TiCH HOP GIAO DUG VI SU PHAT TRIEN BEN VU'NG TRONG GIANG DAY VIET NAM HOC • • • Tran Le Bdo Phat trien ben vfrng la thuc nhan dong thoi la muc tieu toi cao cua the gioihien dai / /, Cung v&i SU- phdt trien cang cao cua dai sdng van minh, nha khoa hoc • ky thuat va tham vgng chinh phue tir nhien cua nguai, truac hk la nguai a cac nirac tu ban phuang Tay Ba tram nam phat tridn manh me cua chu nghia tu ban la mot cong cua nhan loai viee dem lai dai sdng van minh vat chdt nga: cang cao; nhung cung la that bai phai tra gia moi truang tu nhien bj can kiet.6 nhilm nang ne, moi truang xa hoi bi xao trgn vi phan hoa gidu ngheo, dang cdp nga,^ moi nuac, giua cac qu6c gia dan toe, giiJa phuang Tay va phuang Dong Ro rang nguai dang hy sinh moi truang vi s^r van minh Vdn dk la khong th£ hy sinhmoi truang bang mgi gia Ngay nay, nhan loai lai dang phai d6i mat truac tham hga hiiy diet moi truang song, huy di?t chinh ngoi nhd Trai dSt chung Khap nai tren hanh tinh nay, tinh tr^nj nhiem moi truang cang nghiem trgng, hau trai dat dang nong len tirng ngay, muc nude biSn cung dang len tung ngay, thien tai cang kh6c liet dang dien a nhilu nai tren trai dat Tieu bilu la tham hga dgng dk va song thdn keotheo n6 Nha may dien nguyen tu Fukujima a Nhat Ban 11/3/2011 Tham hga lay khong chi la noi mat mat dau thuang v6 cung to Idn v^ nguai va tai san cua iguai Nhat, ma dem lai sir hoang loan d5i vai nhan dan nhi^u nuac xung quarh va quan trgng la nhiem phong xa de lai nhi^u di chung chua luang h^t nga: dugc Mac du c6 sir dong cam chia se sau sac bang ca tinh thdn va vat chdt cua nhar loai vai nguai Nhat, song nhan loai cung dugc canh tinh ve vdn dh an toan cua nha dien hat nhan, ve su phat trien khong ben vijmg ma nhilu qu5c gia da va dan*, thirc thi Ben canh chien tranh, khiing bo dam mau van dang la noi dau nhue nh6i cua ihan loai, cung vai no la te nan ma tuy, dai dich HIV Ian tran tren nhieu quoc gia khu /ire Nhung duang day buon ban phu nu va tre em, benh tat doi ngheo luon de dga PCS.TS Dai hoc Su pham 1, Ha Noi 11 VI£T NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6C Xfe LAN THlT TlT 1/4 dan s6 tren th^ gioi T? nan tham nhung, phan hoa giSu ngheo diln a nhieu nuac ca h6 dan tai nhung ch6ng d6i xa hgi cang cao, lam bien doi moi trirong xa hgi v6n chua dugc yen on lai cang khong yen 6n Tieu bi6u cho hien tirgng moi truang xa hgi phat triln khong b6n vung la cuge "each mang hoa lai" - etgc each mang doi eong bang tu dan chu dang diln soi n6i a Bac Phi va dang ,an sang Tay A Tat ca nhung v4n dS tren la di?n mao moi truang thI giai dang phat triln khcng ben vijng a thap nien dhu the ky XXI ma nhan loai dang phai chju No nhu hoi chuong canh tinh luomg tri cua nhan loai cm phai han che va ngan chan kjp thai nhung te nan tren, mai mong c6 mot moi truang s6ng tu nhien, xa hgi lanh va an ninh, mai dam bao cho su phat trien b^n vihig Van dh doi hoi nhan loai can nhan thue each ung xu ciia nguai vai moi truang tu nhien va moi truang xit hgi, c5n tir bo nhimg nguyen t k s6ng cu, chuyen sang nguyen tdc s6ng than thien, hai hoa vai tu nhien, xay dimg moi truomg sinh thai mang tinh nhan van, mai bao dam su phat triln hai hoa va b6n vung Them nura chung ta dang s6ng mgt th^ giai bi^n d6i toan dien manh me va sau sac Toan cSu hoa va each mang khoa - cong nghe hien dai dang diln soi dgng, bian trai dk mot "lang toan eSu", cac dan toe, cac quoc gia cang phu thugc vao nhi6u hom qua trinh phat trien Trong the giai toan c§u hoa, nhilu nguy ca va hiem hga ddi vai loai nguai duong nhu khong giam di ma CO ehi6u huang tang len, the hi?n nhifiu mat khac cua ndn van minh toan cau Vi vay, phat trien b^n vOng chinh la menh l?nh cua cuge s6ng, la muc tieu ma chung phai dgt tai, la duang tdtyiu ma chung ta phai di va la triet ly song ma mSi cong dan toan cau phai thicc hi^n NIU khong phat trien hhn vung, the giai hien dai khong c6 tuang lai 1.2 Khdi ni^m "phdt trien bin vitng" dugc hiSu la "sir phat tri6n c6 the dap ung dugc nhirng nhu cSu hien tai ma khong anh huang, t6n hai den nhiJng kha nang dap ung nhu ckx cua cac tha he tuang lai" va nhSn manh rang phat trien ben vung phai bao dam c6 su phat tri^n kinh te hieu qua, xa hgi cong bang va moi tnrong dugc bao ve, gin giu lanh Nam 2002, lai Hgi nghj Thugng dinh the giai \h "Phat trien ben vung" a Johannesburg (Nam Phi), 196 nuac va nhiSu t6 chirc qu6c te da dong ihuan thong qua tuyen b6 chung \h "Phat IriCn hhn vung" va Chuang trinh hanh dgng "Ke hoach thirc hien Tuyen b6 Johannesburg" Cung tai hgi nghi nay, y tuang "trien khai mgt Thap kygido due vi sic phdt triin bhi vCrng, bat dau tir nam 2005" dirge de trinh len 12 TiCH HOP GIAO DUG Vl SU P H A T TRI^'N B ^ N VONG lAcn hgp quoc Dieu cho thay tarn quan trgng cua hgc tap va giao due phdi trien hen vung, va hgc tap va giao due dugc coi la each thuc la nong cot cua phinng phap ticp can cua phdt trien ben vung Chuang trinh mong muon tao "Mg the giai mgi nguai deu eo ca hgi dugc huang mgt nen giao due c6 chat lugng va dugc hgc hoi nhiJng gia trj, each irng xu, loi song phii hgp de dam bao not tuang lai ben vQ-ng va sir chuyen bien xa hgi tich cue" (Tam nhin The ky giaoduc vi sir phat trien ben viing) Tuy nhien y tuang chi c6 the phat huy dugc sue manh no dugc chuyln hoa vao hue tien boat dgng cua nguai Noi nhu cuu Tong thir ky Lien hgp quoc Kofi Annan: "Thach thirc Ian nhat cua chung ta the ky mai la nam bat y tU(Vrg phat trien ben viing - mgt y tuang duang nhu la triru tugng - va bien no hi(;nthirc doi vai tat ca mgi nguai tren the giai" Huang ung "Thap ky giao due vi sir phdt trien ben vung" cua Lien hgp quoc, Viet Nam chung ta nhan thirc Gido due vi sir phdt trien ben virng la mgt chuang trinh boat dgng c6 tam ca quoc te bao gom nhieu phuang dien, da dang va phuc tap, vira Joi hoi cap thiet lai vira c6 tinh chien luge lau dai Vi vay chung ta can tao sure nanh tong hgp, tir trung uang tai dia phuang tir cae t6 chiirc chinh phii va phi chim phii, tai cac doan the xa hgi va tu nhan, cac to chire nuac va quoc te, hi^nthuc hoa y tuang va chuang trinh "Thap ky gido due vi suphdt trien bin virng" cua >ien hgp quoc a Viet Nam cho den nam 2014 Chinh vi tam quan trgng dac biet eiia sir phat trien b€n viing, Uy ban Van hoa giiiodvic the giai UNESCO da to chirc nhieu hgi thao quoc te ve Phat trien ben virn^ va phat dgng cuge van dgng Thap ky gido due vi su phdt trien ben virng tir 200:-2014 Giao due - rnqt phirong tifn huru hi^u quang ba tir tirang giao due vi su* pha trien ben virng 2.1 Trong qud trinh twang tdc vao tu nhien vd xa hgi de phdt trien, moi cong doni dan toe tiiy theo dieu kien ciia moi truang song da sang tao nhieu gia tri van loa khae Nhu:ng gia tri van hoa chinh la sir ket tinh lau dai kinh nghum urng xu vai moi truang tu nhien va xa hgi, da gop phSn minh chung sir thicl ung va sang tao van hoa cua moi cong dong qua trinh phat triSn Nhung gia tri my dugc ghi nha ky ire nguofi va sach va hay cac van ban khamhau Giao due la mgt nhung phuang tien quan trgng bao luu cac gia tri van hoa cua noi cong dong, huang tai cai dep va sir phat trien Ciing vai he thdng giao due 13 VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THU TU tir gia dinh din xa hgi, nhihig gia tri van hoa t6t dep, doc dao cua moi cong d6ng luon dugc sang Igc, bao luu va phat trien tir the sang the he khac Trong thai dai toan eSu hoa va khoa hgc ky thuat phat tridn manh mg, ca cong ngh? day hgc va noi dung giao due cung da c6 nhieu doi mai, phai ticli hgp nhiau kiSn thirc mai cua nhan loai va xa hgi, c6 kien thirc glad due vi sir phat triln b6n vQ-ng Day la nhu cau tat yeu ciia quy luat nhan thirc, phai luon tilp nhan va d6i mai kiSn thirc Tuy nhien, can luu y khong phai nhCrng kiln thirc moi nao cung phai dua vao chuang trinh giao due thong Du luan xa hgi da tirng phe phan sir qua tai cua chuang trinh va sach giao khoa nguai ta dua nhiSu vSn de mai cua xa hgi va thai dai vao giang day nhu: "dire tri thd my, lao ky ve quan, nghiep hon moi dan, giao truyen cong luat" van da a day la, mgt mat phai lira chgn ky cang nhCrng kian thirc dinh dua them vao giang day; nhung quan trgng ban la duang, each thuc bien truyan tai kian thuc t6i uu nha truang ph6 thong Diau quan trgng khong phai la tang s6 lugng mon hgc, ma la tich hgp nhirng kian thuc mai giang day cac mon hgc cu tha Thong qua giang day tirng mon hgc cu tha, giao vian c6 tha long ghep noi dung giao due phat triln ban virng mgt each "tvr nhian" nhk Tran ca sa do, giao vian CO tha dem lai d6i mai tir nhan thirc din tinh cam va hanh dgng cho hgc sinh nha truang va ngoai xa hgi ve phat trian bin vung COng qua cac cap cua he thdng giao due, tir mSm non lan dai hgc v6i s6 lugng hgc sinh, sinh vian v6 cimg dong dao, eo mat a khap mgi viing miln d§t nuac, nhirng kiln thirc ve phat trien bin virng se nhanh chong dugc nhan lan va hi?u qua cua giao due tir thay d6i nhan thirc din tinh cam se giup cho dong dao thI he tre - nguai xay dung tuang lai dat nuac CO nhurng nh^n thirc mai va hanh dgng diing d6i vai moi truang va sir phat trian ban virng 2.2 Tiim nang ciia Vi^t Nam hgc ddi v&i tich hgp gido due phdt triin ben vu-ng Truac hit cSn thSy nhilu mon, nhilu nganh khoa hgc c6 tha tich hgp giao due phat triin ben virng, nhian Viet Nam hgc la nganh hgc c6 nhieu uu the han viec tich hgp giao due phat trian ban virng La khoa hgc liSn nganh nghien ciru vl dk nuac va nguai Viet Nam ihong qua viec tich hgp nhurng kiln thuc va phuang phap cua cac nganh khoa hgc khac, dac biet la khoa hgc xa hgi, Viet Nam hgc c6 thI dem lai cho nguai hgc nhirng doi mai vl kien thirc nhu sau: + Nhan thirc vl nguai va xa hgi, ding thai giao due bao luu nhirng gia tri van hoa, nhirng tinh cam tham my cua cong dong 14 TiCH HOP GlAO DUG Vl SU PHAT TRIS'N B I N V C N G + lYong tinh khoa hgc Viet Nam hgc c6 thI tu vAn hoach dinh nhirng duOTg loi phat trien ciia dat nude, dac biet no quan tam tai van hoa ngudi, van hoa ;ua mgt cong dong ngudi va vi ngudi + Viet Nam hgc khong chi tac dgng dan nhung ngudi dan hoac nhirng giao vien hay sinh vian trudng, ma tac dgng tdi tSng lap quan chirc, nhung nguri se phai doi mat vdi van de phat trian ban vung ciia dk nude NIU nhu hg khoig CO nhirng hiau biet ca ban \e dat nude ngudi Viet Nam, lieu nhii-ng chinh sach hg dua c6 phii hgp vdi quy luat phat triin chung cua dk nude va dap irng nguyen vgng ngan ddi cua ngudi dan Viet Nam hay khong? + Viet Nam hgc nghien ciru ve moi quan he ban va ban ngoai cua dat rude ngudi Viet Nam Trong thdi dai toan cau hoa, sir le thugc cac qu6c gia vao ihau la khong tranh khdi Vi vay, mu6n phat triin bin vung Viet Nam khong the ihong tham gia vao cac boat dgng chung cua cac cong dong khu vuc va tren gidi, nham ngan chan moi trudng suy thoai, khung hoang tai nguyan, luang thgrc bian doi hau theo loi "tu mang tam quoc ta, hanh vi phai dugc dien dlia phuang" + Phat trian ban viing cung eon ngudi va vi eon ngudi, Vi^t Nam hgc cung phai ngudi va vi ngudi, cho nan chu thl ngudi ciia van hoa giao due ciin^ vdi nhiJng mon hgc ca ban, c6 tha tich hgp nhung kian thuc ve phat triin bin vunj giang day, dem lai nhirng nhan thuc mdi, tinh earn mdi va hanh dgng cao lep hudng tdi nhung hieu qua va gia trj cua s\r phat triin bin vung tirng igudi, tirng mai trudng d Vi^t Nam The nao 1^ tich hgp gi^o due ph^t trien ben vung ng^nh Vif t Nam hpc J Nguyen tac tich hgp a Tich hap kien thuc Id mot qud trinh tap hap vd nhdo nan kien thuc theo mot dinhhuang nhat dinh, la quy luat tat yau cua nhan thirc va phuang phap lugng thdn;, tin luon bimg no va ddi hoi doi mdi Do la sir long ghep mgt each hgp ly, hai hda ihirng kian thirc va phuang phap khoa hgc khac vao mgt mon hgc hoac ngarti hgc nao Vi vay tich hgp khong chi ddi hoi noi dung kian thirc rgng ma :an ca phuang phap tich hgp dugc nang len nghe thuat lian tudng va thiiyit giang, tai nhien cung can ton trgng nhung nguyan tac nhat dinh cua nganh hgc b Nam vung triet ly ve suphdt trien ben vung vd triet ly gido due - Trong thdi dai toan cau hda ngudi can cd tu mang tinh toan cau hay khu 'ire hanh dgng phai dugc dien d dia phuang, xem xet va giao due phat ricn ben vung 15 VlfT NAM HQC - KY YEU H()\ THAO QU6C TE LAN THU TU - can ton trgng sir da dang qu6c gia - dan toe tinh thong nhat qua trinh hudng ve phat trian ban virng - Muc tiau cu6i ciing cua sir phat triin ben vQng la cho ngudi va vi ngudi mgi hoan canh, mgi xa hgi va mgi chinh sach kinh ta xa hgi - Qua trinh giang day phai lam chii kiln thuc, luon coi ngudi hgc la trung tam Biln qua trinh dao tao qua trinh tu dao tao c Nguai gidng day Viet Nam hoc truac hit phdi cd mot khdi luang kien thirc nhat dinh, nlu khong mu6n noi la phong phu ve: dia ly, lich sir, van hda, kinh te, chinh tri, moi trudng va phat triin bin vung, mdi cd thl van dung hgp ly, linh boat va hap dan lian he vl su phat triin ban virng d Gidng day Viet Nam hoc cho hdp ddn khong he la dieu dan gidn, lai them tich hgp vl sir phat triin bin vijng, nlu khong nhuSn nhuyen hoac khian cuang, de biln gid day Viet Nam hgc gid thuylt ly vl chinh tri, kinh ta hoac moi trudng chac hieu qua tich hgp khong thu dugc bao nhiau Vi vay, c k luu y khong biln gid Vi?t Nam hgc gid thuylt ly suong vl phat triin ban vung e Cdn thong qua nhihig mon hgc cu thi ciia nganh Viet Nam hoc de tich hap gido due phdt triin bin viing, nhu mon dja ly, giao due moi trudng, van hda, du lich, bao chi moi mon hgc tiiy theo thl manh ma gan kit ca muc tiau lln noi dung va phuang phap giao dye phat triin bin viing Ngoai cdn nhung mon khae nhu lich sir, van hgc, ngon ngit diu cd thl 16ng ghep giao dye phat triin bin vihig Vdn dl la giao vian da ndm chac kian thirc gido dye phat triin bin vOng va luon cd y thirc ling ghep kian thirc nay, cd tha noi khong mon hgc nao la khong ling ghep dugc 3.2 Nhimg ngi dung tich hgp gido due phdt triin bin vihtg Vigt Nam hgc a Truac hit la dem lai nhan thirc cho sinh vien vi gido due phdt trien ben virng tir suphdt triin khong ben vung: - Thuc tl eon ngudi phai lao dgng san xuat cua cai vat chSt dem lai cuge song cang no km hon Nhung eon ngudi tir xua tdi chua tirng xay dirng dugc mgt xa hgi tdt dep ca vl ddi sdng vat chk va tinh thSn xa hgi phan chia giai cap Giai cap thing tri da nam quyin luc tay, lap tire gianh quyen phan phdi qua lao dgng va ngudi lao dgng vdn dugc hudng qua lao dgng lai bi bde lot nhk dinh sinh mau thuan va xung dot xa hgi thudng xuyen dien huy hoai nhilu qua lao dgng va tinh mang ngudi Chi rieng dieu cung lam xa hgi phat triin khong ban vOrng 16 T(CH HOP GlAO DUG Vl SU PHAT TRI^'N B I N VCCNG hem nira, ngudi de sdng cdn, phai sire tac dgng vao mdi trudng tu nhien de tin ngudn sdng Dac biet dong bao cac dan tc)c thieu so phai chat rirng ddt rSy lain luang Nhung tap tuc ngan ddi van dang dugc tri NhQ-ng ngudi dau ;d biet rang chinh hg dang pha hoai mdi trudng sdng, va tat yeu se dan din su khdrg ban virng cho cuge sdng - Mat khac tiap xiic vdi ddi sdng van minh cang cao ngudi lai thi'rcnhan rang de cd ddi sdng van minh nhu vay, ngudi phai sire khai th.ictdi mire buy hoai mdi trudng tu nhian mdi cd cua cai ddi dao Luc nguri lai trd ke thii cua mdi trudng tu nhien lam nd kiet que d nhiem va khuig hoang Va "tu nhien nhat dinh se lanh liing tra thii ngudi" Con ngudi mudi cuge sdng phat trien nhu hi^n nay, thuc chat mdi la su phat triin chir khong hi ban 'iJng b Noi dung tich hap phdi the hien rd quan niem ve phdt trien ben virng: * Phat trien ben virng la mgt qua trinh diau hanh hai hda giira phat trian kinh ta, sinh xa hgi va an toan mdi trudng, dudi anh sang diau tiet cua van hda nguri Su phat trian phai vi ca tha he mai sau - Quan niem tha hien mdi quan h^ hai hda giura phat triin kinh tl, an sinh xa h»i va an toan mdi trudng - ba chan kiang cua su phat trian + Trude hat ve vai trd cua kinh ta, nganh san xuat ciia cai vat chat cho xa hgi tr vi?e van hanh ba yeu to: von, ky thuat va eon ngudi Ai cung thay tam quan trgnj phai phat triin kinh ta mdi lam quoc gia phat trian, mdi lam cho ddi sdng vat chatva tinh than ciia eon ngudi va xa hgi cang dugc nang cao ban, tiam luc qud(phdng cung vi tha ma manh ban Vi vay ma vi tha cua mgt quoc gia khu 'ye va tren tha gidi cung dugc khang djnh ban Tuy nhian, phat trian kinh ta khdng tha chi vi Igi nhuan hay chi vi cai Igi trude m.lt.Bai hgc dat gia cho Viet Nam cd rat nhiau d ITnh vuc Vy Cong ty Vedan gilt dng Thi Vai, vu khai thac bdxit d Tay Nguyan, chd nao cung xay dung thiiy di(Jn dac biet mien Trung, ma dap thiiy dien sdng Tranh vdi nhiau chd rd ri dang la m()t iguy ca treo tren dau ngudi dan dja phuang Thanh Da Nang da phai de nghi Chinh phu ngirng xay thiiy dien d tinh nay, vi tan pha mdi trudng va gay nhiai lu lyt Chua ke cong tac quan ly kinh ta cdn rat nhieu mdi me va la lam Su that thoat tron; quan ly kinh te la qua Idn so vdi su phat trian Nhirng tap doan quoc gia da lam hat thoat hang ngan ty dong cua nhan dan nhu Vinashin da chet chim, lai Vinaine nem hang ngan ty bien; Tap doan Dau cung that thoat tdi 18.000 ty Diei gay nan nhieu Ccin trd cho su phat trien 17 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6c TE LAN THU TU Ban than nganh kinh ta la nganh san xuat cua cai vat chat dua vao su dieu hanh ba ylu to: vdn, ky thuat va ngudi Lau ngudi ta mdi chi nghT tdi phat triin kinh tl nhd vdn (tai nguyan, khoang san, tai chinh ), cho nan ngudi ta cir tlao than ban di, cir tudng md than d Hdng Gai, Cam Pha la vd tan, dau biet rang jan nam 2013 Viet Nam can kiet than, sap phai di mua lai cua nude ngoai; cir hiit dau ngoai khai dem ban khdng cSn bilt lo lai; tham chi cho thua ca rirng dau ngudn re nhu cho van dk ky thuat ciing la mgt nhan td quylt dinh su phat triin kinh ta Ky thuat cua nude ta nhin chung chua phat triin cao so vdi khu vuc Mae dii cd nhirng ng.inh cd thl di nhanh ban nhu cong nghe thdng tin Tuy nhien nhiau can bd cac nganh di mua may mdc cu, hoac may mdi ddi qua cu hay la mua lai cong nghe cac nirdc ngoai thai dem vl dl cai thien ky thuat cho Viet Nam (tiau biau vy mua tau Hoa Sen cii cua Vinashin, vy mua y noi qua ban su dung ton 46 ty cua Vinaline ) Ke ca ky thuat dien hat nhan, da cd nhirng y kiln da nghj xem xet lai viec xay d\rng Nha may dien nguyan tu d Ninh Thuan, ngudi Nhat Ban vdi trinh khoa hgc ky thuat hien d^i, gSp Vi^t Nam nhilu lan, cdn bi tra gia cho vy dgng dat va song than pha buy Nha may dien hat nhan d Fukujma Nan nhd rang qua lam dung ky thuat hay nhan danh ky thuat, ngudi cung phai tra gia Vy no Nha may dien nguyen tu Trecnobun d Nga keo theo hang ngan ngudi chit vi nhiem xa; vy Nha may Igc dau d Nhat Ban thai thuy ngan xudng biln gay ngg doc cho loai vat va ngudi mac b?nh run ray va dau ddn cho tdi chit, ca nhCtng meo bi ngg doc cung khdng thl chiu ndi dau ddn phai nhay xudng biln tu tu; vy rd ri doc d nha may hda chat cua My dat tren dat An Do, lan rgng tdi 25km^ da cudp di hang ngan sinh mang hg cdn chim gide ngu, dii cd tinh lai cung khdng cd each nao cuu ehira vi mat da mii va phdi da hdng van de quan trgng thu ba dl phat triin kinh tl chinh la ngudi That yeu td ngudi bao trirm lan ca hai ylu td tran Trong khai niem vdn nay, tha gidi cd khai niem vdn vd hinh la vdn tri tue, hoac nang luc td chirc cua eon ngudi Nhat la loai ngudi sap bude sang nin "kinh tl tri thirc", phan vdn lai cang quan trgng han Phan ky thuat chinh la ngudi sang tao va dieu khiOn no Tuy nhien nang xuk cao hay thap khdng chi may mdc, ma cdn tay nghe tu tudng dao dire, luang tam cua nhung chu thl dilu hanh ky thuat Vi vay ngudi, ndi rgng van hda ngudi vln phai la dgng luc va muc tieu cua su phat trien ben vQ-ng + Tilp din la van dl an sinh xa hgi Phat triin kinh te ciing phai vi an sinh xa hgi day nd thl hien quan he giira san xuk va phan phdi Su phan phdi dugc 18 TiGH HOP GIAO DUG Vl SLf P H A T TRIEN B^N V Q N G tap rung d che dai ngg cua nha nude ddi vdi moi vien xa hgi, dam bao cdnt bang va dan chu ddi vdi quyen sdng, quyen dugc hgc hanh va cham sdc sire khdi quyen lu di lai hgi hgp Chung ta mdi dat udc ma cua xa hgi xa hgi chu nghii la dan giau, nude manh, xa hgi dan chu, cong bang va van minh Thuc tl churg ta cdn rat xa mdi tien tdi udc mo Cung vi vay ma chung ta chua cd cai ^gi la dan giau nude manh xa hgi dan chu, cdng bang va van minh Su phan hda ^iau ngheo qua Idn khoang each giii-a mien xudi va mian nguge cdn qua dai LTdc ma ngudi dugc giai phdng thi bay gid lai bi cac thii tuc hanh chinh trdi bug( Ngudi nong dan sau khang chien chdng Phap dugc chia rudng, rugi^ dat thugc Nha nude, luc nao cung cd the thu hdi phuc vy cho nhilu myc dich khac khien cho hang trieu ndng dan mat ngudn canh tac, mat ngudn sdng Nen giao dye van dang loay hoay chua gd nhiau van de ca ban, lai phai ddi nat thuc tian xa hgi dao dire cua lira tre bi xudng cap nghiam trgng; gid day B() Oiao dye va Dao tao lai tap trung vao cai each sach giao khoa, tiau ton hang ngar ty dong cua nhan dan Day mdi chi la cai each nggn, ca triat ly va djnh hudng giao dye, nhirng van da ca ban cdn chua lam rd dugc Y te khdng chi thiei thdn ca sd vat chat, ban than ngudi lam y te cung bi tha hda, thiau ca y due den ndi Bd trudng Bg Y ta phai dua phong trao ndi khdng vdi phong bi, nhuig rdi dau van vao day, mgt tuan thang tu nam 2012 cd dan ba san phy chet Van da giao thdng van tai trd van nan ciia quoc gia Sd ngudi chat vi ta nan giao thdng cdn Idn han ca ngudi chat vi chian tranh Nhin chung mgt x§ h)i Vi?t Nam mudn phat trien ban virng cdn can phai thay ddi dong bg nhieu vSn ik + va an toan mdi trudng, nhieu tai li?u da ndi tdi Mdi trudng chung ta sdng gdmmdi trudng ty nhian va mdi trudng xa hgi Da phat triin kinh ta, mdi trudng ty niian da bj ngudi tan pha nghiam trgng Dae biet la nhiau nha may thiiy di(;ndugc pha duyet xay dung tir Bac vao Nam Cai gia phai tra sy y chi la v( ciing Idn Ngudi ta dem each thirc cai tao dong bang sdng Hdng bang each dap la, dp dat cho viec cai tao dong bang sdng Ciru Long quen sdng chung vdi lu hoar toan la hanh dgng phan van hda Nhiau nai d ddng bang sdng Ciru Long, nud( ngap lau han, miia khd nude man ngam vao lye dia sau han Nhd bao chi mgi agudi mdi biet viing viing bao lu, dich benh gia cam gia sue va ca dich benh ngudi van tran lan tir tinh sang tinh T^ nan xa hgi cung thudig xuyan dian nhu ma tiiy, bat bet vy tdi vy khac ma van tiep tuc, nan mui lam, budn ban phy nil qua bian gidi, tran cac td bao dac biet bao Cdng an chi thilydang nhieu vy an cudp hiep, giat Cuge sdng ngudi trd nan qua nhd be va y;u dudi, trude nhirng tai hga cua thian nhian va xa hgi thi khdng the cd cai ggi la plat trien ben virng 19 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU - Ca ba van da kinh ta, xa hgi va mdi trudng phai dudi su diau hanh cua \an hda eon ngudi Dd la dgng luc va myc tiau cao ca ciia phat trian ban virng Mudn phat trian kinh ta nhu tran phan tich phai la ngudi thuc hi?n Mudn an sinh xa hgi cung phai ngudi nhat la nhCing ngudi diau hanh dat nude phai dua nhirng chinh sach cy tha nham phan phdi, hudng thy cdng bang, minh bach, dan chii Mudn mdi trudng sach cung phai ngudi trude hat la ngudi dan d khap nai tren dat nude thuc hien, chu khdng phai may ngudi lanh dao Vi v^y, dgng luc cua phat trian ben vung phai la ngudi, nhimg ngudi cu the dugc giac ngg ve phat trian ban vu-ng thuc thi Nhung phat trian kinh ta lau chi nhan manh hieu qua la Igi nhuan ma quan han quyIn Igi ciia ngudi Chinh vi kinh ta thj trudng day mat trai, chi biet chay theo ddng tiln nan hang gia, hang lau, hang d nhilm tran lan bat chap sire khde ngudi tiau diing Mdi trudng tu nhian xa hgi cung chua vi van hda ngudi Sir ngan chan kip thdi nhung t? nan xa hgi cdn yau dac biet te tham nhung dugc coi la qude nan van diln vy sau cang te hai han vy trude Nghi quyat cua Dang dugc dua nham dem lai su sach cho Dang chinh la tiang coi bao dgng nhu-ng t$ nan xa hgi qua Idn, dac biet cd khdng it cac can bg dang vian mic vao * van dl thu hai nhkn manh tdi tinh myc dich va ddng lye ciia su phat trian bin viing la van hda ngudi Cai ggi la van hda dau tian phai la eon ngudi va cac gia tri cua nd Vi vay van hda eon ngudi vdi tu each la dilu tilt kinh tl, xa hgi va mdi trudng, khong chi a vai trd ngudi tham gia vao ba van da ma quan trgng la tinh myc dich ciia ba van dl Chang ban cac chinh sach vl kinh tl phai hudng ve vi ngudi chir khdng dan thuSn vi Igi nhuan, cdc dy an kinh tl phai cd su tham gia cua van hda Su tham gia khdng chi d nhu-ng ngudi thuc hi?n dy an ma quan trgng la phai dat nhirng myc tiau vi eon ngudi hoach djnh du an Cac chinh sach xa hgi ciing phai vi ngudi vi su cdng bang, dan chii va van minh Quan trgng cua an sinh xa hgi la phye vy ngudi, phai vi cuge sdng cua dai da sd ngirdi dan, khdng thl ddi lap vdi quyIn Igi cua nhan dan, bian dan trd ddi tugng bj bde lot Dilu se dan tdi nhiing diam ndng xa hgi, dan den xa hgi khdng ddng thuan va cao ban la khdng dn dinh Mdi trudng sdng cung khdng the coi nhe mgi hoach djnh chinh sach kinh tl xa hgi dau phai quan tam den mdi trudng sdng cua ngudi * van dl thir ba cua phat triin ben virng la su phat trien khdng chi cho hdin ma cdn cho mudn ddi mai sau NIU chi vi hdm nay, phat triin kinh tl, an sinh xa hgi va an toan mdi sinh indi chi thuc hien dugc cai ggi la "phat triin", chir chua he "ben virng" Tinh ben vfrng 20 TiGH HOP GIAO DUG Vi SU PHAT TRI^'N B ^ N VU'NG dug( nhan manh d day la su phat trien theo thdi gian the he ddi ngudi Chang han d Thy Dien viec khai thac va rirng da dat tdi mire ben vung Rirng ma nguri hdm khai thac la the he tram nam trude trdng Con ngudi hdm khai thac va tiep tuc trdng rirng cho tram nam chau mai sau Cu nhu vay nguri va rirng ludn gan bd ben vQ-ng Con ngudi hdm van sdng dugc nhd khai thiic '"irng va chau tram nam sau van cd rirng da sdng Tuy nhien d Viet Nam dieu chua dugc nhan thirc va quan triet day du Nguri ta chi biat Igi nhuan kinh te, hoac thay cai Igi nhd trude mat ma quen cai hai I'm sau lung Gid day khdng chi ca nhan rieng le sdng vi Igi ich ca nhan, ca niirng "nhdm Igi ich" vi dac quyen dac Igi nhdm, cung bat chap mgi thu doan, thjjn chi ka ca sinh mang cua nhan dan va Igi ich qude gia cung bi xem nhe Do anh ludng suy thoai cua tai chinh tha gidi, viec td chirc san xuat d Viet Nam cung khdrg hieu qua, hang 200.000 doanh nghiep pha san hoac ngirng boat ddng vi khdrg cd vdn ngan hang van khde Vdi cac tap doan qude doanh-vdn dugc coi la nhirng "qua dam thep" cua nan kinh ta, lai cang nguy hiem han, boat ddnj khdng hieu qua va tham nhung lam that thoat tian cua nhan dan nhieu ngan ty dong KhSp noi dua khai thac dan can ki?t tai nguyan dem ban, cd nhu-ng dy bi nhiau y kien cua cac nguyan lanh dao va phan bien tir tang Idp tri thirc, nhujg ngudi ta van quyet djnh khai thac; tiau biau nhu khai thac bdxit d Tay Ngu/an Khap nai xay dung thiiy di?n, dac biet mian Trung da khian lii lyt tang lan tap nhilu lan Nha may di^n nguyan tii dugc pha chuan xay dung d Ninh Thum, ma chua thay bai hgc nhdn tien nd Nha may di?n nguyan tOr d Fukujima Nha Ban nam 2011 Nhilu nude tran thl gidi dac bi^t d chau Au da cho dirng nga) nhung nha may dien nguyan tir dang xay dung, dd Vi$t Nam cii quytt lam Khdng biat nhurng ngudi quyat dinh cd nghT dan hau qua ghe gdm ciia Fukijima hay Trecnobun d Nga da cudp di sinh mang cua hang ngan ngudi dan la vdn ^uy cua qude gia, xa hgi, day la chua ndi tdi mdi trudng d nhirng nai bj d nhien nang na vi phdng xa chua dl gi mgt thdi gian ngan cd the lam sach cho dugc Mgt nguyan nhan nu-a cung phai ndi tdi su phat triin khdng ben virng d VieiNam, dd la "lu nhiem ky" "Nhiem ky" vdn ngudi nghT ra, nhung la quy dinh, mac nhien trd quy luat chi phdi tu cua mgi nguri Viet Nam, hg chi tinh nhiem ky nam, khdng can linh xa han Dieu ;an trd viec hoach djnh chinh sach dai lau, dan den chii nghTa thuc dung, mdc ngoiC, ca chi xin cho, cua quyen, tham nhung hdi Id khdng day Viet Nam tien lan (ugc, tham chi cdn trd ganh nang cho su phat trien dat nude, lam ndi tdi phattnen ben virng dugc 21 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THU TU Tat ca nhijng van da ve phat trian ban virng tren, mon hgc Giao dye mdi trui-ng cua Khoa Viet Nam hgc hoan toan cd tha tich hgp nhurng ndi dung Tham chi khdng tich hgp cung van phai day ve nhung van da Trong giao trinh Vdn hoa sinh thdi nhdn vdn (Nxb Dai hgc Su pham, 2005) day cho Khoa Viet Nam hoc, chung tdi cd ndi tdi van de giao dye mdi trudng vi su phat trian ban vurng, tran eo sd mdi quan he cua ngudi vdi tu nhian va xa hdi (xin dge chuang van da phat trien ban virng tir trang 83 dan trang 106) c Gido due gid tri vdn hoa - Ca sd khoa hgc + Tir myc dich cua mdi quan he giira ngudi vdi tu nhian va xa hdi, ngudi ludn ludn tac ddng vao mdi trudng tu nhian va xa hdi sang tao nhieu cua cai, nham nang cao ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than cho ban than va xa hdi da phat triin Rd rang cha dg nd le thay tha cho thdi ky mau he thi tdc, cha phong kian thay thl cho cha nd le, cha tu ban lai thay tha cho cha phong kien chinh la minh ehiing cho su phat triin ciia ngudi va xa hdi loai ngudi qua trinh phat triin Cua cai da ddi dao, phuang tien ti?n nghi cang hien dai hon, phuc vy cuge sdng ngudi cang tdt ban Nhung eon ngudi qua ban 300 nam ciia chii nghTa tu ban mdi thirc nhan su phat triin lau hg hudng tdi la su phat triin khdng ban virng Ciing vdi su phat triin ciia chu nghTa tu ban la su tan pha dan buy hoai mdi trudng tai nguycMi > moi trudng sdng ciia nhan loai va mudn loai cang cd nguy ca khung hoang, thian tai dur ddi cang xay nhilu ban Tham chi ngudi ta ndi dan ea "ngay tan tha" Mat khac chay theo phat trian kinh ta se din dan phan hda giau ngheo ciing sau sac, bat cdng xa hgi cang cao, se dan dan nhurng mat dn dinh xa hdi, dau tranh va chiln tranh cudp doat diln khap nai tran hanh tinh cudp di mgi tai san va hang ngan ngudi nhilu nam qua tiap tyc lam cho cuge sdng ngudi khdng thl phat triin ndi gi dan phat trian ban virng dugc + can thuc hien tdt bdn cot try nhu myc tiau cua giao dye dd la: hgc da bilt, hgc dl lam, hgc dk tdn tai va hgc da ciing chung sdng Chi can van dung tot bdn try cot nay, cho mgi ndi dung giao dye va ca qua trinh giao due deu cd thl dat chat lugng kha quan, ke ca giao dye phat trien ben virng can tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho mgi ngirdi dugc tiep can nhung kian thirc ca ban vl phat triin ban viing, dac biet la giao due cdng dan va giao due khoa hgc ky thuat, dl hg cd thl hilu bilt va irng xir van de hien dai hda, ddng thdi the hien kha nang trach nhiem va nghTa vu mdi ngudi viec irng xir vdi tu nhien va xa hdi ve phat trian ben virng 22 TIGH HOP GlAO Due Vi SU PHAT TRI^N B I N VQNG - NhQ-ng bien phap + Giao due cdng dan la can thiet ddi vdi mgi ngudi dan Dieu khdng chi dem lai nhung hieu biet ve quyen ngudi de hg thay ddi tir tu den nhan thirc va Itfa chgn quyet dinh hanh dgng qua trinh irng xir vdi xa hdi va tu nhien Tir nhirag hieu biet ve quyen ngudi, ngudi hg chang nhirng tin tudng d tiem nang ciia minh, tian tdi ddi hdi nhung quyen sdng chinh dang cho minh va cho mgi nguji, dau tranh vdi hu tuc, nhirng ap hire bat cdng, nham cai thien dieu kien sdng va sr cdng bang ddi vdi mgi ngudi Mgt ndi dung giao dye cd hieu qua la "giao due va tim hieu ve phap luat" de hg c6 y thuc ve quyan Igi thuc su ciia minh va nhirng dieu luat bao ve hg Dieu khdsg chi tang them niem tin ddi vdi cuge sdng ma true tiep phat huy sire manh cua hg tong xa hdi + Mgt ndi dung giao due quan trgng nira la giao dye van hda hda binh Thuc ta cuge sdng ciia nhan loai ludn ludn dian su xam doat tu nhian va chian tranh giira cac ;dng ddng Vi vay UNESCO thdng qua cac chuang trinh giao dye nham tang cudig giao dye nhu-ng gia tri van hda da cao Idng bao dung, doan kat va tinh thuang ddi /di mgi ngudi cgng ddng; ka ca tdn trgng va yau quy ddi vdi mdi trudng ty mien + D I cd dugc sy phat triin bin vQ-ng, khdng chi la nhung hinh thure giao dye va rdi dung giao dye true tiap tham sau vao nhan thuc cua mgi ngudi thdng qua giac dye va dugc tha che hda cac cha dg chinh sach xa hgi Theo UNESCO cdng ITnh vyc giao dye ciia mgt sd nude chinh la sy deu chinh ngan sach nha nude uu tian cho giao dye Diau khdng chi lam tang tdng san pham qude dan ma cdn lam giam mire gia tang dan sd, nang cao trinl dan tri Mgt thuc te la su phat trian ban viing ludn phai duang dau vdi mgi thach thirc ciia :on ngudi va xa hdi phat trian khdng ban virng, nau khdng cd sy can thiep cua chim quyIn, cua nhan dan, chac chan phat trian ban viing khd cd tha thuc hien dugc Ngcai nhurng quan niem, phong tuc lac hau vdn cd tir ngan ddi, nhu-ng ca cha cua thj tudng, sue ep ITnh vuc tu nhan va bat cap ITnh vyc cdng, chua ke ddi ngh:o benh tat ludn deo dang da la cai "vdng kim cd" lam cho eon ngudi va xa hgi :hd vugt qua de den vdi phat trian ben viing, neu nhu khdng cd cai each ca cau, ciini nhu-ng bien phap ho trg tich cue ciia chinh quyan, nham dam bao cho su phat trill kinh te, an sinh xa hgi va an toan mdi trudng 23 VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6c TE LAN THU TU ^ + Lam cho ngudi dan cd tha tiap can binh dang ve y te va dinh duang, ve cac djch vy sire khde, ve giao dye va dao tao ngha; tiap can binh dang ve cha tai chinh tian tdi binh ding va kinh ta 3.3 Tich hgp gido due phdt triin ben virng tir hogt dgng ngoai nhd tru&ng a To chirc nhirng cau lac bo gido due phdt trien ben vung de tdng cuang nhdn thirc vd tuyen truyen ve gido due phdt trien ben virng cho tdng lap sinh vien hoc sinh b To chirc di thuc dia ve nhirng vung moi truang bi nhiem, nhung khu cong nghiep, d\eu tra ddi sdng xa hdi d mgt viing ndng thdn hoac khu vyc dd thi hda de phan tich, tim nguyan nhan va danh gia tac ddng tiau cue doi vdi kinh ta xa hdi va mdi trudng ciing nhu da bien phap khae phye hudng ve phat trian ban virng c Hap tdc quan h? quoc te trao doi nhiing kinh nghiem va tuu ve giao due phdt triin bin viing Day la vi^c lam khdng chi tha hi?n "tu mang tinh khu vuc, hanh vi dien d dia phuang", ma cdn dem lai nhiau bai hgc va nit ngan dugc thdi gian qua trinh hudng vl su phat triat\ ban viing, ddng thdi tang cudng sire manh khu vyc va qude ta ddi vdi d nhilm mdi trudng, bian ddi hau va phat trian ben vung Tdm Igi: Giao dye phat trian ban virng la mgt vi?c lam can thiet va cap bach ddi vdi toan nhan loai, ed Viet Nam Viet Nam cdn nhiau van da phai lam qua trinh phat trian hudng ve sy ban vQ-ng Dac biet Vi^t Nam lai nam viing bian ddi hau nang nl, nan cang can quan tam dac bi?t tdi su phat trian ban vd-ng Diau quan trgng va tam tay la Trudng Dai hgc Sir pham Ha Ngi ma true tiap la Khoa Vi^t Nam hgc phai trd nai dao tao tich hgp nhirng giao vian tuang lai da hg se nhan rgng tu tudng phat trien ban vQ-ng cho ca xa hgi Tai lieu tham khao Le Huy Ba (chu bien), Dai cuang Quan tri moi trudng, Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia TP H6 Chi Minh, 2003 Bdn gidi thieu ngan gon ve Chuang trinh nghj su 21 (Rio - 1992) Tran Le Bao (chu bien), Vdn hoa sinh thdi nhdn vdn Nxb Dai hoc Su pham, 2005 Tran Le Bao, Khu vuc hoc vd nhgp man Viet Nam hoc, Nxb Giao due 2008 24 TlGH HOP GlAO DUG Vl SU P H A T TRIE'N B & N VONG iJinh Inn'mg chien luac phdt trien hen vfrng a Viet Nam (Chmmg trinh nghj sir 21 cua Viet Nam), 2004 L.uu Dire Hai Nguyen Nggc Sinh, Quan ly moi truomg cho su phdt triin bin vung, Nxb Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, 200 L Phederico Mayo Mot thi giai mdi, UBQG UNESCO Viet Nam 1999 Nguyen BCai Quyen, So tay huang ddn phuang phdp nghien cuu vd cdc budc xay dung chien luac phdt trien hen virng, 2005 Toan cc'tu hda vdn hda, Tu lieu chuyen dl, Hgc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia H6 Chi Minh 2000 10 Tuyen ho ASEM ve doi thoai giira cdc nen vdn hda vd vdn minh (Hoi nghi A - Au l4n thir V), 2004 25 ... cung that thoat tdi 18.000 ty Diei gay nan nhieu Ccin trd cho su phat trien 17 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6c TE LAN THU TU Ban than nganh kinh ta la nganh san xuat cua cai vat chat dua... Viet Nam tien lan (ugc, tham chi cdn trd ganh nang cho su phat trien dat nude, lam ndi tdi phattnen ben virng dugc 21 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THU TU Tat ca nhijng van da ve phat... h^ hai hda giura phat triin kinh tl, an sinh xa h»i va an toan mdi trudng - ba chan kiang cua su phat trian + Trude hat ve vai trd cua kinh ta, nganh san xuat ciia cai vat chat cho xa hgi tr vi?e