is no need to work and you can spend all day reading or just doing nothing if you want to Such luxuries are hard to come by on the outside because out there you are' forced to fend for yourself and perhaps for others in an unforgiving society, and it's tough Out there, you must face life Here, you can turn your back on it, and that seems cosy and appealing to me right now Reaching the door, my threshold to freedom, I look over at Bill and say wryly: 'I1l be back before you know it: I I,· r " !lmp"""J' ssentia tips 34 In the first paragraph, how does the writer allude to his situation? A He has mixed feelings about it B He is afraid of heights C He thinks there may be disastrous consequences D He regrets wasting so much time 35 How did the writer react to Bill's comment? A He couldn't think of anything clever to say B He realised that Bill would miss him C He suddenly saw the warden as a member of his family D He thought Bill had made a good point ~ This part of the exam tests your detailed understanding of a text, including the views an;J attitudes expressed ~ Readthe whole text quickly for its general meaning - the gist ~ The questions follow the order of the text, although the last question may refer to the text as a whole or ask about the intention or opinion of the writer ~ Readeach question or question stem and try to identify the part of the text which it relates to Then read the relevant part of the text carefully and think of the meaning of what you are reading Look for the option that expresses this meaning, probably in other words ~ Be careful: some options may state facts that are true in themselves but which not answer the question or complete the question stem correctly; others may include words used in the text, but this does not necessarily mean that the meaning is correct; yet others may be only partly true 36 The writer and Bill A have nothing much in common B dislike each other C find solace in each other's company D have developed some peculiar habits 37 The writer finds it surprising A B C D he he he he that didn't decorate his cell after all these years has left evidence of his personality in the cell has spoiled the wall near his bed has forgotten the words to some songs 38 ~ Checkthat the option you have chosen is correct by trying to find out why the other options are incorrect How does the writer feel about leaving prison? A He is aware that there will be nothing familiar around him B He is worried that people won't recognise him any more C He is afraid that he will be ostracised as an ex-convict D He is concerned about leaving his old friends behind 39 Question 34: An option may be a 'rue statement in itself, but this does not necessarily mean it answers the question correctly Nhat does the writer actually tell liS about his feelings in this oaragraph? In the penultimate paragraph, what does the writer imply is ironic? A that prison offers certain liberties B that free people have many responsibilities C that luxuries are rare in the outside world D that prison life is more comfortable than life outside 40 Overall, the writer implies that leaving prison Question 38: If you not know - e meaning of the words in the options, guess For example, if ou not know what 'ostracised' eans,imagine how someone o has done time in prison ight be treated by the rest of A is an event that is long overdue B is a reason for celebrating C is not as joyful as he thought it would be D is only a temporary situation society estion 39: Make sure you ~ow what 'ironic' means Irony anbe difficult to detect in a text _ d you must be alert to the er's intentions Question 40: This question refers to the whole of the text Some of the options may be mentioned somewhere in the text and so appearto be correct, but this does not mean that they expresswhat the writer is implying overall CPE TEST PAPER Reading PAPER Writing You will hear an interview with an historian For questions 18-22, choose the answer (A, B, C or Dj which fits best according to what you hear PAPER3 Use of English 18 The settlement at Dimini is especially interesting because A it dates back to the Neolithic period B it includes a large, central building surrounded by smaller ones C it is surrounded by a series of stone walls D it is the oldest example of an organised community in Greece 19 The two theoretical reconstructions of the site A are based on different interpretive models B assume that the central building was a castle C were influenced by the writings of Homer D were formulated at roughly the same time sse fial tips ~ Before you listen, read the instructions Who is speaking and what is the situation? ~ Readthe questions carefully and imagine the content of what you are about to hear Underline key words in the questions and question stems ~ The words in the questions will not usually be the same as the words used by the speakers, so listen for similar ideas expressed in a different way 20 ~ The speaker's attitude to his or her subject is very important Listen carefully to any language which conveys feelings or opinions ~ The first time you listen, concentrate on understanding what the speakers are saying rather than answering the questions 21 ~ The second time you listen, be ready to choose your answers estion 20: Read each option, en listen carefully to what the ::-ofessor says about _ ourmouziadis' interpretation =:r> s he accept it completely? estion 22: Pay attention to the ::-ding of each option Then -n carefully to the professor's = :: comments What conclusion he draw? to Professor Pretz, Chourmouziadis' interpretation The main difference between the two theories regarding Dimini is that A they disagree about the settlement's social system B they disagree about the function of the central building C they disagree about the economic function of the settlement Question 18: The speaker mentions all the options, but hich one does he give as being ~ e reason for scholars' special - 'erest in the site? estion 19: What does ~ ofessor Pretz say about the NO theories? Do they have the same approach to the subject? According A is convincing and provides insight into how the settlement worked B is based on evidence of social and economic activity in the settlement C is persuasive but the thinking behind it is open to question D is too simple and generic to be of any real value to historians D the historians were inspired by different 22 authors Professor Pretz A thinks historians should pay more attention to the social, historical and cultural influences of the period B suggests that the study of the past is affected by influences in the historian's own society C proves that some historians are entirely subjective in their approach to the study of the past D implies that the interpretations of the settlement at Dimini are unrealistic PAPER Reading PAPER2 Writing You will advisers PAPER Use of English or ~ Read the questions carefully to get an idea of what will be discussed and the opinions that will be expressed ~ Pay close attention to any views that seem to conflict It is unlikely that a speaker would contradict him/herself, so these are probably mentioned by different speakers ~ If a speaker mentions a point, wait until the other speaker has expressed his or her view because you need to know if they agree or not ~ Listen for words or phrases that show agreement or disagreement, for example 'you're quite right', or 'I'm afraid I disagree', although agreement and disagreement are usually expressed more subtly than this ~ Listen for different ways of saying the same thing or expressions which have a similar meaning ~ Check your answers when you listen the second time Question 23: How might you express 'widely available' in other words? Question 24: What does 'superfluous' mean? What is another way of talking about images on a computer? Who mentions this? Question 27: Which noun may reflect what something 'contains'? Listen for this in the text, as well as someone comparing it to visual images or pictures Question 28: What is 'endorsement'? If something is 'official', where does it come from? For questions one of the speakers, Write ssential hear part of an interview 23-28, or whether P for Penny S for Simon B for Both, where with decide they Penny whether the speakers agree and Simon, the opinions agree two Internet business are expressed by only PAPER Reading PAPER2 Writing PAPER3 Use of English Answer these questions: PAPER4 listening • How would you describe the area you live in? • What are your neighbours like? • Would you prefer to live somewhere else? • What would you like to improve about the area you live in? • la ~ Try to be as natural as possible in your interview, and smile! This will help both you and the other candidate to relax ~ Use as much variety of language as possible and avoid repeating words and expressions the other candidate has used ~ Listen to the examiner's questions and instructions carefully ~ In Part 2, which is the interactive part of the interview, remember to address the other candidate, not the examiner, and avoid long monologues You are supposed to be conducting a conversation, so talk with your partner, asking him or her questions, as well as expressing your own ideas ~ In Part 3, you will need to express your opinion on a subject, so learn useful words and expressions to help you this Express yourself as honestly as possible - we generally express ourselves better when we believe what we are saying! Candidates A and B: Turn to pictures A-F on page 130-131, which show images connected with space First look at pictures A and F and discuss how space exploration has helped us to understand more about the world we live in You have about one minute for this Now look at all the pictures I'd like you to imagine that the government is thinking of spending more money on space exploration and wants to produce a leaflet to publicise the fact Talk about the importance of expanding our knowledge of the universe and decide which picture would be used most effectively for the cover of the leaflet You have about three minutes for this Candidate A: Look at the question in the box and say what you think about it You can use the ideas in the box if you like or add some ideas of your own You have two minutes for this Does the most important classroom education occur within the or elsewhere? • pre-school learning/play • friends and peers • real life experience Candidate B: Is there anything you would like to add? Candidate B: Look at the question in the box and say what you think about it You can use the ideas in the box if you like or add some ideas of your own You have two minutes for this Has the function of schools changed since your parents' day? • working parents • child minding • private study and guidance Candidate A: Is there anything you would like to add? Candidates A and B: Now answer these questions • • • • • about education in general: Are standards in education falling or improving? Are teaching materials and resources outmoded? Should the government spend more on education and less on defence? Should school subjects be more geared towards real life and work? Should teachers be obliged to attend regular retraining courses? 111_1 _ It appears/seems to be This must/could be I'm fairly certain/sure I imagine Judging by I can't tell who/what/where , How about this picture for the cover? What you think of this one? This picture depicts/shows This picture might be suitable because This picture gets the message across because I think this one is too obscure and confusing You've got a point there We could also I wouldn't say that I think it shows That's not a bad idea, but why not What about a combination of Picture (A) could be superimposed astronaut communications cost of research extraterrestrial life globe launch pad maintenance orbit outer space planet on picture (D) research rocket satellite space exploration space shuttle spacesuit space station threat of meteors universe CLOSSARY mI =-1 _ PAPER Reading adjustment bones meet and are able to move together manipulation (n) the ability to reproduce prominent position and have babies or young performed service which involves referral (n) the act of officially a series of actions authority in a fixed order aesthetic liquid embellish by soaking It In a special features or patterns to something (v) to add decorative to make it look more attractive (adj) exciting; making you feel interested innovative (adj) new and original interactive (adj) allowing the computer direct communication or television between the user and system example because you are not physically disabled or because you have together shrine (n) a place of worship to produce a piece of (adj) arriving somewhere holy at the right time and not late or something very much prior to (prep) before belt (n) a continuously which is used in factories moving objects along so that they can be dealt with as quickly as possible which prevents someone's for example for recording or measuring bent on doing something (phr) determined particularly something purpose, something to something, harmful render (v) to cause something to be in a particular state redundant (adj) no longer needed because its job is being done by something else or because its job is no longer necessary or useful haptics (n) the science of adding tactile sensation machinery to computerised to enable the user to gain a physical impression the machinery of how is performing enhance (v) to improve the value, quality or attractiveness perspective (n) the art of making some objects or people in a picture look further away than others dawn on someone (phr v) to realise something (adj) received or felt by touch complement (v) to go well with another thing and make its good qualities more noticeable observation (n) the ability to pay a lot of attention notice more about them than most people to things and to perception or the impression (n) the way you think about something anticipate (v) to realise in advance that something could achieve may happen and be prepared for it hazard (n) something which could be dangerous to you, your health or safety, or your plans or reputation (v) to allow sound or signals to pass through an object or substance take evasive action (phr) deliberately something move away from someone in order to avoid meeting them or being hit by them chiropractic (n) the treatment of injuries by pressing and moving people's joints, especially the spine chiropractor (n) a person who treats injuries by chiropractic (v) to identify an illness or disease in someone CPE Tests Glossary an idea from something volume (n) the amount of space that an object contains or occupies dimension (n) a measurement such as length, width or height (n) a solid, powder, liquid or gas with particular embryo or or something properties look or feel very small (n) an unborn animal or human being in the very early stages of development conception (n) the process in which the egg in a woman's fertilised and she becomes pregnant primitive (adj) belonging body IS to a very early period in the development of an animal or plant rudimentary gestation (adj) very basic or simple (n) the process by which babies grow inside their mother's body before they are born foetus (n) an animal or human being in its later stages of development of something terrain (n) an area of land or a type of land when you are conSidering its physical features optimum (adj) the best level or state that something eyes, ears or properly dwarf (v) to make someone device (n) an object that has been invented for a particular 148 (n) a condition brain from working substance ~~PART diagnose impairment that you observe or study strip of rubber or metal or airports for moving is done or the way people behave in a way that shows how excited you have of it abstract (v) to create an object or formulate rouse (v) to waken someone conveyor In you are about it tactile person or object assistance (n) help and support detest (v) to dislike someone order to control the way something enthuse (v) to talk about something or other authority devise (v) to have the idea for a plan, system or machine, and design it which is associated with a particular rigorous (adj) very thorough and strict regulation (n) a rule made by a government peer (n) a person who is the same age as you or who has the same (n) the ability to move or travel easily from place to place, for a book or some research to deal with them (adj) recorded on an official list status as you mobility work, especially to lose the effect or value that it had sending someone to a person or visual (adj) relating to sight or to things that you can see levels transmit and pressing bones or supple (adj) able to move and bend very easily and enthusiastic ramp (n) a sloping surface between two places that are at different your own transport collaboration (n) the act of working that is qualified registered (adj) used to talk about beauty or art, and people's appreciation of beautiful things dye (v) to change the colour of something punctual moving or make the muscles less stiff negate (v) to cause something (adj) very noticeable ritual (n) a religious inspiring (n) the act of skilfully muscles with your hands in order to push the bones into their correct HPART fertility (n) a small change that is made to something joint (n) a part of your body such as your elbow or knee where two potent before it is born (adj) very effective and powerful undeniable reciprocal (adj) definitely (adj) involving true two people or groups who the same thing to each other or agree to help each another in a similar way consumer (n) a person who buys things or uses services sensory (adj) relating to the physical senses artificial (adj) not occurring for example stimulation monitor someone to develop check the development or progress of or someone suspend (v) to hang something contraption and created by human beings, (n) the process of encouraging (v) to regularly something naturally using science or technology from a high place (n) a device or machine that looks strange, or you not know what it is used for substitute thing (v) to take the place or perform the function of another bond (n) a strong feeling of friendship, experiences love or shared beliefs and disciple (n) a person who is influenced that unites one person with another primate ~~PART (n) the scientific study of early human beings fossils to learn about the history of human life on earth smear (v) to cover something crumple (v) to squash something so that it becomes full of untidy with yellowish fade (v) to become gradually cliffhanger (n) a situation or frightening paler or less clear descendant what who is related to a is tantalising, it makes you feel hopeful you by not letting you have what it appeared to offer (n) a person who tries to persuade others to share their religious embrace (v) if something or political beliefs embraces a group of people, things or (n) the act of changing something or changing behaviour to make it suitable for a new purpose or situation (adj) if something is distinctive, feature which makes it easily recognisable it has a special quality or and different from other sole (adj) a sole thing or person of a particular type is the only one of tenant (n) a person who pays rent for the place they live in, or for that they use (n) an early type of human being who lived in Europe (adj) used to describe someone that used to be the type of person indicated, reluctance and hesitation before to live in or visit quip (n) a remark that is intended to be amusing motley or clever (adj) used to describe a group of things or people that seem strange together because they are all very different (n) a person who has done something illegal or behaved that they develop in a particular close-knit someone over a period of time so way (adj) closely linked, doing things together and taking an interest in each other weather-beaten (adj) used to describe skin with deep lines because the person has spent a lot of time outside in bad weather (adj) used to describe skin with small hollow marks it because the person has at some time been scarred by a disease such as chicken pox or smallpox (adj) main; most important that relates to an idea or event, and infuriating (adj) extremely annoying fag (n) a cigarette Nhich helps it to be understood excavate (v) to remove earth carefully from an area of land and look 'or things such as pots, bones or buildings which are buried there, in domain (n) an area over which someone (adj) making you realise that you are not as important or has control, involved (adj) used to describe a person who does something in something without realising or is or something has been in a place (n) the highest point of something or as the result of stamp (v) to leave marks of your presence in a place grate on someone's accident nerves (phr) to make someone feel annoyed at aye your mark (phr) to have a lasting effect on another person or the way you are behaving ing spatter that people have been trying to understand or (v) to cover the surface of something engulf (v) to cover or hide something and unexpected =xplain but have not been able to increase in the presence or activity of marginalise with marks completely, among waste or unwanted often in a sudden way (v) to make someone feel isolated and unimportant brand (v) if you brand someone as something : mething 5Cavenge (v) to collect things by searching or it trace (n) a sign which shows you that someone you were influence rights unwitting about the past erish (v) to die as a result of very harsh conditions bad, people think they are that thing time (phr) to serve a prison sentence : jects rcass (n) the body of a dead animal tted (adj) containing just the main facts about someone or bad apple (phr) a person who is dishonest and therefore of problems they belong to convict - mething mpose (v) to write something - to something (n) a prison officer covering cohabit (v) to live together context (n) the general situation but no longer is (n) unwillingness pock-marked between 35,000 and 70,000 years ago rder to discover information (n) a very steep cliff on a mountain erstwhile mould (v) to change or influence that type ulse (n) a temporary that badly (n) an early type of human being found in Europe "ddle (n) something or type of precipice miscreant between 60,000 to 10,000 years ago good as you thought from one mood, attitude to another and back dump (n) a place that is ugly and unpleasant bloom (n) a flower on a plant Neanderthal (v) to keep changing warden things of the same type land or buildings oscillate sage (adj) wise and knowledgeable your distinctive ero-Magnon or not that you are going to doing it ideas, it includes them in a larger group or category adaptation (v) to think about whether to something (n) fear or anxiety about something may happen (adj) if something beliefs, especially contemplate trepidation dread (n) a feeling of great anxiety and fear about something and excited about getting what you want, usually before proselytiser lump that appears on a tree or plant and into a leaf or flower behaviour (n) a person in a later generation disappointing develops or experience to a species of animal which is the smallest of person in an earlier one tantalising foliage (n) the leaves of a plant ~~PART or part of a play or film that is very exciting a group of related species orporate which includes brown stains because you are left for a long time not knowing pygmy (adj) belonging of the group of mammals twig (n) a very small thin branch that grows out from a main branch will happen next summit and of a tree or bush foxed (adj) discoloured umbling (n) a member bud (n) a small pointed with dirt or an oily or sticky substance creases and folds primary teachings humans, monkeys and apes palaeoanthropology through by someone's tries to follow their example such as music, a letter or an article (v) to include one thing within e together (phr v) to gradually another discover the truth about something for the group or organisation causes a lot (n) someone who is in prison coop up (phr v) to keep someone or something in a place which is too small, or which does not allow them much freedom perverse (adj) unnatural; unreasonable fend for yourself (phr) to look after yourself without from others threshold (n) if you are on the threshold relying on help of something exciting ~ PART or anthem new, you are about to experience it wry (adj) referring to a bad situation in an amusing way (nl a song which is used to represent a particular nation, society or group, and which is sung on special occasions stud (n) a small piece of metal that is attached to a surface for decoration PAPER Writing HPART ~ PART infiltration (n) the act of entering order to influence it an organisation or group secretly in cyber cafe (nl a cafe with computers where people can pay to use the Internet engrossed in something, exert (v) to use influence, compromise (adj) if you are engrossed (vI to something designation understanding or pressure in a strong or effect which damages someone's posi>i - or their reputation it holds your attention zombie (n) a person whose face or behaviour authority determined way, especially in order to produce a particular inevitable (adj) certain to happen; unavoidable pristine shows no feeling, (nl a description, (adj) extremely indigenous or interest in what is going on around them name or title that is given to somethi ; clean or new (adjl indigenous people or things belong to the country which they are found, rather than coming there or being brought there from another country PAPER3 Use of English ~ PART hieroglyphics (n) symbols some writing systems, for example those of ancient Egypt linguistic behaves in particular situations says, even though it _ PAPER Reading to read or understand slab (n) a thick, flat piece of something, for enemies to enter (n) writing carved into something graphology by volcanoes (n) a castle or other large strong building for example a gravestone HPART such as a stone basalt (n) a type of black rock that is produced be difficult inscription (nl the way someone mI_2 baffle (v) to confuse someone decipher (v) to work out what a piece of writing fortress (adj) sensible and careful conduct in the form of pictures which are used in (adj) relating to language or linguistics is very difficult prudent which is intended to (n) the study of people's handwriting what sort of personality consultant made of stone or metal, (nl a person who gives expert advice to a person or organisation friction or medal in order to discc _ they have on a particular (nl disagreement assessment subject and argument (n) a judgement between people about someone or something •• PART have been considered rabies (n) a serious disease which causes people and animals to go invertebrate (nl a creature that does not have a spine track (v) to follow someone's or something's movements, mad and die lair (n) a place where a wild animal lives, usually a place which is underground or well-hidden animals and down sonar (n) a method of finding crone (n) an ugly old woman behemoth of an object using sound (nl something extremely • large in size or power wisp (nl a small, thin, untidy bunch of hair waves nocturnal (adj) occurring navigation flash (v) if you flash a look or a smile at someone, at night (n) the science of deciding which course to follow and echolocation (n) a system used by some animals to determine of an object by measuring you sudden at them or smile at them gums (n) the areas of firm, pink flesh inside your mouth, whic steering a ship or an aircraft there position =-=' often means of a special device such as a satellite or radar bait (v) to put food on a hook or in a trap in order to catch fish flap (v) if a bird or insect flaps its wings, the wings move quickly up the position after or reviewed the how long it takes for an echo to teeth grow out of swirl (v) to move round and round quickly return from the object it ~ PART (v) to become ill with a serious illness or disease perfunctory groom (v) to clean an animal's fur, usually by brushing contract supplies nectar (nl a sweet liquid produced by flowers, which bees and other pollen (n) a fine powder produced by flowers which fertilises other enigma (n) something or someone that is mysterious or difficult to tangle (v) to twist together you have, s : or success, so that it becomes more effec· aptitude test (n) a test that is specially facilitate :=_ designed to find out h (v) to make an action or process easier or more like in decline (phr) gradually in an untidy way vaccine (n) a substance containing a harmless form of the germs that disease which is given to people, usually by atrocious obesity decreasing in importance, a place or taking part in quality - (adjl of poor quality; very bad (n) the state of being extremely capacity (n) the ability to something, to prevent them getting that disease exclude (vI to prevent someone from entering an activity 1,,- _ happen understand injection, of something a easily and how well you can something of the same species so that they produce seeds cause a particular power, knowledge and showing secure insects collect flowers (adj) done quickly and carelessly interest in what you are doing consolidation (n) the strengthening pest (n) an insect or small animal which damages crops or food are able to grievous (adj) extremely fat or the amount serious or worrying of i in its effects ::- - KEY mI _ PAPER Reading ~ ~ PART 1 D A D C B B C B A 10 B 11 C 12 D 13 B 14 D 15 C 16 A 17 B 18 C 23 B: 23 C: 230: ~ ~PART 19 A: Incorrect The text says, 'Until recently, the makers of automated machinery seemed bent on rendering operators redundant', not that this was their intention It simply appeared to be so 19 B: Incorrect The operators, not the manufacturers, felt no connection with the machine they were operating 19 C: Correct 'Engineers are finally beginning to recognise the value of the human touch with regard to the operation of mechanical devices Until recently, the makers of automated machinery seemed bent on rendering operators redundant by reducing their involvement with the machine to the touch of a button This theoretically made the user's job easier, but in practice, they felt they had no connection with the machine or how it functioned.' 190: Incorrect The text implies the opposite: that until recently, haptic principles were not being used to develop machinery 20 A: Incorrect The opposite is true Haptic feedback enhances the operator's understanding of how a machine works 20 B: Incorrect Haptic feedback helps the operator to understand how the machine is responding to different types of terrain 20 C: Incorrect There is no evidence to support this answer in the text 20 0: Correct 'By programming haptic feedback into the electronic control system, engineers are helping operators to enhance their understanding of how a machine is responding to a particular terrain through feel, and by doing so, achieve optimum performance.' 21 A: Incorrect There is no mention of massage in the text 21 B: Correct 'Chiropractors diagnose and then treat problems of a neuro-musculoskeletal nature by making specific adjustments to the joints of the body - the spine in particular - in order to improve the function of the nervous system, and thereby enable the body's natural healing processes to their work No drugs or surgery, just gentle manipulation at the hands of a trained specialist!' 21 C: Incorrect The specialist makes adjustments to the joints in the body, not the nerves and muscles 21 0: Incorrect The specialist makes adjustments to the joints in the body, not the nervous system 22 A: Incorrect 'Chiropractors diagnose and then treat problems' 22 B: Incorrect Chiropractors make the diagnosis, 'negating the need for a doctor's referral' 22 C: Incorrect The text does not mention anything about medication that a person may already be taking 0: Correct Although the writer does not directly advise the reader to so, he emphasises the fact that 'Registered chiropractors are subject to rigorous regulations and high standards of practice are maintained', implying that it is advisable to go to a registered chiropractor A: Correct 'I had spent years trying to keep up with my peers, struggling to master the principles of colour, form and perspective, until it dawned on me one day that perhaps 24 A: 24 B: 24 C: 24 0: 25 A: 25 B: 25 C: 250: 26 A: 26 B: 26 C: 26 0: the skills I was attempting to develop need not necessarily be visual.' Incorrect The artist realised that she did not need to improve her visual skills Incorrect The artist indicates that in the past she had struggled because she had a visual impairment, not because she lacked talent Incorrect The artist says she realised she could improve her work by changing the way she perceived the world Incorrect The text says that touch can 'offer an alternative means of observation', not improve it, although it can 'increase one's sense of perception' Incorrect Touch does not improve one's ability to see Correct 'it provides a unique, non-visual way for artists to abstract images from forms' Incorrect The artist has been working with large objects but she is not a 'visual' artist Incorrect Touch is the first sense to develop, but this is not the main reason why it is important Correct 'Essentially, touch aids psychological, intellectual and physical development while its absence can cause undeniable harm.' Incorrect Touch is important for communication but this is not its most important function Incorrect The text says touch is a 'reciprocal sense' but this is not the same as saying that it teaches us to 'reciprocate' - share with others Incorrect The writer uses this as an example of how people distance themselves from their babies He does not say babies should never sleep alone Incorrect The writer indicates that some people provide artificial security He does not indicate if they are a majority Correct 'But babies need their mothers, not machines and contraptions No invention can substitute for the direct physical contact that forms the basis of the mother and child bond.' Incorrect The writer is not talking about a child's upbringing ~ ~ PART 27 F: The first paragraph uses a book metaphor and talks about 'the story of the past' Paragraph F introduces the book that Chris Stringer and Peter Andrews have written 28 C: The paragraph before the gap mentions the newly discovered human species for the first time and compares it to other known early human species This new evidence raises questions, which are then posed in paragraph C 29 H: The paragraph before the gap refers to Stringer's background and ends with the statement' Homo floresiensis, however, astonished him', which suggests that some comments by Stringer may follow The paragraph after the gap consists of a quote, with no mention of the speaker's name, which implies that the speaker is continuing a comment which began in the gapped paragraph Paragraph H is a quotation, and explains what the speaker finds 'astonishing' about the new discovery 30 G: The paragraph before the gap explains the nature and complexity of human evolution Paragraph G describes the accepted view of human evolution using the metaphor of a tree In the paragraph after the gap, this metaphor is continued: 'Modern humans probably popped up within the last 200,000 years, but the things that make modern humans so distinctive in the fossil record - symbolic art, pottery and jewellery - bloomed only about 50,000 years ago.' 31 A: The last sentence of the paragraph before the gap suggests that our own species is transient Paragraph A continues this idea: 'We should not see ourselves as the summit of the perfection how successful will we look in 50,000 years ?' The paragraph after the gap says that humans nearly died out several times in the course of their evolution 32 B: The paragraph before the gap mentions the Neanderthals, and raises questions about their relations with other human species Paragraph B considers the Neanderthals and raises a further question: did other human species regard them as different from themselves? Stringer's answer to this question is in the paragraph after the gap 33 0: This paragraph presents Stringer's view of what became of the Neanderthals, concluding what has been said in the three previous paragraphs, and leads into the final paragraph, regarding the authors' intentions in writing their book ~ ~ PART 34 A: Correct The writer is not certain how he feels about leaving prison 'I hesitate and contemplate this fact with some trepidation, oscillating between a feeling of excitement and one of utter dread.' 34 B: Incorrect The writer uses the image of the precipice as a metaphor to describe his anxiety about leaving prison 34 C: Incorrect The text does not mention the consequences of what he is about to 340: Incorrect He does not regret wasting so much time He is now frightened that the time to leave has arrived 35 A: Incorrect He has a 'sarcastic quip' ready, but realises he cannot say it 35 B: Incorrect Bill implies that the writer will miss his fellow prisoners, not the other way round 35 C: Incorrect He realises he feels close to the other people in the prison, but he does not necessarily regard them as family 350: Correct 'Bill notices my sudden reluctance and smiles, nodding sagely "Hard, isn't it?" he says "You spend all your time waiting for your release only to find that when it comes down to it, you don't want to go Much as you hate to admit it, this dump has become your home, and the lads, even the warden, bless him, well, they've become family." A sarcastic quip in response to this last remark dies in my throat It strikes me that this motley bunch of miscreants have indeed come to mean something to me, and that in spite of myself I will miss them.' 36 A: Incorrect The writer does not mention if he and Bill have or not have anything in common 36 B: Incorrect The writer says that he and Bill irritate each other, but this is not the same as disliking each other On the contrary, the writer finds Bill's presence comforting and he says that Bill understands him 36 C: Correct 'we have grown used to sharing a fag and talking about nothing in particular It suddenly dawns on me that he understands me in a way nobody else ever has and I never have to pretend to be something I am not with him He just seems to know what is going on in my head and doesn't question it, but rather accepts it philosophically I realise there is something comforting about waking up every morning to the sounds of Bill moving around his domain next door.' 'Solace' means 'comfort' 36 D: Incorrect The writer does not imply that his or Bill's habits are peculiar 37 A: Incorrect The writer is not surprised that his cell is not decorated; he deliberately did not bother to make it look nice 37 B: Correct He is surprised to find that he has left evidence of his presence, even though he never made an effort to decorate his cell 'Even so, it is amazing how we unwittingly leave traces of ourselves wherever we go, stamping our self on everything we touch There is the rubber mark on the wall above my bed, made by my throwing a small ball at it every day, an activity which grated on Bill's nerves but which helped me calm my own Then the wall against which my bunk stands is spattered with writing: the lyrics of songs and the lines of poems that I have struggled not to forget Wherever I look, 1see things that are familiar.' 37 C: Incorrect He is not surprised by the marks on the wall 37 D: Incorrect He has not forgotten the lyrics: he has written them on his wall in order to remember them 38 A: Incorrect The writer does not know what to expect outside but neither does he imply or say that nothing will be familiar 38 B: Incorrect He does not say whether people outside prison will recognise him or not 38 C: Correct 'Out there the unknown waits to engulf me, and the loneliness of being marginalised by society; I will be branded by the fact that I have done time - just another bad apple.' 38 D: Incorrect Although he has become accustomed to his fellow prisoners, he is not really concerned about leaving them; there is more a sense of anxiety about what he is going to find outside 39 A: Correct 'It occurs to me that we convicts spend all our time cooped up and trapped, longing for the moment we will be free again, not realising that there is a perverse freedom to being inside: a freedom from all forms of responsibility.' 39 B: Incorrect He suggests that free people have responsibilities, but this is not the irony 39 C: Incorrect He suggests that the luxury of being able to put your feet up and relax is difficult to achieve outside prison, not that all luxuries are rare Nor is there any irony in the statement 39 0: Incorrect He is momentarily attracted to the lack of responsibility attached to life in prison, but does not suggest that it is more comfortable Again, there is no irony in this 40 A: Incorrect Although the writer has been waiting to leave for a long time, the text implies that when the time comes, he is reluctant to go 40 B: Incorrect The text implies that he is reluctant to go 40 C: Correct 'After dreaming of this moment for years, endlessly counting off the days, over and over I am now gripped with a sense of terror at the thought that the time has actually arrived Out there, you must face life Here, you can turn your back on it, and that seems cosy and appealing to me right now.' Generally, the text talks about the writer's surprise at realising that the moment he has been waiting for all this time is no longer so attractive to him 40 D: Incorrect In the last paragraph the writer says to Bill that he may be back in prison soon, but he is actually making a joke APER Writing ~ PART Question Style: Formal ntent: Letter In the introduction explain your reason for writing Mention that you have read the article and that you would like to share your opinions with the newspaper's readers Address the points made in the extract: • Do young people spend all their time on the phone, the Internet or playing computer games? • Are they no longer interested in their culture or their individuality? • Is it true that they engage less in physical activities and spend more time indoors? • Is their academic performance suffering? • Can we blame all this on technology? You may agree or disagree completely, or you may want to express a view somewhere in between Choose the right kind of language and be careful with your tone Use examples wherever necessary or where they can support your argument Conclude by addressing the final question the extract poses: how far does technology affect our lives, and can we or should we anything about the situation? ~ ~ PART uestion Style: Formal ontent: Proposal, possibly divided into sections with headings In the introduction state the purpose of your proposal Discuss each of the suggestions under a separate heading for each one You could also include additional suggestions of your own Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each suggestion, highlighting who would benefit most from each Conclude by explaining which of the suggestions you think is best and give reasons to support your ideas You could also express support for the idea of developing the wasteland in general estion Style: Semi-formal -antent: Review In the introduction state what course you are studying, and the titles of the two textbooks you intend to compare You may wish to compare a textbook you find particularly interesting and useful with one you consider to be of a lower standard This will facilitate comparison Make sure you address the following points when comparing the books: • Level - Say whether you think the textbooks are challenging or not • Content - Is this varied and stimulating? • Requirements - Do the books cover the essential aspects of the subject adequately? Conclude by summing up your overall view of the two textbooks Question Style: Formal Content: Report, possibly divided into sections with headings Bullet points or numbered lists can also be used In the introduction state the purpose of your report Your observations on the current situation could be organised into two paragraphs, with the following headings: 'Quality of food' and 'Quality of service' However, you may prefer to present your observations of both under one heading: 'The current situation' Include reference to complaints that have been made by customers and say whether you found them to be justified The conclusion could have the heading 'Suggestions for improvement' Present your suggestions for improvement and say why you think they will work PAPER Use of English ~ ~ PART 1 had thanks while/whilst on/upon but/although/though first to can/may another 10 this 11 in 12 not 13 both 14 work 15 thus/thereby/hence ~ ~ PART 16 enigmatic (noun to adjective) 17 unsuspectingly (verb to negative adjective to negative adverb) 18 entangled/tangled (verb to past participle of new verb/verb to past participle) 19 misguided (verb to negative adjective) 20 daily (noun to adverb) 21 unvaccinated (noun to past participle with negative prefix) 22 exclusively (verb to adjective to adverb) 23 dispersal (verb to noun) 24 pollination (noun to noun describing a process) 25 disrespect (verb/noun to negative noun) ~ ~ PART 26 compose 27 raise 28 tou~h 29 run 30 extend 31 dedicated H PART 32 no circumstances (1) + am I allowing you to go (1) 33 am not averse (1) + to (eating) snails (1) 34 taking it (1) + for granted that (1) 35 it not been (1) + for the fire fighter/fire fighter's help (1) 36 is not in keeping (1) + with (1) 37 to university (1) + depends/will depend on (1) 38 (the) rumours (1) + to the contrary (1) 39 that little (1) + did I imagine (1) 163 H PART 40 the effect of the growing income generated from tourism 41 restrictions 42 giving tourists a stronger impression that they are in a completely wild, unspoilt environment 43 They have got used to the Antarctica winterfThey are acclimatised to the coldfThey have wintered there before (so they are used to it) 44 Content points: • the environmental impact of increasing/mass tourism (first text) • the kind of tour available: wildlife, historical and adventure tourism (first text) • the size of ships/the number of passengers on board (second text) • the tour operators (i.e commercial/member of IAATO) (second text) PAPER Listening ~ ~ PART 1B2C3C4A5B6C7A8B ~HART2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (postnatal) depression party (a) long life/longevity new life anoint protection mark their status milestones 17 rite of passage H PART 18 D 19 A 20 C 21 A 22 B H PART 23 P 24 S 25 B 26 P 27 P 28 S mI _ PAPER Reading ~ ~ PART 1 B D D B C A C A B 10 D 11 C 12 C 13 B 14 A 15 B 16 A 17 B 18 C ~ ~ PART 19 A: Incorrect The writer mentions homework as consolidation of what is learned in class 19 B: Incorrect Play is fun, but that is not why it is important 19 C: Incorrect The text does not mention 'cerebral development' or make clear what 'proper' cerebral development would be 19 D: Correct 'Intelligence and aptitude tests have demonstrated that not only is play fundamental to learning and developing skills, it is also a means by which the brain can grow, facilitating its own capacity to learn, create and think.' 20 A: Correct 'We urge them to spend longer at their homework, but the sad truth is that by not playing, their capacity for learning is grievously curtailed, no matter how rigorous their academic drive.' 20 B: Incorrect The text says that children are getting worse at spelling It does not say that children who study are better at spelling 20 C: Incorrect The statement implies that children who not study generally suffer from several eating disorders, whereas the text implies that a large number of children are overweight, which is not the same thing 20 D: Incorrect The text merely says that children who not play find it harder to make friends This is not the same as finding it harder to 'develop socially' 21 A: Incorrect The place the children are exploring has a 'doorstep', so it cannot be a cave 21 B: Incorrect 'decaying grandeur' implies that the place was once impressive, so it cannot be a shack 21 C: Correct The text refers to the 'doorstep' and 'the stark decaying grandeur' of the place 21 D: Incorrect The place the children are exploring has a 'doorstep', so it cannot be a mineshaft 22 A: Incorrect The writer does not mention any authorities 22 B: Correct The writer mentions 'ghouls and spectres' and imagines that 'they had got him and whisked him off to wherever it was they spent the daylight hours' 22 C: Incorrect The writer does not mention any animals, and nor is there any implication that there are animals in the story 22 D: Incorrect The writer makes it clear that he thought that someone or something had taken Timmy 23 A: Incorrect There is no evidence that any of the children was behaving aggressively 23 B: Correct 'I had asked the children to clear away their painting things but a few had to be told several times nonetheless One girl in particular seemed determined not to hear me.' 23 C: Incorrect The writer does not imply that the noise the children were making was irritating, and therefore was not frustrated by it 23 D: Incorrect The writer does not indicate how long the children were taking or that this is what was frustrating her 24 A: Incorrect There is no evidence for this in the text The teacher was concerned that Sylvia might grow resentful of society or other children 24 B: Incorrect The teacher was surprised by the child's attitude 24 C: Incorrect There is no evidence for this in the text 24 D: Correct 'Bottling up her anger would have caused more problems She might have taken it out on another child later on, or she might grow up feeling that society was treating her unjustly.' 25 A: Correct 'We take it for granted that adulthood is the meaningful part of our existence, and everything prior to it is merely preparation The old adage quoted by Samuel Butler is often cited but has not yet been fully assimilated: A hen is an egg's way of making another egg." It is very difficult for any of us to think of ourselves as a baby's way of making another baby.' 25 B: Incorrect There is no mention of this in the text 25 C: Incorrect This is not the reason why the quote is used 25 D: Incorrect This is not the reason why the quote is used 26 A: Incorrect The fact that the young of many species play does not make it strange to suppose that childhood is preparation for adult life 26 B: Incorrect The text does not mention maturity in children 26 C: Correct 'it is one of the inviolable tenets of evolutionary theory that what an animal is or does is governed by events that have happened, not events that are going to happen' U CPE TAPE language if you think about it: wagging their tail when they're ~~ PART You will hear four different extracts For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear There are two questions for each extract Extract One Woman: On leaving the island, we encountered the first rough weather of our trip Before we knew it, the Beaufort scale was registering between and as the chilling north wind blew down, heaving us up over the waves and plunging us down into the troughs between them Fortunately, our baby daughter Sophia Rose slept through the whole experience, wedged tight into her Moses basket in one of the cabins, apparently calmed by the sensation of being rocked up and down, unlike her mother who was looking decidedly green! When we finally reached the south-west coast of the next island the wind had eased off, and before long we were searching for a berth in the island's main harbour Unfortunately, most of the available space was taken up by local fishing boats, and the few spaces that were left were exposed to the swell from the ferries which regularly came and went Wherever we tried to berth fishermen belligerently waved us off but eventually we managed to tie up alongside another three sailing boats, which made disembarking with a baby and a pram an adventure in itself! Extract Two Man: Well, first of all, you need time and a lot of patience as well as knowledge Patience is particularly important because precision is everything Even a tiny mistake can ruin the end result Then, suitable materials must be found These are sometimes hard to come by because you need different kinds of wood for different parts and it must be good quality - and cut in a specific way For example the body needs strips of hard wood which are then joined together to form a rounded shape You also need a hard wood - preferably oak - for the neck Then the fingerboard and bridge must be made of ebony The soundboard is the only part which is made using a soft wood - pine This needs a lot of planing and sanding happy raising their hackles when they feel threatened so it wasn't such a big step to teach him a new vocabulary He was incredibly good-natured and ever so eager to please Man: How did you teach him? Woman: Basically in the same way you'd train any hearing dog If you reward a dog every time he does something right, he'll soon learn how to please you You have to give very clear hand signals Facial expressions seemed to help a great deal so where possible we ensured that he could see our faces clearly We found that actually saying the command out loud also helped to reinforce the correct facial expression We only use about a dozen commands altogether, but some owners claim to have taught their deaf dogs a lot more than that! Extract Four Man: I think in my line of work the advent of the digital camera was a godsend Reels and reels of film used to get wasted as you struggled to get one perfect shot It was a costly business Now, of course, the initial outlay is still high but the cost of developing and the running costs, well, they're negligible The darkroom is virtually a thing of the past as it's rapidly being superseded by the computer The software accompanying the equipment enables you not only to delete redundant shots but to tweak the ones worth keeping You know, correct minor flaws, enhance certain features and even make creative adjustments All without the headache of dealing with messy chemical solutions But we're not writing off film cameras just yet For projects such as advertising posters, professionals still prefer the large format film cameras It's a question of resolution, basically The resolution capability of a digital camera is determined by its megapixel capacity - pixels are the dots which make up the image in a digital photograph - and well to date this is not enough to produce mural-size display prints But it's only a matter of time before because the thinner it is the better the sound I think the most difficult part is getting the measurements right The spaces between the frets must be calculated accurately and their distance from the bridge carefully measured This is of paramount importance Foul this up and you won't be able to play a right note Extract Three Woman: We got Pongo for the children initially, but it was a month before we realised he wasn't responding to any sounds at all It's a congenital problem with some breeds, especially dalmatians Man: Wasn't it difficult to train him? Woman: You'd be surprised Dogs use their own form of sign ~ ~ PART You will hear part of a radio talk about the ways in which birth is celebrated around the world For questions 9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase Woman: In the West a new mother usually returns from the hospital within a few days of her child's birth and, although she is unlikely to go straight back to work and there are probably friends and family nearby to lend her a helping hand, there's little by way of significant ceremony to mark the important changes that have occurred For many women this period is a time of great anti-climax and it has been suggested that it could be one of the causes of postnatal depression celebrated with many splendid rites and traditions, sometimes just by a clan or family, often by a whole tribe or community In Nigeria a party is thrown for all babies and toddlers up to the age of three because their spirits are thought to be connected to that of the newborn, and in the Sudan a party in the streets may go on well into the early hours, with feasting, drinking, music and dancing for all members of the community Another way of commemorating the birth of a child is by planting trees In Nigeria a banana tree that has been named after the child is planted in a special grove at the edge of the village, where children can play This tradition also exists in many European countries In Switzerland the custom is to plant an apple tree for a girl and a nut tree for a boy A tree's longevity and solidity symbolises the good health and long life of the child it stands for Water is very often used in ceremonies that celebrate birth due to its cleansing and purifying powers Natural springs and rivers are recurring symbols of new life and in many cultures water is used to dedicate the child to Mother Earth The Jicarilla Indians in Mexico traditionally invoke the protective Dowers of nature as they anoint the head of a newborn child ith water from sacred male and female rivers Elsewhere 'mmediately after birth a baby might be taken outside and Dresented to the gods or spirits in order that it might receive :heir blessing and protection 3ut it is not only the child who is celebrated A young woman is now a mother In order to mark their new status, Aboriginal Yomen in Australia paint their bodies with white clay; in hiopia new mothers may shave their heads and decorate : eir bodies with special jewellery and in other countries they -nay take a ceremonial bath or be given gifts by the • ommunity c the west we tend to commemorate the growth of a child • ith birthdays In the developing world where it is not always :>ossible to know the exact date of birth, celebrations are held : mark the first time a child crawls, stands, walks or answers :::J her name Her first tooth or haircut are also important ilestones in her life But perhaps the most significant =-ansition a child makes is when she enters the world of the =dults; this is usually marked by a rite of passage that is _ ost totally ignored in the west ~ PART u will hear an interview with an historian For questions -3-22, choose the answer (A, B, C or DJ which fits best ording to what you hear erviewer: On the programme today, it gives me great :: 33sure to welcome the renowned historian, Professor David ::-stz Professor, you specialise in the Neolithic period, and - e conducted a considerable amount of research into the ement of Dimini in northern Greece Can you tell us ething about it? Professor: Yes, um Dimini was a small settlement which stood on a low hill rising out of the fertile plains of Thessaly It's a site of particular interest to the historian because it dates back to the Late Neolithic period - between 3.700 and 3.300 BC - and um as such, represents Greece's earliest example of a small town planning scheme The settlement comprised a large central building and courtyard situated at the top of the hill, with smaller houses or units on its slopes, all contained within a series of stone ring walls Interviewer: Right Now, Dimini has been the subject of debate among contemporary archaeologists Why is that? Professor: Well, basically, that's due to two opposing interpretations put forward by leading archaeologists of the early and late twentieth century Dimini was first excavated by the well-known archaeologist Christos Tsountas He made use of the works of Homer as models for interpreting the structural organisation of the settlement in order to build a picture of its socio-economic system Historians often make use of models such as these to understand and piece together the historical puzzle of early civilisations In Tsountas' case he used the Iliad and the Odyssey and reconstructed the settlement at Dimini as a castle its central building housing a wealthy king fortified by subordinate units and surrounding walls, which were extended or added to after parts had been destroyed Professor: In the 1970s the archaeologist George Chourmouziadis re-excavated the site using a different approach He placed an emphasis on economic production in order to explain social structure and change within a given social group As a result his interpretation of Dimini conflicted with that of Tsountas He argued that the settlement reflected a kind of communal system where several households worked together to maintain the settlement until a time when the owners of the larger building imposed a system of private property and built walls within the settlement itself Interviewer: Whose interpretation contemporary historians tend to favour, Professor? Professor: Well you see, the debate is ongoing Chourmouziadis' view is certainly appealing yet his description of the site is somewhat simplistic and um generic, raising concerns about the reasoning behind his interpretation His theory is based on assumptions regarding the social and economic organisation of the site But the verdict is still pending One conclusion that can be drawn is that the very contrast between the two interpretations of this settlement highlights how much historians are affected by contemporary social historical and cultural influences when making pre-historical reconstructions Any conclusions resulting from any study of the early past are tentative, and so subject to constant revision Interviewer: Professor Pretz, thank you for being with us today You will hear part of an interview with Penny and Simon, two Internet business advisers For questions 23-28, decide whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the speakers agree Write P for Penny, S the market, targeted a particular type of customer or spent enough time optimising their websites for search engines It's all very well designing a user-friendly site with fast-loading graphics and state-of-the-art software but what good is it going to you if nobody can find it? Search engine optimisation is the key to success and a website with good, well written content has a much better chance of being found by potential customers than one that's visually appealing for Simon, or B for Both, where they agree Interviewer: Ever since the advent of the World Wide Web in the early nineties, an increasing number of small businesses have gone online in an effort to take advantage of the fact that, via the Internet, they can have access to billions of customers worldwide Some have even managed to become 'dot com millionaires', but for many the results have been discouraging With me in the studio today are Penny Hampton and Simon Sloane, who have spent the last six years advising clients on how to successfully market their e-businesses Penny, what, in your opinion, is the key to having a good Internet business? Penny: Well, there are many factors that need to be taken into consideration if you are planning to start a new online business First of all, it's imperative to start with the product or service you hope to sell It should be something that has not flooded the market but if it has you should at least be able to offer it in a better way than your competitors Simon: One also has to get oneself a good website It has to be instantly appealing to catch a visitor's interest That's why flashy websites with too many graphics may be detrimental Your potential customer is likely to give up and go somewhere else unless you can get his attention in the first few seconds and persuade him to stay Penny: Yes, but slow down Before you can begin even thinking about a website, you have to get your business strategy sorted out And perhaps the single most important element in starting a web business is having a good name For example if you want to sell ethnic clothes then see if you can get hold of the name 'ethnic-clothes.com' Simon: With so many million web sites out there you have to make sure that your name tells the visitor not only who you are but also what kind of goods or services you're selling and, if at all possible, where to find you Simon: Well, anyway, a final point I'd like to make is that you need credibility on the web If you're seriously expecting people to hand over their credit card details just like that, you're going to have to persuade them you can be trusted Most companies are much more likely to make a sale if their customer can order it directly - that's the beauty of the whole thing after all - but unfortunately online fraud is a real threa • so offer a secure online payment method and get registered and approved by the appropriate recognised bodies Penny: Basically, you've just got to a lot of work Most people think it's easy to set up their own online business, b if you don't have vision, dedication, patience and time, you' unlikely to succeed ~ ~ PART You will hear four different extracts For questions 1-8, chaos: the answer lA B or C) which fits best according to what yo •.• hear There are two questions for each extract Extract One Man: Perhaps it's obvious but, well, I would say that my inspiration is nature, It seems that whenever I find mysel c: ~ loss, bogged down in a mire, I need to take myself off for E long, solitary walk in the country and lose myself completfr in the beauty of the world around me It helps to be remilic.s: that there's another existence beyond the rat race, that the world continues to spin round on her axis regardless You see that in the shimmer of a dragonfly's wings as it darts you on the brook, or hear it in the rustling of the trees c the breeze picks up Nature has her own music, an abun =-~ of themes, and seems to offer up just the right images - E-~ sometimes, if I'm lucky entire stanzas fall into place Ana -you're quiet and close your eyes and just listen for a moment there's a definite rhythm every time nature dra ~ '= breath and exhales There's alliteration there and metaoSuddenly, I find I'm reaching for my notebook and pen ideas just springing forth Penny: Yes, but it's not just a case of having a catchy name and a fantastic site A customer using a search engine to find what he wants is going to use some keywords or phrases, If your web pages are carelessly written, or cover a variety of topics, those key words will be ineffective and it's highly Extract Two unlikely that your website will even appear within the first hundred results that the search comes up with Correspondent: Being able to travel around the globe i _ wonderful boon, but I'd much rather it on my own tei Simon: Nevertheless, a good website is essential too And I don't just mean the way it looks If it's attractive, user-friendly and easy to navigate, with efficient customer service, most visitors are going to enjoy surfing through it, There's not much opportunity to take in the sights wheyou're sent - sometimes at the drop of a hat - halfway ~ :the world to war zones, or to where political conflicts 0- Penny: Yes, but why, in that case, so many e-businesses flop? Usually it's because they haven't identified their niche in co natural disasters are making the headlines But then 0_"- day is ever the same, and there's no telling what kind "'will arise out of events that are in the process of wri in£ ... function of the central building C they disagree about the economic function of the settlement Question 18: The speaker mentions all the options, but hich one does he give as being ~ e reason for... what sort of personality consultant made of stone or metal, (nl a person who gives expert advice to a person or organisation friction or medal in order to discc _ they have on a particular (nl... as the prompt _ ""nce? on Your entr'y ,=_ on 36: The key word is a fixed expression :c=~ing'not consistent with' 'on 39: You will need to ersion here 38 your examination results The rumours