Discovering the Humanities THIRD EDITION CHAPTER 13 The Working Class and Bourgeoisie: The Conditions of Modern Life Discovering the Humanities, Third Edition Henry M Sayre Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives Describe how realism manifested itself in nineteenth-century art and literature Describe the various ways in which French artists and writers attacked bourgeois values in the 1850s and 1860s Learning Objectives Define Impressionism and examine how it transformed conventional assumptions about style and content in painting Outline the characteristics of the American sense of self as it developed in the nineteenth century Learning Objectives Examine the impact of Western imperial adventuring on the nonWestern world Eugène Delacroix Scenes from the Massacres at Chios 1824 Oil on canvas 165" × 139-1/4" Musée du Louvre, Paris © RMN-Grand Palais/Thierry Le Mage [Fig 13.1] Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres The Vow of Louis XIII 1824 Oil on canvas 165-3/4" × 103-1/8" Montauban Cathedral, France Giraudon/Bridgeman Images [Fig 13.2] Document: Jean-Auguste -Dominique Ingres from "The Doctrine of Ingres" Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres La Grande Odalisque 1814 Oil on canvas 35-7/8" × 63" Musée du Louvre, Paris Inv Rf1158 © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre)/Thierry Le Mage [Fig 13.3] Eugène Delacroix Odalisque 184550 Oil on canvas 14-7/8" ì 18-1/4" â Fitzwilliam Museum, Universtiy of Cambridge, England/Bridgeman Images [Fig 13.4] Closer Look: Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People Eugène Delacroix Liberty Leading the People 1830 Oil on canvas 8'6" × 10'7" Musée du Louvre, Paris © RMN-Grand Palais/Hervé Lewandowski [Fig 13.5] Ernest Meissonier Memory of Civil War (The Barricades) 1849 (Salon of 1850–51) Oil on canvas 11-1/2" × 8-1/4" Inv RF1942-31 Musée du Louvre, Paris © RMN-Grand Palais/Droits réservés [Fig 13.6] The British in China and India • In order to compensate for this, it began to sell to the Chinese large quantities of opium, which it grew in India • Produced at low cost, opium turned out to be a very profitable trade item for the British The British in China and India • Unfortunately for the Chinese, opium addiction rapidly became a severe social problem • The subsequent war led to the crushing of China, and the resulting Treaty of Nanjing caused the collapse of the Chinese economy The Rise and Fall of Egypt • After the Ottoman Turk Mehmet Ali (1769–1849) established himself as viceroy of Egypt, he attempted to put the country on an equal footing with Europe • His unsuccessful attempt to invade Turkey led to the British forcing Egypt to abandon the protective tariffs on its cotton industry The Rise and Fall of Egypt • Thus, Egypt could only export raw cotton instead of the more lucrative cotton products, which resulted in the failure of Ali's modernization of Egypt The Opening of Japan • Japan was one of the few Asian nations never colonized by the West • After the forced "opening" of Japan by American Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853, Japan embarked on new trade and diplomatic relationships with Europe and the United States The Opening of Japan • Parallel, Japan began rapid efforts to modernize its own economy and government • After 1868, Japanese industrialization quickened, and a flood of Japanese products reached the West for the first time • Among the most distinctive of those exports were woodblock prints Closer Look: Katsushika Hokusai, The Great Wave Katsushika Hokusai The Great Wave, from the series Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji ca 1823–39 Color woodblock print 10-1/8" × 14-1/4" © Historical Picture Archive/Corbis [Fig 13.26] The Opening of Japan • Ukiyo-e prints, "pictures of the transient world of everyday." • Woodblock prints were mass-produced and thus affordable to artisans, merchants, and other city dwellers The Opening of Japan • Probably the most famous series of Japanese prints is Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji by Katsushika Hokusai (1760–1849) • The print in that series known as The Great Wave has achieved almost iconic status in the art world Africa and Empire • Imperial policies that European powers were exercising in Africa were a great cause of alarm to intellectuals aware of the political climate • Europe's African colonies became (like India) primarily focused on producing large quantities of raw materials—a commodity-based export economy that left most Africans in dire poverty Social Darwinism: The Theoretical Justification for Imperialism • To those who desired to validate imperialism and the colonial regimes it fostered in Africa and Asia, social Darwinism explained the supposed social and cultural evolution that elevated Europe (and the white race) above all other nations and races Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness • Heart of Darkness, as its title suggests, is stylistically dependent on contrasting patterns of light and dark, white Europeans and black Africans, but never in any set pattern of good and evil  "Darkness" itself was a metaphor for a world without clarity Continuity & Change • Over 28 million visitors excitedly dreamed of the future promised by that marvel of architecture and technology unveiled at the Exposition Universelle • For the fair's promise, there was little inkling of the darker side of technology and nationalism that had already been unleashed as European nations competed for imperial control Charles Garnier Japanese house (left) and Chinese house (right) in the "History of Habitation" exhibit, Exposition Universelle, Paris 1889 Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C LC-US262-106562 [Fig 13.27] Les Fêtes de Nuit la Exposition (detail) 1900 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C From L'Exposition de Paris (1900) akg-images [Fig 13.28] ... Nationalism and the Politics of Opera • Yet change did arrive at the opera in the form of the most creative composers of the period, most of whom were associated with the revolutions of 1848 and the. .. Marxism • According to Marx and Engels, the resolution of the struggle between bourgeoisie (thesis) and proletariat (antithesis) lay in the synthesis of a classless society • Their 1848 Communist... and the Poetry of Modern Life • In his poems, he sought to shock the bourgeoisie • He chose unconventional themes and subject matters from exotic sexuality to the grim reality of death in the modern