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UNG Xir CUA NGUOI DAO VUNG TAY BAC vOl NUdC VA PHAT TRIEN BEN VtTNG RITNG, Trdn HCru San Nghien euu ve ngudi Dao d Viet Nara trude nara 1945 da duge radl sd hgc gia nuac ngoai quan lam Trong dd ndi bat la cac lac phim cua A.Bonifacy (1904, 1905, 1906, 1907 ) vilt vl cac nganh Dao dudi dang "dan toe chi" Sau nam 1975, viec nghien euu vl ngudi Dao a Viet Nara it duge cac nha khoa hgc nude ngoai chu y Mot sd nha khoa hgc Viet Nara bude diu dh cap din mot sd vin dl vl nhan hgc sinh thai ciia ngudi Dao voi mdi trudng ty nhien nhu: Trin Hdng Hanh (2002), Trin Van Ha (2007), Td Xuan Phiic (2006, 2007), Nguyin Trudng Giang (2011), Tran Hiiu Son (2010, 2011) Tuy nhien, nhijng vin dh ea ban ling xu ciia ngudi Dao vdi tai nguyen dit va nude lai ehua duge dl cap sau, nhit la chua ed edng trinh nao gin viec nghien euu dac dilm ung xu vdi radi truang ty nhien, vdi viec khae phuc thien tai, dinh hudng phat triln bin virng Hiu bet cac Iran IQ quel, lii dng thap ky qua ehii ylu xay a vung ngudi Dao a hien tugng dac biet Ly giai vin dl ein fim hilu vl ung xu ciia ngudi Dao 7di radi trudng rung, nude fiong truyin thing va hien tai Dae dilra ling xu fhan anh dara net a phuong each ehgn noi eu tni, lara nha, lap thdn lang din cac piuong thue su dung, quan ly tai nguyen rirng, nude Dia ban cu tni la ylu td phan anh rd net each ung xu ciia ngudi Dao voi mdi trudrg rimg va nude Chgn noi o, ehgn dit lam nha, lap lang la nhiem vu quan trgng nhit Cac ylu td chgn noi cu tni se anh hudng din euge sing, radi trudng Ddn^ thai eung chiu sy tac dgng raanh me ciia mdi trudng ty nhien Ngudi Dao ed ten tv ggi la "'kirn mun" hay '"klem mlin" dIu ed nghTa philm chi la "ngudi a rung" Ten 13c danh da phan anh mdi quan he cua ngudi Dao vdi rimg Dia ban cu tni cua ngudi Dao chu ylu d cac khe, ngdi Khi di cu din Lao Cai, Yen 3ai, ngudi Dao deu di cu theo dudng sdng Hdng nguge len cac ngdi (chi luu) ;ila sdng Hdng va filp tuc ngugc len diu nggn sudi vung Yen Bai, ngudi TS.,Sd Van hoa The thao va Du liehfinhLao Cai 747 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU^ Dao Quan Chet (Nga Hoang) nguge sdng Hdng cu tni d thugng ngudn ngdi Lau, eon ngudi Dao Hg (Dao Quan Trang) lai ngugc sdng Chay eu tni a cac xa ven sdng thude huyen Yen Binh, Lye Yen Thdng ke 21 ban gia pha tieng Dao ggi la ''Chd phin sad' hoae 'Try chdng sdu'' ciia ngudi Dao Dd d cac huyen Bat Xal, Sa Pa, Van Ban thude linh Lao Cai; Than Uyen, Sin Hd thude linh Lai Chau, huyen Lye Yen tinh Yen Bai cho Ihay cac ddng hg deu tir Quang Ddng, Quang Tay di cu den Van Nara vao Viet Nara tu thugng ngudn cac sdng Hdng, sdng Chay, sdng Nam Na Ddng bao xudi theo ddng sdng, ngugc cac eon ngdi, ddng sudi, cu Iru d cac khe sau, sudn cac nui cao d cac linh Tay Bac Vi vay, ten cac lang ngudi Dao deu mang ten la khe, sudi, hd, ngdi Trong sd 466 lang ngudi Dao eu trii d Lao Cai hien nay, ed Idi 151 lang ed dia danh lien quan den ngudn nude, nhu 48 lang cd ten "Nara" (nhu Nara Xay, Nara Bd, Nara Siu ), 25 lang cd ten khe (nhu Khe My, Khe Chiu, Khe Quyt, Khe Bde), 21 lang cd ten sudi, hd (nhu Sudi Thau, Can Hd ) d huyen Sin Hd, tinh Lai Chau, sd 60 lang cua ngudi Dao thi ed tdi 22 lang cd dia danh lien quan den sudi, khe, hd, nude Ngudi Dao Tuyin (Dao Ao Dai) lap lang deu ehgn eon khe dan nuoe ehung ciia lang Cac gia dinh deu d ven cac khe Moi khe la radl lang, du lang dd chi cd vai ba hd gia dinh nhu d thdn Khe Diing, xa Thai Nien, huyen Bao I'hang, linh Lao Cai cd tdi lang nhd la Khe Thanh, Khe Lge, Khe Mai, Khe Ma, Khe Ao Hoae d thdn En, xa Tri Quang cd lang cu Iru theo khe Mdi lang dd deu cd bg may ty quan rieng, cd mot ngdi milu thd Thanh hoang lang rieng ggi la "giang man" Cd the Ihiy, dii eu tni d nhirng cao khae nhung cac nhdin Dao deu cd dac dilm ehung chgn dia ban cu tni la gan rimg, can ke ngudn nude Quan niem ciia ngudi Dao la d gan rung nhung khdng bao gid ngudi Dao d sat cac khu rirng Ngudi Dao ihudng d each cac khu rirng khoang 300m den 500m Tuy nhien, khudn vien cua cae lang ngudi Dao Dd d cac huyen Sa Pa, Bat Xat linh Lao Cao dIu ed nhilu cay Mdi gia dinh cd den cay to, nhd khae Cay to Ihudng rage d ng5 va phia sau nha, each nha khoang 20in den 30in Vi vay, lang ngudi Dao Ihudng mat quanh nara nhung khdng am udt, khdng ed hien tugng cay bi vao nha Nhin tii xa lang ngudi Dao Dd nhu an minh tan rimg Lang ngudi Dao ciing a gin cac mach nuoe, khe sudi Lang d gan khe sudi nhung nhirng ngdi nha cd truyen ciia ngudi Dao bao gid cung each xa sudi 300m din 500m Cac ngdi nha dya lung vao sudn nui Hai ben lang deu cd niii bao bgc, ehd che Vi vay, mot dac dilm ndi bat ciia cae lang ngudi Dao Dd la Ihudng nim d vi tri giao ciia qua niii lao cac khe nhd Ddng ba) cu tni d ven khe, ed nui chd che, Ihuan lien gan ngudn nude Quan nigra na} trd kinh nghiera chgn dat lara nha: 748 LTNG XLT QUA NGLTQI DAO VUNG T A Y BAG "Lam nha khe, hem radi giau Dal rag tren cao, ngudi ngudi hanh phiie" Nhu vay, lang cua ngudi Dao Dd thip Ihoang lura cay, in rainh ben khe sudi Lang cua ngudi Dao TuyIn, Dao Hg lai dya lung vao sudn ddi, trude raat cd ddng sudi chay qua Phia sau va cao hon lang la rung xanh Trude raat la khe nude, rudng bac thang Ngudi Dao cdn lao ea radl he thdng ung xu vdi rimg, ngudn nude hieu qua nham bao ve radi trudng ty nhien, bao ve euge sdng, phdng chdng thien tai Dilm ndi bat he thing ung xu vdi ty nhien cua ngudi Dao la tao dyng cac khu rimg cam, xay dyng ea chi thieng hda ve rung va nude, ed luat tuc va chi tai xu phat nghiera khae ngudi vi phara Trong xa hdi ndng nghiep cd truyin, vin dl thieng hda sy vat, hien tugng ludn cd lac dyng dinh hudng du luan, quan ly xa hdi Vi vay, raudn bao ve rung ngudi Dao xay dyng ea chi thieng hda nilra tin vl cae loai rung thieng, rimg cim Nguoi Dao phan chia cae loai rung khae nhau, dinh hinh cac khu rirng rieng biet vdi chuc nang rieng Rimg thieng la khu rirng thd thin lang, tugng trung cho linh bin thieng lieng ciia lang Mdi lang ngudi Dao dIu ed mot khu rung thieng nim each xa lang tir 0,5kra trd len Khu rimg thieng ngudi Dao TuyIn, Dao Hg ggi la "kilra giang" Khu rung xua la rirng nguyen sinh (nay la rimg tai sinh hoae ehi cdn ragt vai cay to, la xanh) Khu rirng thieng ciia ngudi Dao Dd ggi la "pudng kilm", cd dien fich khoang tir din 5ha, a each xa lang tir 1km din 2km Rirng thieng la noi dat milu thd thin lang (ngudi Dao TuyIn ggi la "tang man", ngudi Dao Hg ggi la ''gldng man", cdn ngudi Dao Dd ggi la ''To tang dng"' hoae "Tang mien" Day la vi than thd dia cai quan vung dit Milu thd ed thI dyng ngdi milu nhd ed raai che (nhdm Dao TuyIn, Dao Hg) nhung ciing cd ehi la ba hdn da xip theo hinh raai nha dudi gde cay to, la ludn xanh (cay da, cay si, cay gao ) Loai cay phai cdn nguyen canh, khdng cd sau due than Ngudi Dao coi day la ea mot kho tang huyen thoai ve cac loai ma Theo quan nigra cua ngudi Dao Dd a cac khu riing huyen Bat Xat cd tdi loai ma; quan nigra cua ngudi Dao TuyIn d huyen Bao Yen, tinh Lao Cai ed tdi 11 loai ma rung vdi cac sy fich huyin bi linh thieng Hang nara, lang dIu td chuc cung rung thieng radi nam lin vao cae Thin thang am fich hoae 6/6 (ngay cung Than Ndng) L I ciing ngudi Dao Dd ggi la ll "sip raien", ngudi Dao TuyIn ggi la "Tit giang man" Ngay ciing thin lang la hgp mat cua ea lang Thay cung va trudng lang chu tri ll eting Thiy ciing radi ggi cac vi thin vl dy ll ciing (ngudri Dao Hg radi thin, ngudi Dao TuyIn radi tit ea cac 749 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU than duge thd cung raieu gan 100 vi thin gdra he thing cac thin thd dia, cac than hoang lang, Nggc Hoang, Ban Vuong, Thien Ldi) Thiy cung dgc bai cung eau raong thai liel thuan hda, ngudi yen, vat Ihinh, khdng xay chay rung, thien tai Trudng thdn nhae lai cae quy ude bao ve rung Cac quy ude dirge dgc trude sy chiing giara cua than linh, khdng khae Ihudng nen eang dirge thieng hda Cac quy ude bao ve rung dudng nhu deu duge cae vi thin bao trg, nghiera cam ngudi vi phara Thye hien quy ude, nguoi Dao kien quyet khdng vao rung thieng, khdng lay cui, san ban, hai lugra a rimg thieng Rung cam dau ngudn la loai rung nguyen sinh nam o sau lang, phia tren cao Ngudi Dao Dd a lang Tung Chin xa Trinh Tudng, huyen Bat Xal ggi rimg cam la "khoal kem soong" hoae "klem on" Ngudi Dao Dd d huyen Sa Pa, linh Lao Cai, Van Yen finh Yen Bai lai ggi rirng cam dau ngudn la "kem cd" Ngudi Dao Tuyen d Lao Cai, Yen Bai ggi rirng cam dau ngudn nude la "kem vodrn zdu di ghui" Rung cara dau ngudn ed dac diera ehung la rirng ed mach nude dan ve lang Khu rung ed chuc nang bao ve ngudn nude, bao ve lang Ciing nhu khu rirng thieng, khu rirng cam dau ngudn thude sd h&u cua ea edng ddng lang va duge quan ly nghiera ngat Trong khu rirng, ngudi Dao chgn radl cay ed la xanh quanh nam, than xii xi lam cay thieng dat mieu da thd nhu d rirng thieng Nhung khae vdi rirng thieng - noi ngudi Dao thd than ban raenh ciia lang thi d rimg cam dau ngudn ngudi Dao lai thd vi than cai quan ca mdi vimg Cac vi than ngudi Dao Dd ggi la "tay chleu mien" Khu rung cam "kiem on" la noi Id chuc nhieu nghi le ciing nam va theo chu ky hang chuc nam Chu tri le cung la ngudi thay mat edng ddng quan ly rung "cun ken" Mot nam trude day ngudi Dao Ihudng cung vao cac let ed truyin" d nhieu lang ngudi Dao Dd cdn giu duge cudn sach cd ggi la "khoai ken sau" hudng dan cac nghi le ciing rirng, cae phep Ihual, nghi thue bao ve rung Trong dd ed nhilu nghi le md cua rung, khai mach nude, lam phep eau mong cho rimg cd nhieu cay to xanh lot Sach cdn hudng dan each bao ve cay non, bao ve hoa riing, Iain phep cho rimg phat trien nhanh Trong nghi thue ciing ragt nam ngudi Dao Dd cd le "khoi kin" vao 2/2 Day la le cung rad cua rirng Trong nghi le cd nhieu trd dien mdi than linh ve dy, bao ve rimg Dac biet thay cung cdn dien xudng, phat rung, rirng, le nude bin phuong eau mong rirng xanh Idt Sau nghi le khai rimg "khoi kin", ngudi dan lang duge vao rimg khai Ihac gd, cac lam thd san khae theo quy ude cua edng ddng Mot nam khu rimg cam chi rad cua rung ngay, cdn nhfing thirdng khdng duge vao rimg cara Ngudi Dao d lang Ngai Chd, xa Den Sang cdn Ngay 1/1 (ciing nhan dip dau nam mdi), 2/2 (le ciing md ciia rung), 3/3 (le ciing khai rung, rung), 6/6 (le ciing dong cua rung), 9/9 (le ciing ta on than rung) 750 IJ'NG XLT CUA NGLTQl DAO VUNG TAY BAC ed nghi ll "phiing van" - le lien dich, liln bd til ea cae loai raa lara hai, cac tai nan Ihuang xay d rung, cac hanh vi ung xu xiu vdi rung Trong ll "phiing van" cac lhi>- cung dien xudng ggi til ca cae loai raa xiu, cac vy xara hai rirng din dy ll liln ma Sau dung kiem phep don cac raa xau pha hoai rung vao ehiec thuyin bing be chudi ca lang danh trong, thdi ken, danh chieng xua duoi la ma khoi lang va tha thuyen chua ma xau xudng sudi vdi niem fin cac loai raa xiu xa pha hoai rung se xudng sdng xudng be khdng quay lai d viing ngudi Dao Dd huyen Bat Xat va Sa Pa tinh Lao Cai, theo chu ky 50 nam ngudi Dao td chiire le cung "chia on" la on thin rirng Toan bd nghi ll ciing nhu radl hdi, ed nhieu canh dien, trd dien khae nhau, dd cd cae trd dien la lai nghi le trdng rung voi sy thara gia ciia cac thiy phu ll va cae nien trai trang Hg trdng 12 cay vdng trdn bilu tugng cho rirng mdi CJ day diln cac nghi le tudi cay, trdng cay, phat cd, chara sdc cay, ganh phan gia siie bdn cho cay Trong le eiing cung cd raan dien xudng diln la sinh boat khai thae rung ciia ngudi Dao nhu canh di san ban, hai lugra, bit ea sudi Phin eudi eiia ll "chia on" la cae nghi le, trd dien rad la canh ddng cua rung Trong dd ed cac canh viet sd eau mong than linh bao ve rung Dae biet cac nghi ll ed ll ddn thin "lin chieu" la vi than cai quan rirng xudng dy le, lara raua lara rirng, di ngya xera rirng, dang hoa qua, cae san vat ciia rirng cho thin Dd dang cung thin "lin chilu" phai la cac radn thit chudt, iMl sdc, thit chira, hoa rirng Trong budi ll cd cae man dien xirong dien la cay rung duge trdng sao, dom hoa kit trai the nao va lara bua phep bao ve rirng Nhu vay, ngudi Dao da diing nhieu hinh thue thieng hda rirng Trude bet la chgn khu rirng: rirng thieng, rirng cam de bao ve nghiera ngat Nham bao ve rirng ngudi Dao ciing sang lao ca mot he thdng than linh (ca he thdng raa ae) tni ngu d riing Cac vi than linh da tang thera sue raanh huyen bi cimg vdi cae eau chuyen c6 raang tinh chat ran de ke xiie phara den than rirng va y thue bao ve rirng da lara tang chat thieng cua rirng Nhung chat thieng cdn duge thang hoa bing nhirng nghi le, trd dien ma ea edng ddng deu thara gia vdi y niem bao ve rirng Thdng qua cac nghi le eau ciing bao ve rirng hang nam, ca edng ddng deu thye hanh niera tin vao than rirng Cae nghi le nhu nhirng bai hgc nhae nhd edng ddng ve cae hanh ddng trdng rirng, bao ve rimg, chdng nan khai thae rirng bua bai, pha hoai rirng Ca che bao ve rimg cua edng ddng ngudi Dao cdn duge phan anh dam net d viec xay dimg quy ude va bg may quan ly rung Mdi lang ngudi Dao deu cd quy ude rieng ve bao ve rimg theo dac thii ciia tirng lang Nhung nhin ehung, ndi dung quy ude deu hudng den viec td chuc bao ve rimg, xu phat nhung hanh vi vi phara 751 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TCT Quy uoc quy dinh rd rung thieng phai duge bao ve nghiem ngat, raoi nara chi duge phep vao rung le ciing than bao ve lang "giang man" Ddi vdi rirng cini, rirng gia nguyen sinh a dau ngudn, radi nara lang ehi rad cua rimg radl lin (ed thdi ban ngay, hoae ngay) Chi nhung rad cua rung ngudi dan mdi duge vao rimg lay gd, lay cui, hai nam, hai rau Cdn nhirng khae vao rung kliai thae deu bi lang phat thdn Pd Sin Ngai, xa Trung Chai, huyen Sa Pa quy dinh vi phara chat cay vau phat 30 bat gao, 30 bat rugu, 30 kg Ign cho lang de Id chuc le cung rimg nam sau Ai lay raang non ciing hi phat 30 bat gao, 30 bat rugu Quy ude ciia thdn Den Sang, xa Den Sang, huyen Bat Xat quy dinh tha rdng gia siic vao rimg cara, rung thieng thi ngudi quan ly rung cd quyen bat giir eon vat dd de lam le ciing rimg lang Tung Chin, xa Trinh Tudng, huyen Bat Xat lai quy dinh chat cay rimg dau ngudn phai nop ga, chai rugu lara le la loi thin rimg tai raieu ciia than Ai vi phara lara chay rirng cua edng ddng ngudi phai buy ddng ca ddng hg trdng lai rirng Nhiing quy ude bao ve rung cua ngudi Dao dya tren eo sd lap quan phap truyen raieng, ddng thoi cdn dya tren yeu eau cy the eiia timg lang Nhfing quy ude lac ddng den mgi vien ciia lang dii ngudi dd la chuc dich hay dan Ihudng, la ngudi ciia ddng hg hay ddng hg khae Quy ude cua lang da tao sy euang che cua ca edng ddng vdi ragi vien lang Dac biet thdng qua quy ude le ciing rung dau nam thi mgi vien deu duge ban bac dan chii, thdng nhat ndi dung quy ude Quy ude lai duge thdng qua nghi 16 ciing thin, cd sy ehung dam cua than linh nen cd sue raanh eiia ca thin linh Quy ude thye sy duge thieng hda va trd radl sgi day vd hinh nhung lai ben chat ed kit mgi vien lang thye hien viec bao ve rimg Sire raanh eiia quy ude, sue manh ciia sy thieng hda quy dinh bao ve rirng lai eang tang eudng thdng qua du luan edng ddng Du luan edng dong lang la edng cu ciia ca edng ddng nham bao ve tap quan phap va quy ude ve rung cac lang ngudi Dao vimg cao radi trudng giao fiep hi khudn chat cac mdi quan he giira ngudi lang vdi thi du luan cua lang eang ddng vai trd ndi trdi Du luan lang lac ddng den y thue cua tiing vien, ehi phdi y chi ca nhan, dieu chinh no phu hgp vdi cac quy ude, chuan myc bao ve rimg Du luan lang cdn gdp phan cd vii, khieh le cae vien chap hanh quy ude, ddng thai cdn cd lac dung ran de, ngan ngira nhirng ngudi ed hanh ddng vi pham quy ude Du luan lang eang duge thieng hda bang cac chuyen ke, cac huyen Ihoai huyen bi ve lye lugng sieu nhien trimg phat nhirng ke vi phara quy ude bao ve rung Nd cd tac dung biing nd nhanh, bao vay chat cae ddi tugng vi phara Sue manh ciia du luan lang eang duge lang eudng duge thieng hda, duge nhiing nguoi lao ngudn du luan lai la nhung ngudi cd uy tin lang nhu gia lang, trudng lang, trudng hg 752 LTNG XLT CIJA NGL/Cd DAO VUNG TAY BAC Mdi lang ciia ngudi Dao Tuyen, Dao Quan Chet deu ed ngudi lam nhiem vu quan ly rung O vung nguoi Dao Dd lye lugng bao ve rirng duge tang eudng nhieu hon Khao sat lang Tung Chin d xa Trinh Tudng, huyen Bat Xat ehiing tdi thay dii lang chi cd 20 hd gia dinh nhung ed tdi ngudi bao ve rimg Trong dd ed dng "cun ken" phai la ngudi thude ddng hg dau lien lap lang, cd uy tin, due Chirc vu Ihudng la cha truyen ndi Giiip viec cho dng "cun ken" ed tir den ngudi phy viec thude cac ddng hg khae O cac xa Den Sang, xa Nam Pung huyen Bat Xat, xa Ban Phiing huyen Sa Pa cd ngudi quan ly rimg Trong ehi cd dng "cun ken" theo che cha truyen eon ndi khdng phai bau, cdn ngudi khae deu edng ddng ban ll "khoi kin" hang nam Nhiing ngudi bao ve rimg cd nhiem vu quan ly rung, xu phat nhiing hanh vi vi phara bao ve rung theo quy ude ciia lang Dii khdng duge che "bdi duong" nhung nhiing ngudi bao ve rung xa hdi truyen thdng eiia ngudi Dao deu rat tan vdi edng viec va coi bao ve rimg ciing la hanh ddng duge cac lye lugng sieu nhien phii hg Nhu vay, cac vien lang ngudi Dao khdng chi chiu sy dieu hanh, hudng dan ciia bg may bao ve rimg ma cdn hi giam sat chat che ciia he thdng tap quan phap, quy ude thdng qua du luan lang Bg may quan ly rimg ciia lang quan ly cac vien bang cae raenh lenh xu phat nghiera khae Cdn tap quan phap, quy ude lai la lye lugng chii yen de eudng che vien bang du luan D6 chinh la ea chi quan ly, bao ve rung ciia lang ngudi Dao cd truyen Ngudi Dao cdn xay dyng ragt he thdng ung xu raem vdi viec khai thae tai nguyen rimg va ngudn nude nham dap ung nhu eau sinh ke Trong canh tac ngudi Dao da sang tao phuong phap "huu canh" hieu qua vdi viec canh tac nuong riy Mdi gia dinh ngudi Dao dIu c6 din manh nuong khae Ngudi Dao Ian lugt r canh tac timg manh nuong theo mot chu ky nam lai bd hda va canh tac tiep raanh nuong khae Manh nuong bd hda van thude quyen sd huru ciia gia dinh ngudi Dao nhung thdng Ihudng ddng bao bd hda khoang 10 nam Sau dat bd hda duge phuc hii (nhd cay rimg tai sinh), ngudi Dao lai tiep tuc canh tac Ngudi Dao cdn cd he thing ung ySi thieh hgp viec lya ehgn, bd tri cay trdng phu hgp vdi timg loai dit Loai dit lit "dau chun" la loai dit khai thae tren nuong napi diu ngudi Dao uu lien trdng cae loai cay luong thye, thye phara chinh (liia, dau, bau, bi, khoai ) Nam thu hai, thiir ba dit xiu "dau che" ngudi Dao lai trdng ngd, san sau bd hda CI nhilu vung nguoi Dao TuyIn huyen Bao Thang, finh Lao Cai, ngudi Dao Dd huyen Van Yen, tinh Yen Bai ngudi Dao da xay dyng duge he thing ling xu vdi timg loai dia hinh khae Tren dinh niii va sudn niii ngudi Dao trdng rimg tai sinh va bao ve rimg nguyen sinh nham phdng hd giir nude O cac sudn niii cd die tren 25 ngudri Dao tia rimg trdng qui dudi tan rung Rimg qui ban che ddng 753 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TlT chay eiia nude, bao ve dat khdng hi xdi radn chan cac day niii va sudn dii thip doc dudi 25 ngudi Dao radi Ira liia nuong va trdng sin khe niii ven sudi thuan ngudn nude ngudi Dao khai khin rudng bac thang Diln hinh la khu rudng bac thang ky vT 121 bac d lang Vu Lung Sung cua ddng hg dng Lii Qui) Vang Ngudi Dao cd nhilu tri thue ban dia viec chdng xdi radn, rua trdi dit va tri raau mo cua dat Ben canh ky thuat luan canh va huu canh tao cho dit nghi, nguoi Dao cdn lien hanh ky thuat trdng xen canh nuong ngd cay ngd da ben rl, ngudi Dao trdng bi xanh, bi dd, mudp, dau dua Din thu hoach ngd, ngudi Dao lai trdng cac loai rau cai, bau, ca ghera d nuong lua, ngudi Dao quanh Ian nuong ragt sd cay gia vi nhu hanh, tdi d hai ben ldi di vao nuong fiii trdng nghe, gimg, gieng; d nhiing khu dat am lai trdng xen canh khoai sg C) nhung nai nuong ddc lai trdng cac cay an qua quanh nuong nhu ehudi, du dii, cam, dao, man Cae kien thue ve gieo trdng, ung xu phii hgp vdi thai liel bau ciia ngudi Dao da duge due ket he thdng tuc ngir, ldi ran day va dac biet la cudn sach Thung sdu Trong cudn sach ngudi Dao da long ket nhiing mua, nang sau benh, gid bao anh hudng den mua mang giiip cho viec lya chgn ngay, thang, thdi vu gieo trdng lung loai cay phii hgp Vi du: gieo trdng nuong thi Iranh nhung vudng sau, khd ban Ngudi Dao ung xu vdi ngudn nude ciing mang tinh thieh ung, mem deo Hg lya chgn mdi mot kieu dia hinh khae cd hinh thue khai thae va su dung ngudn nude khae Khi khai thae rudng bae thang, ngtrdi Dao xay dyng ca mgi he thdng dan nude (ndi va chira) phii hgp vdi timg loai dia hinh, ed he thong md cura thoat nude, dan nude thieh hgp Dac biet ngudi Dao ed each dan nude vao rudng bac thang klia dgc dao Du cho din nude bang hinh thue nao, each lam nao thi nguyen tac co ban va chii yeu nhat vice dan nuoe vao rudng ciia ngudi Dao van la dua nuoe vao bac thang cao nhat, rdi thao Iran tir rudng cao xudng rudng thap Til cay bira den lua udn eau, rudng phai lien tuc cd nude Khi lua vao may, udn eau, hg thao sach nude rudng de cho lua chin nhanh, rudng khd, de thu hoach Khi mudn lieu nude, hg dap dat ngan d phia dau nuong cho nude khdng vao rudng; ddng thdi thao nude cho Iran bet khdi cac trien rudng xudng sudi Viec chia nude vao rudng phu thude khdng ehi d yeu td dia hinh, mire doi dao eiia ngudn nude ma cdn a quy md sd rudng canh lac va tap quan ciing nhu each ling xu ciia ngudi Ngudi Dao d Sa Pa ed each chia nude vao rudng khae d hai vung sinh thai diln hinh Viec chia nude vao rudng ciia ngudi Dao d cae xa Tmng Chai, Ta Phin, Ban Khoang (thude vung sinh thai dai nui trung binh) duge thye hien theo each ap dung vdi kieu rudng khae Vdi nhiing thua rudng moi khai pha, hg liy dng 754 LTNG XU" CUA NGUOl DAO VUNG TAY BAC buong lam cua dan nude tir rauong vao thua rudng cao nhat, rdi thao Iran nude tir thua rudng dd xudng cac thua rudng thap hon Vdi loai rudng da canh lac lau nara, hg lam cua lay nuoe bang dat tai bo rudng De dieu liel nude cho tirng thua rudng, hg thay ddi to nhd, cao thap cua eua lay nude Nhiing thua rudng cd bd vung ehae, ngudi ta thao nude qua eua bang dat duge md tren bd rudng Rudng nhd rad radl eua, rudng Idn rad tu den eua Cae loai cua lay nude duge linh loan to nhd, cho lugng nude rudng vira du, khdng de Iran bd nhung ciing khdng de thieu nude Cae eua rad d rudng ciing md theo hinh dich dac nham Iranh vo bd trdi dat Ngudi Dao d cac xa Ta Van, Thanh Kim, Ban Phiing, Thanh Phii, Ban Hd, Nam Sai, Nam Gang (thude vimg sinh thai dai niii thap) lai ap dung hai each chia nude khae Mot la, dieu liel to nhd, cao thap ciia cua lay nude Hai la, phan chia quay vdng theo thdi gian, mdi hd duge vai de lay loan bg sd nude chay rauong raang vao rudng ciia gia dinh rainh Hd lay xong den hd khae, eu the quay vdng cho den bet mua vy Vdi each chia nude nay, ddi ciing xay tinh trang Iranh chap giiira cac hd diing ehung ngudn nude Gap trudng hgp ay, trudng lang dung giai quyet bang each kiem Ira thye trang rdi fim each hda giai, dieu chinh Nhiing trudng hgp vi phara nhieu Ian, trudng lang se phai trieu tap mot euge hgp loan the lang de phan xet Ddi vdi ngudn nuoe mach, ngudi Dao khdng su dung trye tiep raa phai din ngudn nude ngoai, chay qua he thdng rauong Nhieu noi khdng xii ly duge, ngudi ta phai su dung gidng lua dia phuong lay d khu ed nude mach de thieh hgp vdi dieu kien sinh thai Xac dinh duge lam quan trgng ciia nude ddi voi cay liia nen nude d rudng ludn duge dat mot che hgp ly Kinh nghiem dan nude va lieu thoat nude eua hg cho thay nude d rudng nao ciing o muc tir 15 den 20 era la tot nhat Chi nao chuan hi thu hoach thi mdi thao can nude de mat rudng khd cung lai cho de gat va thuan lien khau van chuyen Ben canh viec giir nuoe, ngudi Dao ciing quan tam den viec chdng xdi radn dat mau, nhat la d nhung noi ed ddc Idn nhu Trung Chai, Ban Khoang Bien phap plid bien la viec tinh loan myc nude can thiet trir d rudng, rdi radi dat dudng chia nude cho nude chay di Theo each lara nay, gifia cac bd rudng a diera cao each mat rudng khoang tir den cm ngudi ta khoet mot Id nhd va dat vao dd mot dng vau cd dudng kinh khoang tir den cm de thdng nude va dat cao each mat rudng khoang ddi ngdn tay Dieu cd tac dung lieh eye viec giu raau, chdng xdi nidn dit 755 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU Phuong thue urng xu vdi rirng va ngudn nude cdn mang tinh chit he thong Khdng chi bao ve nghiem ngat rirng diu ngudn, tao eo chi thieng hda ma nguai Dao cdn tao cac tieu he thdng ung xu vdi dit, vdi nude, vdi rung mang ;inh chit thieh ung chu khdng ddi chgi Dae biet nhu phin tren da phan lieh, nguai Dao eQng tao cac he thing lya ehgn phan loai dit va su dyng edng cy lam dit phu hgp, bd tri cay trdng thieh hgp vdi tirng loai dit, xay dyng he thdng ehliig xoi mdn, rua trdi va tri man rad ciia dit, iing xu ea viec lya chgn Vc xu ly gidng cay trdng phu hgp vdi tirng loai dia hinh Mdi filu he thing diu cdeae ung xu raang tinh chit thieh nghi, thieh ung chu khdng raang tinh chit "ddi clgi", khai thae kiet cung Suit mot thdi gian dai tir thap ky 60, 70 din eudi thap ky 80 eua thi ky CX, ung xir eiia nguoi Dao vdi radi trudng ty nhien da biln ddi Cac ll ciing rung Cage cho la rae tin di doan nen cac lang ngudi Dao d dgc sdng Chay va sdng Hong eiia finh Lao Cai, Yen Bai deu bai xich, khdng td chuc ll ciing rirng Phdng vin ht\ co ngudi gia a cae Lang En (xa Tri Quang), Nam Xiu (xa Ban Phiet), Lang Siin (xa Ban Phiet) huyen Bao Thing; Ban Trang (xa Dien Quang), Mai Dao va Vai Sieu (xa Thugng Ha) ehung tdi nhan thay chinh quyin co sd d day nhiing niim 70 80 cua the ky XX deu cam le eting rimg cim Diu nhirng nara 80, chinh quyIn ca: xa Cdc Ly, Nam Del d huyen Bac Lla ciing nghiera cim cac nghi ll ciing rimg cim ciia ngudi Dao hau hel cac xa ddng nguoi Dao eu tru cua huyen Bao Yen, 3ao Thang tinh Lao Cai nghi ll ciing rimg thieng hi bai bd din den finh trang cac ichu rung thieng bi giai thieng va mil thieng Ddng thdi d cac huyen Mudng Khutng, Bat Xat finh Lao Cai; huyen Phong Thd, finh Lai Chau chiln Iranh bien gidi Ian pha nen cac khu rimg cam, rimg thieng bi xam hai Mat khae sip xIp lai dar: eu, nhieu tgc nguoi khae den cu tni d viing ngudi Dao da ty khai thae rung lam nuong ray ciing la nguyen nhan tan pha ca rimg thieng, rirng cam Do mat dai sd tang nhanh (ca ve tang ty nhien va eo hgc) nen di?n lieh rimg d cac huyen Bao 'r'en, Bao Thang cua tinh Lao Cai, Van Yen cua finh Yen Bai diu bi suy giam nghiem trgng Hau bet cae lang ngudi Dao TuyIn, Dao Hg dgc theo sdng Hdng va King Chay ciia tinh Lao Cai va Yen Bai deu khdng cdn rimg cim, rirng thieng ronr sd 97 lang ngudi Dao d huyen Bao Yen ehi ed lang cdn rimg cam d khu runj tai sinh Dan lang phai td chuc raieu thd d ragt vai cay hip xiip, lo tha each lang vai tram met Trude day cac raieu thd o rung thieng va riing cam deu to chuc d cac canh rimg gia Theo quan nigra cua ngudi Dao, chi rimg nguyen sinh cd nhieu cay to cd thu mdi la dia dilm duge chgn lam riing cim, rimg thieng Dilu Ira 20 ang ngudi Dao Dd o hai huyen Sa Pa va Bat Xat thi cd lang cdn rung cam la rung gia, lang khong cdn rimg gia nen rimg cam, raieu thd phai dyng a rung tai sinh Con lang nhu cac lang Ngai Chd, xa Den Sang, huyen Bat Xat; lang Chanh, xa >uan 756 IJ'NG XIJ' CUA NGLTQl DAO VUNG TAY BAC Giao, huyen Bao Thing; lang Phin Hd, xa Ban Khoang, huyen Sa Pa khdng cdn rirng gia dl td chuc le ciing ning nen ngudi dan phai Id chuc d khu vyc dat trdng diu lang Dilu Ira lang Timg Chin - radl lang hi IG quel cudn trdi 31 ngudi nara 2008, ehung tdi nhan thay sy bien ddi nhanh chdng ve each ling xii eua ngudi Dao voi mdi trudng Vao nhung thap ky 60 eiia the ky XX trd ve trude, dien lieh rung gia ciia thdn Tung Chin kha Idn, ude tinh 900ha Cudi thi ky XX lang Tung Chin tach thdn nhung dien fich rung gia ehi cdn khoang 120 Phong tuc thd Cling d rung thieng, rirng cim chi thiy lang Tung Chin tri, cdn lang Tiing Chin va Tung Chin phong tuc da biln rait tir thap ky 70 cua thi ky XX Dien lieh rung eua ngudi Dao d Tiing Chin bi suy giara nhieu nguyen nhan Trude hit la eo ehi thieng hda rimg cim, rung thieng hi raat (2 lang Tung Chin 1, Tiing Chin khdng cd rung eira) Nhung nara ciia thap ky 70, 80 ciia thi ky XX viec lam nuong phat triln manh din din finh trang chay rung nghiem trgng nhu vu chay loan bg khu rimg niii 6ng Ray, niii Ddng Gie Mat khae, thay ddi co ehi quan ly rimg ciia thi ky trude, quyIn sd hu-u ve rirng cua edng ddng chuyin sang hgp lac xa, sau UBND xa quan ly din din tinh trang "cha ehung khdng khdc" Ngudi dan quan niem la rimg Nha nude nen khdng cd nghTa vu bao ve Nhang quan niem dd cimg vai sy rang huge cua eo che thieng hda riing khdng cdn nen tin ngudng rimg thieng d lang Tiing Chin khdng cdn nua Truoc day, ngudi Dao d Tung Chin cdn tri duge chi "huu canh" va luan canh theo chu ky 10 nam Nhung hien sire ep ciia dan sd gia tang, sd nuong cua cac gia dinh phai chia cho eon edi nhilu vi Ihl chi "huu canh" da nit ngin chi din nam, Iham chi cd gia dinh chi "huu canh" duge nam Dinh niii Tha Bdng San trude day la khu rimg nguyen sinh diu ngudn ein bao ve, nhung hien nguoi Dao a Tung Chin da khai thae triet dl noi day dh trdng thao qua Dien lieh 50 rimg thao qua cua ngudi Dao a Tung Chin chu ylu duge khai thae tren rung gia, rimg nguyen sinh Dien tich rifiig gia, riing diu ngudn da bi thu hep, nhung ea chat lugng rimg gia, rimg diu ngudn cGng bi suy kiet da dang sinh hgc vi trdng thao qua Trong ky thuat canh tac thao qua ngudi Dao chi dl lai cac cay co thu tang cao cd tan che, cdn loan bg cac cay a ting giira va ting thip diu chat trui dl trdng thao qua Do cae khu rimg diu ngudn da suy giam tac dung phdng hg, it cd kha nang ngan can lii, trir lugng nude raua Day la nguyen nhan chii ylu da dan din vu lu quel thara khdc Dem 9/8/2008, radl Iran lu quel khiing khilp da quel sach 19 ngdi nha ciia ngudi dan a Tiing Chin khiln cho 24 ngudi hi chit va rait tich Tir nara 2009 din nay, thdn Tiing Chin lien tilp xay cae vu chay rimg nghiem trgng Mtia khd nam 2009, d Tung Chin xay vu chay rimg thieu rui thao qua va rimg ty nhien Thang 4/2012 cQng xay lien filp vu chay rimg gay thiet hai o khu rimg tai sinh 757 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THlT TU Ciing nhu o Tung Chin, hiu hit cac lang ngudi Dao hi lu quel diu bi rail rimg cim, rimg thieng bao ve lang Nhu phin tren da phan fich, mdi lang ngtrdi Dao deu lya chgn cac khu rimg phia sau va tren lang lam rimg thieng, rimg cim Cae khu rijmg cd cac ngudn nude dan vl lang, d phia tren cao, bao ve lang Khi cac canh rimg bi tan pha khdng cd thara thye vat ngan gifi nude, vi vay nhung Iran raua Idn vai tram miliraet xay keo dai thi IQ dng, IQ quel cung ap xudng cae lang ngudi Dao Rung diu ngudn, rung cim, rung thieng - nhung lira ao giap bao ve lang hi nguoi xe toang thi thien tai ciing dd xudng diu dan lang Mot nguyen nhan quan trgng khae la cae lang ngudi Dao xa hdi cd truyin trude da>' cu tni d ven sudi, ven khe nhung ddng bao khdng bao gid lam nha gan sudi Cac hd gia dinh diu dyng nha each xa ddng sudi vai tram met din niira cay sd Nhung hien nay, mat dan sd tang cao, cae gia dinh ngudi Dao lang ed xu hudng lam nha sat ven sudi Diln hinh nhu lang Nam Xiu, xa Ban Phiet, huyen Bao Thing nam 1922 radi chi ed hd dan, eudi nara 1979 cd 24 hd, din nara 2012 da phat triln len 78 hg Truoc day, ngudi Dao lang Nara Xiu d each sudi 300ni thi nhung nam diu thi ky XXI, hg lam nha Ian theo ven sudi, din din finh trang nude IQ lien filp cudn trdi ngudi dan ciia Nam Xiu Tir nam 2000 din nay, ngudi dan lang Nara Xiu lin hi lii lut de dga Tran \u thang 8/2000 da tan pha din 70% sd hd lang Ngudi Dao d cac finh Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Lai Chau 30 nam qua lien tilp bi thien tai de dga Chi finh rieng huyen Bat Xat va Sa Pa tir nam 1971 din dia ed 43 Iran Id nui, lii quel xay ra, cd nhilu vu sat Id, IG quel nghiem trgng, gilt chit nhieu ngudi Diln hinh nhu nam 1998 thdn Pd Sin Ngai, xa Tmng Chai, huyen Sa Pa hi Id niii va lii quel lam chit ngudi Ngay 15 - 17/7/2000 mua Idn gay lii quel d cac thdn ngudi Dao d xa Ban Hd, Su Pan, Thanh Kim, Ban Phiing, Thanh Phii, Sudi Thiu thude huyen Sa Pa, tinh Lao Cai lam 20 ngudi chit, 25 nguoi bi thuoiig Nam 2004, lang Simg Hoang, xa Phin Ngan xay Id mil lam chit 23 ngudi Gin day nhit, rang sang 31/8/2012 tai thdn ngudi Dao la Nam Chang va Nam Lii, xa Nam Liic, huyen Bic Ha, tinh Lao Cai da xay lu quet lam 10 ngudfi chet, cudn trdi 12 ngdi nha ciia ngudi dan Trude thye trang nay, nhin nhan dudi gde nhan hgc sinh thai chiing tdi thiy can phai thye hien ragt loat cac giai phap quan trgng va cip bach: - Trude het, ngudi Dao can trd lai vdi truyen thing ung xii hai hda vdi mdi trudng ty nhien Trong xa hdi truyen thing, ngudi Dao eu tni d ven khe, ven sudi nhung khdng bao gid a gan khe, sudi Mat khae, thoi ky cdn ed rimg cim, rimg thieng tao hue ngan mua lii Iran ve lang Cdn hien nay, rimg da bi tan pha, lii quel eang ban hon Vi vay, ein phai khao sat cac lang ngudi Dao dh di chuyen cac hd ngudi Dao cu tni gan khe, sudi, gan nhirng noi ed nguy co hi lu quel 758 LTNG XLT CUA NGUCi] DAO VUNG T A Y BAC len dia dilra cao hon Kinh nghiera da duge ap dung a lang Nara Xiu, xa Ban Phiet, huyen Bao Thing Sau Iran lii quel nara 2000, lang Nara Xiu da di chuyen 30 hd ngudi Dao gan sudi len diera cao nen da Iranh duge lii lieh su nam 2008 Mot dac dilm eu tru khae eua ngudi Dao la d gan rimg nhung coi cae rimg phia tren lang, phia ngudn nude la than hd raenh cua ea lang, ngudi Dao trude day khdng bao gid pha rung diu ngudn Ca ea che thieng hda rimg va he thdng quy ude, tap quan phap cua cac lang da gdp phin bao ve rimg Truyen thdng can duge phat buy - Hien dien tich rimg nguyen sinh, rimg gia a cae tinh Tay Bac cd xu hudng suy giam nghiera ea ve sd lugng va chat lugng Hau het cae huyen vung thip cua tinh Lao Cai, Yen Bai khdng cdn dien fich rung gia nguyen sinh Trong dd dien tich rung gia cdn bi thu hep va suy giara chat lugng vi phong trao trdng thao qua Nhieu tinh coi viec trdng cay thao qua la bien phap xda ddi giara ngheo, nhilu gia dinh trd ti phii nhd thao qua Md hinh trdng thao qua duge ca cae tinh viing Ddng Bic nhu Tuyen Quang, Cao Bang, Bac Kan hgc tap Tuy cay thao qua ed gia tri kinh ll cao nhung viec canh lac thao qua edng lam suy giam chat lugng rimg nguyen sinh Nhilu khu rirng gia cd nhieu tang lop cay nhd thi ciing trd thua thdi vi trdng thao qua Trdng thao qua de dga nghiera trgng den sy da dcing sinh hgc vung cao Trdng thao qua khdng phai la hudng phat trien ben virng Vi vay, Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn can ed ke hoach dieu chinh quy hoach trdng thao qua, nghiem cim finh trang pha riing nguyen sinh dh trdng thao qua mot sd tinh Tay Bac hien ciing rd len phong trao trdng cay cao su Nhieu tinh cung xac dinh trdng cao su la miii nhgn kinh te, dan den tinh trang pha ea rirng gd lau nam, rirng tai sinh dl trdng cao su San phim cao su chua phat triln nhung he luy cua viec pha riing la da gay nhieu hau qua thien tai Trong xa hdi eo truyin, ngudi Dao vung Tay Bic da xac lap the ting xu "mem", thieh ung voi mdi trudng ty nhien Hg da xay dyng ca mot he thdng thieh ung vdi rirng (thdng qua co chi thieng hda rung vdi tap quan phap bao ve rimg, xay dyng cac luat lye bao ve rimg diu ngudn bing cac hinh thue rimg cam, rimg thieng ) Ddng thdi, ngudi Dao ciing xay dyng cac kilu ung xu thdng qua he thdng edng eu, ky thuat canh tac nuong ray, khai pha rudng bac thang, he thdng chgn Igc bd gidng xen canh thieh hgp vdi tirng loai dia hinh, ting ket tri thire dan gian cac sach ed Nhung rit tile truyin thing ung xu linh boat, uyin chuyen va mem deo cua ngudi Dao voi rimg va nude da khdng duge phat buy thoi ky chuyen ddi hien Co chi thieng hda bao ve rimg da hi giai thieng nhieu quan niem au tri ta khuynh Quan dilra vl phat triln bin vimg ehua duge chlnh quyen co so quan tam thda dang va van dyng thye tiln Trude thye trang eang can phai di sau nghien ctiu va van dung cac kinh nghiem ling xu truyen thdng cua ngudi Dao vao thue tiln 759 VlfT NAM HOC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TlT Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen Viet Chuc (2002), Vdn hda ung xir ciia ngudi Hd Ndi vdi mdi trudng thien nhien, Vien Van hda va Nxb Van hoa thong tin, Ha Ndi Le Trgng Ciic, A.Terry Rambo (1990), He sinh thdi ndng nghiep trung du miin Bdc Viet Nam, Tmng lam Van hda ngdn ngiir Ddng - Tay xuil ban B I Vill Ding, Nguyin Khie Tung, Ndng Tmng, Nguyen Nam Tiln (1971), Ngudi Dao a Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hoi, Ha Ndi Nguyen Trudng Giang (2011), Qud trinh khai thdc vd canh tdc rudng hgc thang cua cdc tgc ngudi Hmdng, Dao a huyen Sa Pa, tinh Lao Cai, Luan an tiln sT Sir hge, P3ai hgc Khoa hge Xa hdi va Nhan van, Dai hge Quie gia Ha Noi Tran Hong Hanh (2002), Tri thirc dia phuang sic dung thude nam cua ngudi Dao Dd (qua nghien euu dxd Td Phin, huyen Sa Pa, tinh Ldo Cai), Tap ehi Ddn tgc hoc, si 5, tr 23-38 Pham Quang Hoan - Hiing Dinh Quy (Ddng chu bien) (1999^, Vdn hda truyin thdng cua ngudi Dao a Hd Giang, Nxb Van hda dan lge, Ha Noi Roy Ellen, Peter Parkers, Alan Bicker, Dai hge Kent, Canterbury, Anh (2010), Tri thirc bdn dia ve mdi trudng vd nhiing bien ddi: Cdc quan diem nhdn hgc phe phdn (bien tap), Nxb Thi gidi Ha Ndi Tran Hiiu San (2009), "O'ng xiir eiia ngudi Dao Hg (Dao Quin Tring) d Lao Cai vdi ngudn nude" sach: Tri thirc bdn dia vd vdn hda sinh thdi ciia cdc ddn tgc thieu sd a Vi^tNam ve mdi trudng vd bdo ve mdi trudng, Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi 760 ... phat thdn Pd 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