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THirC HIEN QUYEN CON NGlTdl YEU TO QUAN TRONG TRONG VIEC DAM BAO SU^ PHAT TRIEN BEN VU NG CUA XA HOI Vu Thi Thu ITdng* Cac khai nif m ca ban 1.1 Quyen ngu&i Trong suit thI ky XX, quyin eon ngudi da phat triln nhu mot khudn khd dao due, chinh tri, phap ly va nhu mot hudng din nhlm phat triln mot thI gicVi ty khdi sg hai va ty lam dilu mong mudn Viee ton trgng va bao ve nhan phani cua ngudi la van dl cot loi khai niem quyIn eon ngudi Khai niem eoi ea nhan ngudi la Irung lam ciia sy quan tam, no duge xay dyng dya tren mot he thing gia tri loan eau, mot khuan khd quy pham qudc tl dl bao ve cac h? thing quyIn ngudi Dilu 1, Tuyen ngdn thI gidi vl quyIn eon ngudi (UDHR, 1948) da de cap den cac try cot chinh cua he thing quyIn eon ngudi nhu: ty do, binh ding va doan ket Sy ty tu tudng, fin ngudng va Ion giao eung nhu ty quan dilm va ty bieu dat deu duge quyIn eon ngudi bao ve QuyIn eon ngudi eung bao dam sy binh ding, chang han nhu bao ve quyIn binh ding chdng lai mgi hinh Ihuc phan biet ddi xu hudng thy tit ea cac quyIn ngudi, bao gdm quyIn binh ding day du giua nam va nOr Sy doan kit thI hien cac quyIn kinh tl va xu hoi, nhu quyen duge hudng an ninh xa hoi, duge tra cdng, va cd mot muc song dii, quyIn vl sue khoe va tiep can giao dye Tit ea mgi ngudi sinh diu ty va binl; ding vl phim gia va cac quyIn, hg can ddi xu vdi tinh bac Ve thye chit, quyen ngudi la vin dh cd ngi dung rgng Idn va phtic lap Day la khai niem vira mang tinh triru tugng vdi y nghTa nhu mgi quan niem, xu hudng, khat vgng, lai vira cd y nghTa cy thI vdi nhung ngi dung xac dinh Cd nhilu each phan loai cac quyIn nhung each phan loai phd biln nhit hien ma dang duge cac nha nghien ctim su dyng la chia chii dh chinh: quyIn chinh tri, dan sy, kinh te, xa hoi va van hda Ngay nay, eQng cd rit nhilu y kiln la cin bd sung quyIn phat triln vao mot chii dl chinh ciia quyln Cae chii dl quyIn duge ghi * ThS., Nghien ciiu vien phong Trill hoc Chinh tri, Vien Trilt hoc 204 THaC H I ^ N QUYEN CON NGUCl nhan phap ly hai Cdng ude cd quan he tuomg duomg eung vdi UDHR de hinh nen Bg lual vl quyln eon ngudi "Tat ea cac quyen eon ngudi danh cho mgi ngudi' Ben canh do, Quyen eon ngudi edn duge biet den vdi y nghTa la cac quyen ciia nhom, vi du: nhu quyln ciia phy nir Ire em, ngudi khuyet tat, ngudi thieu so, ngudi ban dia Quyen eon ngudi Irao quyen cho cac ea nhan eiing nhu cae cdng ddng, nham tim kilm sy biln ddi xa hoi, hudng tdi viee thye hien day du tit ea cae quyen ngudi Tuy nhien, cac quyln eon ngudi cd thI gay can trd lan nhau, chiing bi gidi ban bJi cae quyln va ly cua ngudi khae hay bdi cac yeu eau ve dao due, Irat ty cong cdng va phiie Igi chung mot xa hoi dan chii (Dieu 29 ciia UDHR) Quyln ngudi ciia nhiJng ngudi khae can duge Idn trgng chu khdng chi khoan dung Ouyin eon ngudi khdng duge su dyng de vi pham quyen ciia ngudi khae (Dilu 30 ciia UDHR) Do vay, tit ea cae xung dot phai duge giai quy el ma van phai ton quyln eon ngudi kl ca vao nhiimg liie khan cap va trudng hgp can ap dai nigt vai han che 1.2 Thye hien quyen ngu&i Lheo UNDP (Chuomg trinh phat triln Lien hgp qudc) thye hien cac quyln ngud: nhu la mot phin ciia sy phat triln eon ngudi ben vtimg, mot each fiep can dat eon ngirdi d trung tam cua til ea cac boat ddng phat triln' Day la viee ciia mdi ea nhan Id chue, nhGng cdng ddng ngudi va cae qudc gia tuan thii cac tuyen ngdn nhan quyen quoe te va sang kiln ciia liing nude, cac t l chirc nhini tang cudng sy ton trgng nhan quyln va ngan chan sy vi pham nhan quyen Viee thye hien quyen rgudi duge chia lam hai cap do: d cap qudc gia va cap qudc te O cap qudc gia la viee thye hien phap lual vl quyln eon ngudi tren ea sd y chi chinh tri ciia qudc gia va viee ngi lual hda phap luat qudc te vao luat qudc gia Con d cap qudc tl la viee thye hien quyln eon ngudi nhin manh sy hgp lac giira cac qudc gia, hd IrJ lln nhau, phan anh nhiimg hanh vi vi pham ciia de dam bao cho cae cdng ude qudc tl vl quyln ngudi duge tuan thii, duge thye thi 1.3 Phat triin bin vieng Cae ly thuylt phat triln da chip nhan phat triln bin vumg nhu la mot phuomg lien Jl dat duge myc lieu chung ciia nhan loai nhu hanh phiie, sinh thai va cdng bang xa hoi Phat triln bin vumg cd ngudn gde tir nhumg nam 1970 ma hau qua cda cuge tang trudng kinh tl qua nhanh chdng keo theo nhirng mdi lo ngai ve mdi htto://mirror.undp.org/magnet/Does/policy5.html ht.p://www.humanrights.is/the-human-rightsproject/humanrightscasesandmalerials/human rigitsconceptsideasandfora/theconceptsofhumanrightsanintroduction/implementadon/ 205 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU trudng Trong thap nien 80, tilp lye nhimg cuge tranh luan vl mdi trudng sinh thai ben vOng, dilu da dSn den mot sy thay ddi tu vl viee phat triln kinh tl, dd la liy eon ngudi chu khdng phai hang hda lam trung tam nhu trudc Hiu bet cac nude dIu tan quan dilm liy eon ngudi la trung tam ciia sy phat triln Song viee hgp nhat van hda qua trinh phat triln vin ehua rd rang va chua cd md hinh thong nhit diln la vl nd va dua no vao nhirng chinh sach cy Ihl Nam 1987, ban bao cao ciia Uy ban ThI gidi vl Mdi trudng va Phat triln, khai niem duge neu mot each ro rang Ban bao cao cho ring: viee su dung mot each thai qua ngudn lai nguyen d cac nude cdng nghiep da de dga din sy lanh ciia hanh tinh chiing ta va gdp phin lam cho cae vin dl ddi ngheo va sy phat triln khdng bin viJng tren thI gidi Vi thI cin dua nhung chinh sach phat triln ben vimg "phat triin dap irng cac nhu edu cua hien tgi md khdng dnh hirang t&i khd ndng dap irng nhirng nhu edu cua thi hi tirang lai"' Nhung, dl danh gia tinh ben vimg ve sy phat triln ciia mot xa hoi la hit sue khd khan vi nd lien quan din nhieu mat: ben viimg ve mat kinh te duge thI hien qua cac chi lieu phat triln kinh tl nhu: GDP (tdng san pham nude), GNP (tdng san phim qudc gia), tang trudng GDP, CO eau GDP; ben vixng ve mdi trudng thI hien d ehd nguon lai nguyen tai lao duge, khdng gian sdng ciia ngudi tai mot khu vyc nhit dinh khdng vugl qua kha nang tai cua khu vyc dd vl mat dan so, chit lugng dan sd, khdng khi, dil, nude, canh quan va qua trinh su dung khdng duge lam giam bdt chit lugng ciia cac yeu to xudng dudi gidi ban nha nude cho phep; bin viTmg vl mat xa hoi duge danh gia qua mot sd sd nhu chi so phat triln eon ngudi, he sd binh ding thu nhap, cac chi lieu ve giao dye, djeh vy y tl, boat dgng van hda^ Cae ylu Id dd ciia phat triln bin vung lai eung lap trung d sy phat triln bin vOmg ciia eon ngudi Ma dieu lai quay ve vdi viee thye hien cac quyln ngudi duge hudng Do do, giua phat Irien xa hoi ben viJng va quyln ngudi ed mdi quan he chat che vdi lam nen tang cho Moi quan h | gifra thuc hien quyen ngudi va phat trien ben viriig L Tic dgng cua phat trien kinh te - xa hoi den viee dam bao quyen ngu&i Khi xem xet sy phat trien xa hoi qua sy thay doi ve khdng gian va thai gian tu Ijeh su den hien tai, ta se thay mot qua trinh biln ddi khdng ngirng nghi, nhanh http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A t_tri%E %BB%83n_b%El%BB%81 n_v%E %BB %AFng Tran Van Toan (2011), "Phat trien ben vimg thach thiic va hy vong doi vdi loan nhan loai", http://gis-clim.blogspot.com, 20/3 206 TH^C H I E N Q U Y ^ N CON NGaCl ebng, manh liet eiia nhiJng ylu Id duge lay lam cdng cy ciia phat trien nhu la thj Irrdng, liln te, cae ylu Id san xuit, giao dye, cac ky nang, cac chien luge, cac hinh thii kinh tl xa hoi gin nhu, nd lam la hilu ring phat triln gidng nhu la sy tang Irrdng, ma cai dl dang thiy nhit chinh la tang trudng ve kinh tl Nhung thye elil sy phat triln ciia nhirng cdng cy dd dIu duge lao nen bdi eon ngudi Hg lao e§r chu ehol ma bat ky chinh phii dan chu nao ciing phai tri (vi cac quyln ten tai khdng phy thuge vao chinh phii, dd chiing khdng Ihl hi luat phap hai bd ciiig nhu khdng phy thuge) Nhung nguge lai, ciing cd mot vai chinh Ihl khae lai kl dng Ihira nhan mot sd quyen dan sy vi lo ngai den an ninh qudc gia hg Nhu d nuce ta, viee dam bao quyen eon ngudi hien la mot nhiimg van de quan tam hang iau Myc lieu cao nhat, ddng thdi eung la bieu hien cy the ve quyln ngudi d \ ie: Nam la phan dau bet sue minh de xay dyng "dan giau, nude manh, xa hoi cdng 3ang, dan chii, van minh".' Cy the, Dieu 15 Hien phap nam 1992 quy djnh '6 nude Cong boa xa hoi chii nghTa Viet Nam, cae quyln chinh tri, dan sy, kinh e, xa hoi va van hda duge ton trgng va duge Ihl hien Hiln phap va Luat" Nhan quyen da trd mot nguyen tac hien phap ciia Nha nude Viet Nam^ Fiep den, viee ndi luat hda nhiimg quy djnh qudc te la cdng cy ea ban dh mdi quoe gia bao dam quyen ngudi Tuy nhien, ca cae dilu ude qudc tl vl qu}er eon ngudi da khong duge chinh thue dua vao phap luat qudc gia, cac tda an quoe gia va cac nha su dung quy pham phap luat ed Ihl xem xet cac cdng ude nhan quyer qudc te va cam ket nhan quyen khu vyc giai thich va phat triln luat phap qudc gia, va hg ed the su dyng cac cdng ude nhan quyen qudc te nhu la lieu ehuar tdi thieu ma luat qudc gia can dat duge bao v? nhan quyln Dilu quan trgng can nhan manh rang, viee thye hien nude eiia cae ehuin myc nhan quyet ddi hoi mot nd lye chung va phdi hgp ciia tat ca cac nganh cua chinh phii (lap phap tu phap va hanh phap) Vi dy, d nude ta hien nay, vdi khai niem mdi vl quyei eon ngudi, Viet Nam da sua ddi Hien phap 1992 va duge thye hien mot doi mdi tr phap hudng tdi mot nha nude xa hoi ehii nghTa ciia phap luat cQng nhu ban hanh va sua ddi mot sd lugng Idn cae van ban quy pham phap luat Cho den nay, da ed kloang 13.000 van ban quy pham phap luat duge ban hanh, dd ed 40 luat quan trgng nhu Bd luat hinh sy, luat hinh sy to tyng, Luat Dan sy, Luat Lao ddng, Luat Chieu nai, Luat bau ctr Qudc hoi, Luat Giao dye va Luat Cham sdc sue khoe Da CO ban 4000 phap lenh va quy dinh cua Chinh phii va cac ca quan thuge Chinh phu rheo nhUng tai lieu nay, cac quyen dan sy, quyen chinh tri, kinh te, xa hoi va van 16a a phu hgp vdi ngudi dan phu hgp vdi cac cdng ude ca ban ve quyen ngud da duge ngi luat hda va nhan cae bai bao cy the Hoat dgng ciia Qudc Thr trudng Bg ngoai giao Pham Binh Minh phat bilu tai Hoi dong nhan quyen Lien hgp qu(C 10/5/2005, www.vietnamnet.vn 10/5/2009 httj://www.china.org.en/english/features/bjrenquan/l90897.htm 211 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU hoi da duge cai tao dang ke theo hudng dan ehii va quyen ban thye sy Chinh phii dieu chinh ciia phap luat va da duge day manh cai each hanh chinh de giam bdt quan lieu va nang ne vao eon ngudi Vai trd cua cac Id chue chinh trj - xa hoi ciing da duge day manh Nhieu nguyen tac ca ban bao dam cac quyen eon ngudi da duge the che boa phap lual Viet Nam: sy binh dang trudc phap luat va bao ve theo quy dinh ciia phap luat cac ITnh vyc dan sy va chinh trj, binh dang gidi va ngan chan ed bieu lye hoi to ciia Luat Hinh sy' Ngoai ra, viee lap cac to chue nhan quyen qudc gia, tang cudng su tham gia eiia ngudi dan chinh phu se gdp phan dam bao viee thye hien nhan quyen duge nang cao va bao ve ben virng ban Ddng thdi, chinh phu phai cd nhiem vy giiip ngudi dan nang cao nhan thuc ve quyen eiia minh thong qua viee tang cudng dao tao, giao dye, thong tin ve quyen eon ngudi; cai thien cac lieu ehuan y le tdi thieu; eung la nhirng cdng cy ed tam quan trgng sdng edn ddi vdi vice thye hien quyen ngudi d tam qudc gia Thic hai, a cap qudc te viee thye hien quyen ngudi nhan manh sy hgp tac giira cac qudc gia, hd trg lan nhau, phan anh nhirng hanh vi vi pham eiia de dam bao cho cac cdng ude qudc te ve quyen eon ngudi dirge tuan thii, duge thye thi Cy the, de hien thye hda cac dieu tren, mot loat cac Id chue nhan quyen quoe le duge lap nhu de xiic lien va thye hien cac lieu ehuan nhan quyen duge thye hien bdi cac ca quan ciia Lien hgp qudc cd lien quan: Hoi ddng nhan quyen Lien hgp qudc (UNI IRC), Uy ban sy that va hda giai - ODIHR; Van phdng cho cae to chue dan chii va nhan quyen (ODIHR), Van phdng thiic day cae the che dan chu d cae nude (OSCE), To chue Lao ddng qudc te (ILO), To chue Y te The gidi (WHO), To chue luang thye va thye pham (FAO), Quy Phat trien eiia Lien hgp quoe cho Phy nir ( UNIFEM), UNICEF va UNDP Giam sat nhan quyln duge giao phd cho Uy ban nhan quyen (HRC) va cac ca quan hiep ude khae (cd nghTa la, cac liy ban duge lap theo dieu ude qudc te ve quyen ngudi bi tra tan, phy niJ, Ire em, phan biet chiing toe, quyen dan sy va chinh tri, kinh te, xa hoi va van hda) Con Trung tam Nhan quyen (nay Van phdng Cao liy nhan quyen Lien hgp quoe (OHCHR) duge tao dl eung cap ho trg cho cae hd trg giam sal ky thuat, va cac dich vy tu van ve nhan quyen" Ngoai edn rat nhieu cac Id chue phi chinh phu qudc te ve quyen ngudi; cae Id chue nhan quyen qudc gia; cac Id chue da phuang khae cae to chue eung cip cac trg giiip nhan dao; hd trg ky thuat lap cac liy ban nhan quyen http://www.china.org.en/english/features/bjrenquan/l 90897.htm http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/Does/poliey5.html 212 THaC HIEN QUYEN CON NGUCl quoe gia; hd trg cho qua trinh ty hda va tang cudng cac quan he thuomg mai cdng bang cho cae nude, hoae giam sal hanh dgng nhan quyen, chi cac vi pham nhan quyen, ky ket cac hiep ude song phuang, da phuang cac Ihda thuan song phuang hoae ea quan qudc te nhu Ngan hang The gidi va UNDP, ed Ihl eung cip hd ircr lai chinh de dap limg duge cac lieu ehuin tdi thilu ITnh vyc quyln kinh te va xa hoi (vi dy, cham sdc sire khde ban dau hoae giao dye) Song, nlu eo vi phaiT thi cac to chue ciing su dung nhieu bien phap chdng lai sy vi pham dd: ddi lliOai vdi cac ea quan chue nang eiia qudc gia vi pham; cdng khai tren pham vi quoe te, nhiJng dien dan qudc te ve nhirng vi pham (Hoi ddng nhan quyen LHQ); Riit hd trg phat trien, hoae phai cam ket cae yeu eau ve quyen ngudi mdi duge tri vien trg; nang horn la riit nhan vien ngoai giao, thay doi quan he Ihuong mai va xu phat lheo cac hinh thuc khae nhau, chii yeu la ve mat kinh Nhu vay, hieu qua thiic day quyen eon ngudi ndi chung edn tiiy thuge vao cae ngudi lye san ed de tai trg cho cac boat dgng va y chi chinh trj eiia chinh phii NIU khong cd mot cam ket chinh tri rd rang va da duge chung minh de cai thien nhan quyei, thi cac sang kien hd trg thudng khdng dat hieu qua day mot lan nira, cac each tiep can thye hien quyen eon ngudi can can eu vao tirng trudng hgp cy thi 2.3 Mot so van de ve viee thuc hi^n nhan quyen & Viet Nam Cd the ndi, qua trinh phat trien ciia minh, tir dau nha nude la da xac dinh ngudi viia la myc tieu, viia la dgng lye eiia sy nghiep xay dyng dat nude La trmg tam etia cae chinh sach kinh te - xa hoi Viee thtic day va bao ve quyen ngud la nhan to quan trgng cho sy phat trien ben virng, bao dam thang Igi sy nghiep cdng nghiep boa va hien dai hoa dat nude Quan diem duge the hien thdn^C sunt thong qua cac van ban phap luat, chinh sach phat trien kinh te xa hoi nude la va mdi day nhat, Quyel dinh sd 432/QD-TTg 12 thang nam 2012 eiia Thu tudng Chinh phii: Phe duyet Chien luge Phat triln bin virng Viet Nam giai doan 2011 - 2020 da neu len quan diem phat trien ben virng giai doan 2011 - 2020 tiep lye nhan manh viee lay Con ngudi la trung tam ciia phat trien ben viing: '\ Phdt huy tdi da nhan to ngudi vai vai trd la chu thi, nguon luc chu yeu vd Id muc tieu eiia phat trien bin vimg '' Vdi quan diem nhu tren, Quyen ngudi d nude ta duge fiep can mot each loan dien tren tat ca cac quyen ve dan sy, chinh tri, kinh le, xa hoi va van hoa mot dng the hai hoa, khdng xem nhe bat eu quyen nao Cac quyen va ly eiia mdi ca nmn chi cd the duge bao dam va phat huy tren ca sd ton trgng quyen va Igi ich htp://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban?elass_id=2&_page= l&node=detail& oeument_id= 157753 213 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU chung eiia dan toe va cdng ddng; quyen Igi phai di ddi vdi nghTa vy ddi vdi xa hoi Trong qua trinh thye hien cac quyen dd, chiing ta da dat duge nhirng tiru ea ban : Nude la la mot nhiimg qudc gia di dau ve xda ddi giam ngheo Ty le hg ngheo (lheo ehuan ngheo qudc gia) tren loan qudc tir 58,1% nam 1993 xudng edn 14,82% nam 2007 va giiip Viet Nam trd mot nhirng qudc gia dau tien dat muc lieu thien nien ky ve xda ddi giam ngheo Ben canh do, Chinh phu dang lap trung thye hien manh me va ddng bg cac Chien luge phat trien kinh te xa hoi vai viee hoan thien he thong phap lual ve quyen eon ngudi ndi rieng va he thong phap luat dieu chinh cac van de kinh te, van hda, xa hoi ndi chung Ngoai ra, chiing la ciing dang eang quan lam den cae nhdm de bj ton thuang nhu phy nir Ire em, ngudi dan toe thieu sd, ngudi khuyet tat (trong dd ed cac nan nhan chien tranh) va ngudi nhiem HlV/AlDS Vdi mdi nhom ddi tugng, nha nude la deu cd cac ca che, chinh sach va uu lien cy the nham bao ve, hd trg, tao ea hoi cho tirng nhdm phat trien va hda nhap vdi ddi sdng xa hoi Tinh den nay, chiing ta da gia nhap hau bet cac cdng ude nhan quyen qudc le ehii chdl, dd ed Cdng ude ve quyen dan sy, chinh trj, Cdng ude ve quyen kinh te, xa hoi, van hoa; Cdng ude ve xoa bd mgi hinh thue phan biet chiing Igc, Cdng ude ve xoa bd mgi hinh thuc phan biet ddi xu vdi Phu nu; la nude thii hai tren the gidi va nude chau A dau lien tham gia Cdng uac quyen tre em; phe ehuan 17 cdng uac cua To chue Lao dgng Qudc te Ngay 22/10/2007, nude ta da ky Cong ude qudc te ve quyen ciia ngudi khuyet lat va hien dang nghiem liie xem xet viee ky Cdng ude chdng Ira tan Va chiing ta ciing ludn ling hg boat dgng cua Hoi ddng nhan quyen va hgp lac day du vdi cac ca che nhan quyen Lien hgp qudc' Ben canh nhirng lyu da dat duge, viee bao ve quyen eon ngudi d nude ta eung dang gap phai nhung van de la: tam quan trgng ciia quyen ngudi khdng duge nhan thuc day dii d cac cap, cae quan chue; nhieu ngudi dan chua thye sy nhan thuc va quan tam den quyen ciia minh; Viee giai quyel mot so van de dan ehii chua phu hgp vdi cae chinh sach ndi chung Tinh trang xuat phat tir ca sd yeu kem ciia kinh te - xa bdi, he thong phap lual khdng hoan hao va cac ca quan eung nhu mot sd cae quan ehiic bi Iha hda Dieu dan den viee mot sd nude tren the gidi khdng thye sy hieu ro ve tinh hinh kinh le, chinh tri, xa hoi Viet Nam da phe phan ve viee thye hien nhan quyen d nude ta, cho rang chiing ta vi pham tram trgng nhirng quyen ca ban cua eon ngudi, nhu mdi day nhat 11/9/2012, Ha vien My Xem them nhung tiru ve viee thuc hien quyen ngudi a Viet Nam tren: http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/bjrenquan/190897.htm; http://www.mofa.gov.vn/vi/nr040807104143/nr040807105001 /ns090723074537#Cx9L3Ts3 5hNC 214 THaC HIEN QUYEN CON NCaCl da be phieu thong qua Dy luat Nhan quyln Viet Nam 2012 H.R.1410 va Nghj quyll H.Res.484 "keu ggi Chinh phii Viet Nam ton trgng nhan quyln" Vl ban chit, day la mot dy luat sai Irai, ngudi phat ngdn Bd Ngoai giao Viet Nam Luang Thanh Nghj cho bill "Dy lual H.R.1410 va Nghi quyll H.Res.484 da dya tren nhung thong fin sci lech, thieu khach quan ve finh hinh thye thi quyln eon ngudi lai Viet Nam Vice thong qua dy luat va nghj quyll ndi tren la sai Irai, khong phii hgp vdi xu hudng phat trien eiia quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky"' Chinh vi vay, de phat huy nhirng lyu viee thye hien quyln eon nguoi va hudng tdi sy phat triln bin viJng eon ngudi, Viet Nam cin giai quyll Idt mdi 4uan he giOa quyen eon ngudi va phat triln bing each: dua quan niem vl quyen phat trien va phuang phap tilp can dya tren quyln vao cac chinh sach phat trien Ddng thdi, tang cudng giao due nang cao dan tri cho ngudi dan, hoan thien he thong phap lual ve nhan quyen Tieh hgp cae chinh sach nhan quyln vao cae chinh sach ve kinh le - xa hoi Tang cudng sy tham gia ciia ngudi dan, cae to chirc chinh trj x£ bdi, Id chue xa hoi nghe nghiep Id chue xa hoi dan sy vao viee Id chue chinh phu, 2ac doanh nghiep va cac vin de xa hoi Tham gia, boat dgng tich eye ed hieu qua cac cdng ude nhan quyln tren Ihl gidi Chii dgng dl xuit cac sang kiln nhan quyen dya Iren tinh hinh thye te qudc gia, ben canh dd ciing lam rd cae nghi ngai vl nhan quyln ma the gidi ap dat cho Viet Nam thong qua cac kenh ngoai giao nha nuac ngoai giao chinh phii va ngoai giao nhan dan cac phuang lien Iruyin thong, sach bao, viet kieu va ngoai nude, tranh thii mgi ngudn lye dl thye hien nhan quyei mot each tot nhat Ket luan Nhu tren chiing ta da thiy, vl mat ly thuylt thi thye hien nhan quyln la dilu kien le dam bao tinh ben vGng eiia sy phat triln xa hoi, nhung qua trinh thye hien id, hang loat cac van dl, mau thuan sinh de dga din finh hieu qua eiia mli quan he Thir nhat, quan niem ve mdi tuang quan giira cac quyin la sy khae viee nhan manh cac quyen chinh tri - dan sy, cac quyln ty ca nhan d cac rude phuang Tay, hay sy hai hda giira cac quyln chinh tri - dan sy vdi quyln kinih te, van hda, xa hoi d cac nude dang phat triln Dilu din din hang loat nhQrg chi Irich ve viee vi pham nhan quyln tu cac nude phuang Tay ddi vdi cae nuidc dang phat triln Gay nhirng mau thuan khdng dang ed qua trinh hgp tac knh te xa bdi htD://dantri.com.vn/e36/s36-640665/du-lual-nhan-quyen-viet-nam-eua-ha-vien-my-la-saitra.htm 215 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU Thu hai, mau thudn dua cdc dliu kien nhdn quyin vao cac chuang trinh hd trg phat triin Tir mau Ihuin d tren, cac nude phat trien da lay cac ehuan ve nhan quyen eiia minh (khdng can eu vao tinh dac thu ve kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, xa hoi ciia cac qudc gia dang phat trien) lam dieu kien cho viee eung cap hay tri vien trg cho phat triln hoae nhirng lieu ehuan cho trao ddi kinh te, thuomg mai Cac nude dang su dung khai niem quyen ngudi nhu mot Ihude de danh gia ve cac nude dang phat trien va de ddi phd vdi cac mdi quan he kinh te va hd trg nid rgng thuang mai, vi du xem them hiep ude Colonou giiia ACP va EU Cdn cae nude dang phat trien ndi chung phan ddi phan nao cae bien phap nhu vay, hg khang djnh quyen phat trien la quyen phd bien, mot nhirng quyen ea ban eua ngudi Hg bac bd viee gan dieu kien nhan quyen cho phat trien, dau tranh chdng lai viee phuang Tay lan tranh trach nhiem eiia hg ddi vdi Hoi nghi Nhan quyen the gidi (Vienna-1993) da khang dinh lai ngi dung tich eye eiia quyen phat triln va chdng viee dat dieu kien cho vien trg phat trien Vi neu thye thi cac quyen cho cdng dan theo lieu ehuan phuang Tay nd se tao cae rao can ve thuang mai, vi dy nam 2010 EU dua quy djnh lUU ve ban che cae boat dgng danh bat bit hgp phap khdng ed bao cao va khdng theo quy djnh Quy djnh yeu eau cac Id hang hai san khai thae phai ed chung nhan lau khai thae, vung bien khai Ihae neu thilu se khdng duge phep xuat vao EU va neu cac doanh nghiep d cac nude khdng kip thye hien thi se bi mat dan hang hoae bi phat Ion Day la mgi yeu eau khd vdi mot nude dang phat trien nhu nude Viet Nam, cae ehuyen gia lhu(mg mai nhan dinh, chinh sach cd the trd mot hang rao phi thue quan ddi vdi thiiy san Viet Nam" Hoae lam giam Igi the so sanh va trd ganh nang km cho sy nghiep cdng nghiep hda cua hg Dieu eung larn cac nude ngheo di Nhirng, dil vay thi mot sd nude dang phat trien tren the gidi eung da ed gang dua nhirng chinh sach thuang mai tieh hgp vdi chinh sach nhan quyen Thu: ba, vi vice thong nhdty chi chinh tri todn can vlic gidi quyet van di thuc hien quyin ngudi vd phat triin ben vTrng Cd thi thiy rang, Ngay lir Lien hgp qudc lap da cam ket se thiic day va bao ve nhan quyln mot each manh me Dilu duge the hien qua phuomg Hiep ude ky kit giira Lien minh chau Au (EU) va cae nude chau Phi, Caribe va Thai Binh Duong (ACP) vao nam 2002 da xae dinh "eac yeu to thiet yeu" ciia quan he doi tae ACP-EU la ton nhan quyen, tuan thii cac nguyen tae dan ehu va nen phap tri Nhung, qua trinh thue hien hiep u6c, Guinea va Liberia ehua thuc hien duge nhiimg quy dinh ve nhan quyen nen da bj dinh ehi vien trg Xem bai phat bieu Dien dan kinh te va ehinh tri the gidi lan thu 6, nam 2011 http://www.baomoi.eom/Doi-mat-rao-ean-thuong-mai/45/3168636.epi 216 THU'C HIEN QUYEN CON NGUdl cham hanh ddng eua Id chirc la hda binh, an ninh, phat trien va quyen eon ngudi Cae yeu to phu thuge lan nhau, hd trg nhau, nhung tren thye le viee thye hien nhirng cam ket tren khdng duge dam bao gidng d mgi thdi diem va d cac chinh phu Dieu duge the hien qua y ehi ehinh tri va lanh dao tir cap cao nhat cua Chinh phii de tat ea eac quyen ed the thye hien Vi du, cac nguyen tae phat trien ben virng duge thong qua bdi eac nha lanh dao the gidi nam 1992 bi de dga, Ca quan Cao uy nhan quyen Lien hgp qudc da keu ggi cac chinh phu phai de cao quyen eon ngudi, thye hien cac quyen la dam bao cho phat trien ben virng Tuy nhien, hau bet eac nude phat trien lai dang dung ben le eac tuyen bd, nguyen tac \e Mdi trudng va Phat trien, dac biet la nguyen tac ve trach nhiem chung nhung cd phan biet la nen tang cho mot khudn khd hgp lac loan eau cdng bang gida eac nude phat trien va dang phat trien Dien hinh la limg xir eiia Canada tai Rio20', nude da bac bd rd rang quyen nude udng sach, an loan va ve sinh mdi trudng la mot quyen eon ngudi Viee gay cuge bieu tinh eiia eac nhdm xa hoi dan sy va sy quan tam eiia cac doan dai bieu ehinh phu va cdng ddng nhan quyen eua Lien hgp quoe: Mot sd van ban dy thao eiia cae nude vien khae ciing giam bdt cac lieu ehuan nhan quyen Vi vay, mot hire thu de 30 Thang Ba 2012 den tat ca cae dai sir Lien hgp qudc tai New York, Cao liy Lien hgp qudc ve nhan quyen, ba Navanelhem Pillay, da khang dinh nhan quyen la chieu kich cho hoi nhap, Ba nhan manh rang, "Nguyen tae 27 da lay eon ngudi ed mot cuge sdng lanh manh va quyen cua hg lam trung tam cua mdi quan tam cho sy phat trien ben virng Nd dac biet keu ggi ihye hien quyen phat trien, keu ggi hanh dgng de giam bdt sy chenh lech ve mire sdng, khang dinh vai tro cua phu nir, ngudi dan ban dia va cong dong dja phuomg phat trien ben viing, va keu ggi sy bao ve eua nhOng ngudi sdng dudi ap \a nghi nghiep Nd nhan manh sy tham gia ed y nghTa eiia ngudi dan, keu ggi tiep can thong tin, va eac bien phap khae phue hau qua va bdi thudng No giai quyet trach nhiem ddi vdi thu pham, bdi thudng cho cac nan nhan, va phat trien phap ly de -> -y dam bao trach nhiem ngoai lanh thd Nhu vay c6 the thay rang, nhan quyen va phat trien ben virng cd mdi quan he chat che vdi nhau, nd thiie day, rang huge lan va ciing hudng tdi myc lieu chung vi sy phat trien ben virng eiia ngudi Nhan quyen va phat trien ben virng dang duge tich hgp gidng nhu mot nhan to khdng kem phan quan trgng cae ehumg trinh nghj sy va van kien eua cac Hoi nghi qudc te, cae Id chue quoe te va khu vyc ciing nhu cac hiep djnh song phuang, da phuang Vi the, Viet Nam can pha giai quyet qua trinh phat trien eiia minh! Ro +20 - ten vilt tat ciia Hoi nghi Lien hgp quoe ve Phat trien ben virng dien tai Rio de Jmeiro, Brazil, thang nam 2012 htp://www.ohehr.org/Documents/Issues/Development/OpenLetterHC.pdf 217 ... luat hinh sy to tyng, Luat Dan sy, Luat Lao ddng, Luat Chieu nai, Luat bau ctr Qudc hoi, Luat Giao dye va Luat Cham sdc sue khoe Da CO ban 4000 phap lenh va quy dinh cua Chinh phii va cac ca quan. .. luat cQng nhu ban hanh va sua ddi mot sd lugng Idn cae van ban quy pham phap luat Cho den nay, da ed kloang 13.000 van ban quy pham phap luat duge ban hanh, dd ed 40 luat quan trgng nhu Bd luat... do, giua phat Irien xa hoi ben viJng va quyln ngudi ed mdi quan he chat che vdi lam nen tang cho Moi quan h | gifra thuc hien quyen ngudi va phat trien ben viriig L Tic dgng cua phat trien kinh