Chapter 2: Conducting Research in Psychology _ entails collecting observations, or data, from the real world and evaluating those data as to whether they support our ideas or not A) Speculation B) Biases C) Science D) Hypotheses Answer: C Page: 39 Topic: The Nature of Science Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 1.1 Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline Which of the following is true of human observation? A) Our brain perceives events as accurately as the best available digital video equipment B) Our senses can be fooled with relative ease because of which our observations can lead us astray C) Generalizations based on our sensory experiences tend to be always correct D) One of the advantages of human observation is that what we witness in one situation can be easily applied to all similar situations Answer: B Page: 39 Topic: The Limits of Observation Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 1.1 Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline _ sciences study the world of stars, light, waves, atoms, the earth, compounds, and molecules A) Biological B) Social C) Physical D) Environmental Answer: C Page: 40 Topic: What is Science? Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.1 Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology _ sciences study humans both as individuals and as groups A) Intrapersonal B) Biological C) Physical D) Social Answer: D Page: 40 Topic: What is Science? Level: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.1 Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology _ helps draw a line between one's belief of the world and the actual reality A) Problem solving B) Scientific thinking C) Psychological research D) Cultural understanding Answer: B Page: 40 Topic: What is Science? Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.1 Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology According to the author, the first attitude of science is _ A) practical thinking B) intellectual honesty C) open skepticism D) questioning authority Answer: D Page: 41 Topic: What is Science? Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.1 Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology According to Carl Sagan, _ is the second attitude of science A) questioning authority B) intellectual honesty C) practical thinking D) open skepticism Answer: D Page: 41 Topic: What is Science? Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.1 Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology When the central tenet of knowing is not what people think and believe, but rather how nature behaves, then we must accept the data and follow them wherever they take us This attitude is known as _ A) intellectual honesty B) scientific thinking C) open skepticism D) cultural understanding Answer: A Page: 42 Topic: What is Science? Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.1 Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology What helps ensure accurate and honest presentation of results? A) When scientists protect their methods of inquiry from others B) When scientists announce their findings immediately after a study C) When scientists ignore data that is contrary to their theory D) When scientists allow their work to be evaluated by other scientists Answer: D Page: 42 Topic: What is Science? Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.1 Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology 10 Intellectual honesty, which is the third scientific attitude, ensures that: A) scientists remain skeptical of new findings B) scientists not accept true data as results C) scientists not represent false data as true D) scientists not reject false results Answer: C Page: 42 Topic: What is Science? Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 11 Which of the following is the first process of the scientific method? A) Predict B) Observe C) Test D) Interpret Answer: B Page: 42 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 12 The last process of the scientific method is to _ A) communicate B) observe C) test D) predict Answer: A Page: 42 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 13 Which of the following is NOT a basic process of the scientific method? A) Observing B) Falsifying C) Interpreting D) Testing Answer: B Page: 42 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 14 In the _ and _ stages of the scientific method, researchers express their expectations as a theory A) communication; testing B) prediction; interpretation C) observation; prediction D) communication; prediction Answer: C Page: 42 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 15 A theory is defined as: A) a practice that appears to be and claims to be science, even though it does not use the scientific method to come to conclusions B) the repetition of a study to confirm the results C) a specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition D) a set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made Answer: D Page: 42 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 16 Which of the following is true about theories? A) Theories cannot explain facts B) Theories organize and explain what we have observed C) Theories prevent people from making observations D) In science, theories are nothing more than mere guesses Answer: B Page: 42 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 17 A casual observation of bus riders’ interactions with each other in New York City and Rock Falls, Iowa, reveals that the number of couples who hold hands, hug, or kiss in public is greater in New York City Which of the following best explains this observation? A) People will display more affection in densely populated cities because they feel anonymous B) New York City has a larger ratio of registered Democrats to registered Republicans than Rock Falls, Iowa C) Couples are more affectionate when there are a lot of other people around to watch them D) People who use public transport are more likely to hold hands, hug, and kiss than people who not use public transport Answer: A Page: 42 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Application Difficulty: Hard APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 18 A _ is a specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition A) theory B) hypothesis C) replication D) variable Answer: B Page: 42 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 19 One _ would be that older adults make for better drivers than young adults Thus, a(n) _ would be that drivers age 40 and older have fewer traffic accidents than drivers age 16 to 39 have A) hypothesis; assumption B) tenet; theory C) theory; hypothesis D) tenet; hypothesis Answer: C Page: 42 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Application Difficulty: Hard APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 20 A scientist hypothesizes that people from the West Coast of the United States are likely to live longer than people from the East Coast of the United States Which of the following is a theory that follows logically from the hypothesis stated above? A) Men eat healthier than women, and men are more likely to get a job in places such as California B) More movie stars live on the West Coast than on the East Coast C) There is more nutritious food purchased from health food stores on the West Coast than on the East Coast D) There are many junk food restaurants all over the East Coast, and these restaurants sell mass quantities of unhealthy products Answer: C Page: 42 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Application Difficulty: Hard APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 21 To _ a hypotheses, scientists select one of a number of established research methods, along with the appropriate measurement techniques A) predict B) observe C) interpret D) test Answer: D Page: 42 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 22 In the fourth step of the scientific method, scientists use mathematical techniques to _ the results and determine whether they are significant and closely fit the prediction or not A) interpret B) predict C) observe D) test Answer: A Page: 42-44 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 23 Replication of a study is important: A) to confirm the results of the study B) to formulate the hypothesis of the study C) for practitioners of pseudoscience D) to interpret the results of the study Answer: A Page: 44 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 24 Whether a result holds or not, new predictions can be generated from the data, leading in turn to new studies This is how the process of scientific discovery is _ A) repetitive B) replicative C) cumulative D) degradative Answer: C Page: 44 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 25 The process of scientific discovery is cumulative This means that: A) older knowledge is discarded for newer and modern knowledge B) previous knowledge builds on older knowledge C) newer knowledge is rejected because research is not authentic D) previous knowledge is retained for lack of new resources Answer: B Page: 44 Topic: The Scientific Method Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 26 _ refers to practices that appear to be and claim to be science, but in fact not use the scientific method to come to their conclusions A) Antiscience B) Pseudoscience C) Fringe science D) Protoscience Answer: B Page: 45 Topic: What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 1.1 Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline 27 Practitioners of pseudoscience: A) conduct carefully planned, scientific studies B) back up their claims with sound, experimental research data C) allow their findings to be rigorously scrutinized D) not challenge or question their own assumptions Answer: D Page: 45 Topic: What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 1.1 Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline 28 Which of the following would be considered a pseudoscience? A) Anthropology B) Astrology C) Psychology D) Biology Answer: B Page: 45 Topic: What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 1.1 Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline 29 _ is the hallmark of science A) Problem solving B) Scientific knowledge C) Open skepticism D) Cultural understanding Answer: C Page: 45 Topic: What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 1.1 Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline 30 If there is scientifically sound evidence for something—even if it is difficult to explain— and it has been replicated, we have to _ it A) predict B) accept C) rectify D) test Answer: B Page: 45 Topic: What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 1.1 Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline 31 Psychology makes use of several types of _ which are plans for how to conduct a study A) hypotheses B) research designs C) experiments D) assumptions Answer: B Page: 46 Topic: Principles of Research Design Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 1.1 Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline 32 The design chosen for a given study depends on: A) the method of research B) the assumed answer C) the question being asked D) the subject area being studied Answer: C Page: 46 Topic: Principles of Research Design Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 1.1 Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline 33 A _ is anything that changes within or differs between individuals A) hypothesis B) design C) variable D) theory Answer: C Page: 46 Topic: Principles of Research Design Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 34 Attitudes toward pork, grooming procedures, educational status, and number of dental visits per year are all _ that differ from individual to individual and may be of interest to psychologists A) commitments B) variables C) hypotheses D) methods Answer: B Page: 46 Topic: Principles of Research Design Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 35 Which of the following is true about the principles of research design? A) The design chosen for a given study depends on the answers provided by the population B) How variables influence each other has more importance than when they influence each other C) The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the entire group D) Research is almost always conducted on populations, not samples Answer: C Page: 47 Topic: Principles of Research Design Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 36 The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the _ in which they are interested A) topic of research B) variable C) descriptive design D) group Answer: D Page: 56 Topic: Experimental Studies Bloom's: Application Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 88 Which of the following is an advantage of double-blind studies? A) It prevents experimenter expectancy effects B) It ensures that participants know the experimental condition to which they have been assigned C) It helps avoid the possibility of confounding variables influencing an experiment D) It ensures that any differences between the groups at the end of the experiment are not affected by the independent variable Answer: A Page: 56 Topic: Experimental Studies Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 89 Which of the following is a necessary precaution in order to avoid the possibility that participants will behave in a biased way? A) Surveys B) Case studies C) Descriptive studies D) Single-blind studies Answer: D Page: 56 Topic: Experimental Studies Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 90 In _, neither the participants nor the researchers know who has been assigned to which condition A) double-blind studies B) case studies C) surveys D) interviews Answer: A Page: 56 Topic: Experimental Studies Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 91 Why would researchers design a study in which neither the participants nor the investigators interacting with them know whether the participants have been assigned to a control group or to an experimental group? A) In this design it is easier to statistically analyze the results of the study B) If the participants were given their choice of groups, the group memberships would be representative C) The experimenters’ expectancies might influence the participants’ behavior D) Participation in the study would decrease if people had this knowledge beforehand Answer: C Page: 56 Topic: Experimental Studies Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 92 In which of the following does each participant have an equal chance of being placed in each group? A) Case studies B) Naturalistic study C) Interviews D) Random assignments Answer: D Page: 56 Topic: Experimental Studies Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 93 _ occurs when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenter’s knowledge of who is in which condition A) Experimenter expectancy effect B) Subject-expectancy effect C) Placebo effect D) Pygmalion effect Answer: A Page: 56 Topic: Experimental Studies Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 94 Which of the following is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy? A) Chad says, “I am going to buy my mother a sweater for her birthday” but ends up buying her a scarf B) Margaret says, “I am going to hate this party!” and then has a bad time at the party C) Snowy says, “You’d better buy the diamond ring now, because the sale ends today,” and the customer does buy it D) Xu says, “I am going to make the best pie anyone has ever eaten!” and her family has to eat the pie Answer: B Page: 57 Topic: Experimental Studies Bloom's: Application Difficulty: Hard APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 95 _ is a quantitative method for combining the results of all the published and even unpublished results on one question and drawing a conclusion based on the entire set of studies on the topic A) Meta-analysis B) Meta-physics C) Reporting bias D) Systematic review Answer: A Page: 57 Topic: Meta-Analysis Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 96 To a _, the researcher converts the findings of each study into a standardized statistic known as effect size A) reporting bias B) systematic review C) random assignment D) meta-analysis Answer: D Page: 58 Topic: Meta-Analysis Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 97 _ is a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables A) A sample size B) Effect size C) Z-value D) A self-report Answer: B Page: 58 Topic: Meta-Analysis Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 98 Which of the following is an indication of whether all of the research on a topic has or has not led to consistent findings and what the magnitude of an experimental effect is? A) Measure B) Placebo C) Meta-analysis D) Assignments Answer: C Page: 58 Topic: Meta-Analysis Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 99 The tool used to assess thought or behavior is called a _ A) non-empty set B) subset C) sample space D) measure Answer: D Page: 58 Topic: Commonly Used Measures of Psychological Research Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 100 _ are people’s written or oral accounts of their thoughts, feelings, or actions A) Self-reports B) Random assignments C) Behavioral measures D) Physiological measures Answer: A Page: 59 Topic: Self-Report Measures Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 101 In a(n) _, the answers are often open-ended and not constrained by the researcher A) survey B) interview C) questionnaire D) case study Answer: B Page: 59 Topic: Self-Report Measures Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 102 In a(n) _, responses are limited to the choices given A) case study B) questionnaire C) interview D) experimental study Answer: B Page: 59 Topic: Self-Report Measures Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 103 Which of the following is an advantage of self-report questionnaires? A) Self-report questionnaires are the most commonly used tools of psychological research B) In self-report questionnaires, people are always the best sources of information about themselves C) In self-report questionnaires, we have to assume that people are accurate witnesses to their own experiences D) Self-report questionnaires are easy to use, especially in the context of collecting data from a large number of people at once Answer: D Page: 60 Topic: Self-Report Measures Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 104 _ involves the systematic observation of people’s actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting A) Self-reports B) Physiological measures C) Behavioral measures D) Interviews Answer: C Page: 60 Topic: Behavioral Measures Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 105 Which of the following is true about behavioral measures? A) Behavioral measures are more susceptible to social desirability bias than are self-report measures B) Behavioral measures provide more objective measurements because they come from a trained outside observer C) Under this measure, people cannot modify their behavior even if they know they are being observed D) Behavioral measures are not very time-intensive Answer: B Page: 60 Topic: Behavioral Measures Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 106 A major drawback of behavioral measurement is: A) it can be time-intensive B) it can confuse the participants C) participants assume that they are accurate witnesses of their own experiences D) participants become judgmental towards the method Answer: A Page: 60 Topic: Behavioral Measures Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 107 Rita conducts a study in which she videotapes college students interacting with each other before and after performing a series of cognitive tasks that were presented as “Intelligence tests that can affect your college tuition charges.” She then has a carefully trained team observe and record the participants’ actions, noting visible signs of anxiety What type of measure is Rita using? A) Physiological B) Self-report C) Behavioral D) Experimental Answer: C Page: 60 Topic: Behavioral Measures Bloom’s: Application Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 108 Which of the following is considered impractical for wide-scale studies? A) Surveys B) Questionnaires C) Behavioral measures D) Case studies Answer: C Page: 60 Topic: Behavioral Measures Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 109 Which of the following is true of behavioral measures? A) Behavioral measurement does not require too much time to collect and code the data B) It is possible to collect data on a large number of participants at once, and therefore behavioral measures are very useful for large-scale studies C) People are not able to modify their behavior while they are being observed, watched, and/or measured using behavioral measures D) Behavioral measures involve the systematic observation of people’s actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting Answer: D Page: 60 Topic: Behavioral Measures Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists 110 Scientists use _, mathematical procedures for collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting numerical data, to make sense of their data A) actuarial science B) econometrics C) biostatistics D) statistics Answer: D Page: 61 Topic: Making Sense of Data with Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 111 Researchers use _ to describe, summarize and organize data A) descriptive statistics B) inferential statistics C) t-test D) statistical inference Answer: A Page: 62 Topic: Descriptive Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 112 The _ is the arithmetic average of a series of numbers A) standard deviation B) mode C) median D) mean Answer: D Page: 62 Topic: Descriptive Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 113 What is the mean of the following set of numbers: 10, 15, 20, 35, 55? A) 10 B) 27 C) 35 D) 135 Answer: B Page: 62 Topic: Descriptive Statistics Bloom's: Application Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 114 The is calculated by adding all the numbers together and dividing by the number of scores in the series A) median B) mean C) mode D) standard deviation Answer: B Page: 62 Topic: Descriptive Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 115 The _ is the middle score, which separates the lower half of scores from the upper half A) frequency B) mode C) median D) mean Answer: C Page: 62 Topic: Descriptive Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 116 The _ is simply the most frequently occurring score A) mode B) median C) standard deviation D) frequency Answer: A Page: 62 Topic: Descriptive Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 117 The _ is a statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean A) mean B) standard deviation C) mode D) median Answer: B Page: 62 Topic: Descriptive Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 118 The most common way to represent variability in data is to calculate the _ A) frequency B) standard deviation C) median D) mode Answer: B Page: 62 Topic: Descriptive Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 119 A class’s mean score on the midterm exam was 78.2, and the standard deviation was 15.8 The class’s mean score on the final exam was 81.3, with a standard deviation of 4.5 Based on these statistics, which of the following can be interpreted? A) The class performed much better on the midterm exam than on the final exam B) There was more variability in the scores on the final exam than on the midterm exam C) The most common score on the final exam was lower than the most common score on the midterm exam D) There was more variability in the scores on the midterm exam than on the final exam Answer: D Page: 62 Topic: Descriptive Statistics Bloom's: Application Difficulty: Hard APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 120 The _ is the number of times a particular score occurs in a set of data A) variance B) standard deviation C) percentile D) frequency Answer: D Page: 62 Topic: Descriptive Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 121 A graph of frequency scores is known as a _ A) contingency table B) tabulation C) distribution D) correlation Answer: C Page: 62 Topic: Descriptive Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 122 _ allow us to determine how likely it is that two or more samples came from the same population A) Predictive inferences B) Statistical inferences C) Descriptive statistics D) Inferential statistics Answer: D Page: 63 Topic: Inferential Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 123 5% is the most frequent choice made by psychological researchers and is referred to as the _ A) variance B) statistical inference C) probability-level D) standard deviation Answer: C Page: 63 Topic: Inferential Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 124 The _ is used to compare two means A) F-test B) T-test C) arithmetic mean D) interquartile mean Answer: B Page: 63 Topic: Inferential Statistics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychological questions using appropriate research methods 125 _ contains rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation or standards of right and wrong A) Fallibilism B) Rationality C) Ethics D) Logical holism Answer: C Page: 66 Topic: Research Ethics Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 5.1 Recognize the necessity of ethical behavior in all aspects of the science and practice of psychology 126 Which of the following is true of Stanley Milgram’s famous study of obedience? A) It explained many aspects of learner-teacher interactions B) It showed how people are quick to make judgments about groups C) Although it yielded powerful results, it placed great distress on participants D) It showed how psychologists chose to manipulate theories to suit their conclusions Answer: C Page: 66-67 Topic: Research Ethics Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 5.1 Recognize the necessity of ethical behavior in all aspects of the science and practice of psychology 127 Informed consent to participate in a psychological study means that: A) the participant knows his or her role in the study and understands its risks and benefits B) the researcher carefully selects and approves each participant for the study C) the institution in which the study will be has approved the study D) all parties involved in a study—including researchers, participants, and institutional administrators—know the study’s results Answer: A Page: 67 Topic: Ethical Research with Humans Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 5.1 Recognize the necessity of ethical behavior in all aspects of the science and practice of psychology 128 It is vital for research participants to understand that their role in a study is completely voluntary There should be special consideration for children This is known as _ A) beneficence B) respect for persons C) informed consent D) justice Answer: B Page: 67 Topic: Ethical Research with Humans Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 5.1 Recognize the necessity of ethical behavior in all aspects of the science and practice of psychology 129 Institutions conducting research will evaluate every proposed study’s beneficence, which is: A) each participant’s guarantee that no personal, and confidential information will be revealed B) each person’s awareness that he or she can discontinue participation at any time C) the ratio of benefits to costs (e.g., stress, discomfort) of the research D) the extent to which the participant knows his or her role in the study Answer: C Page: 68 Topic: Ethical Research with Humans Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 5.1 Recognize the necessity of ethical behavior in all aspects of the science and practice of psychology 130 In research analysis and reports, data are never directly aligned with an individual respondent, thereby protecting his or her identity Thus, _ is maintained A) credibility B) reliability C) validity D) confidentiality Answer: D Page: 68 Topic: Ethical Research with Humans Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 5.1 Recognize the necessity of ethical behavior in all aspects of the science and practice of psychology 131 Under the guidelines of _, researchers must design studies in which there is an equitable selection of participants and in which the participants will share equally the costs and benefits of participating in the study A) beneficence B) justice C) confidentiality D) respect for persons Answer: B Page: 68 Topic: Ethical Research with Humans Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 5.1 Recognize the necessity of ethical behavior in all aspects of the science and practice of psychology 132 The process of informing participants of the exact purposes of the study, revealing any and all deceptive practices, and explaining why they were necessary to conduct the study and ultimately what the results of the study were is known as _ A) decreeing B) descriptive statistics C) scientific thinking D) debriefing Answer: D Page: 68 Topic: Ethical Research with Humans Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 5.1 Recognize the necessity of ethical behavior in all aspects of the science and practice of psychology 133 _ is required to minimize any negative effects experienced as a result of the deception A) Problem solving B) Debriefing C) Psychological research D) Cultural understanding Answer: B Page: 68 Topic: Ethical Research with Humans Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 5.1 Recognize the necessity of ethical behavior in all aspects of the science and practice of psychology 134 Every time research is conducted, _ must have reviewed all study proposals to make sure human research conducted under its auspices follows ethical guidelines A) a research student B) two fellow researchers C) a government agent D) an institutional review board Answer: D Page: 68 Topic: Ethical Research with Humans Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 5.1 Recognize the necessity of ethical behavior in all aspects of the science and practice of psychology 135 Which of the following best completes the analogy? Human research participants – Informed consent; Animal research subjects - _ A) Humane treatment B) Euthanasia C) Brain imaging D) Selective breeding Answer: A Page: 69 Topic: Ethical Research with Animals Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium APA LO: 5.1 Recognize the necessity of ethical behavior in all aspects of the science and practice of psychology 136 A(n) _ design makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups A) experimental B) descriptive C) quasi-experimental D) correlational Answer: C Page: 70 Topic: Bringing It All Together Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA LO: 5.1 Recognize the necessity of ethical behavior in all aspects of the science and practice of psychology ... psychologists 48 An area of psychology called _ examines in detail the lives of historically important people and provides an example of the richness and value of case studies and studying individual... between –1.00 and +1.00 Coefficients near 0.00 are an indication of: A) a direct and positive association between variables X and Y B) the lack of any relationship between variables X and Y C) an... appears to be and claims to be science, even though it does not use the scientific method to come to conclusions B) the repetition of a study to confirm the results C) a specific, informed, and testable