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fruit and vegetable biotechnology
Fruit and vegetable biotechnology Edited by Victoriano Valpuesta © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington Cambridge CB1 6AH, England www.woodhead-publishing.com Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd, NW Boca Raton FL 33431, USA First published 2002, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC ß 2002, Woodhead Publishing Limited The authors have asserted their moral rights. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The consent of Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited or CRC Press LLC for such copying. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Woodhead Publishing Limited ISBN 1 85573 467 2 CRC Press ISBN 0-8493-1436-4 CRC Press order number: WP1436 Cover design by The ColourStudio Project managed by Macfarlane Production Services, Markyate, Hertfordshire (e-mail: macfarl@aol.com) Typeset by MHL Typesetting Limited, Coventry, Warwickshire Printed by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall, England © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Contributors 1 Introduction V. Valpuesta, Universidad de Ma ´ laga 2 Tools of genetic engineering in plants J. Pozueta-Romero, Universidad Pu ´ blica de Navarra 2.1Introduction 2.2Selectionandisolationofgenes 2.3Transformationandregenerationofplants 2.4Stabilityofthetransgenes 2.5Environmentalriskassessment 2.6Futuretrends 2.7Sourcesoffurtherinformationandadvice 2.8References Part I Targets for transformation 3 Genetic modification of agronomic traits in fruit crops L. Baldoni and E. Rugini, IR Miglioramento Genetico Piante Foraggere CNR, Perugia 3.1Introduction 3.2Somaclonalvariation 3.3Genetransformation 3.4GeneticStability 3.5Plantdevelopmentandreproduction Contents © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. 3.6Fruitquality 3.7Bioticstress 3.8Abioticstressresistance 3.9Plantbreeding:theuseofmolecularmarkers 3.10Futureperspectives 3.11Abbreviationsusedinthischapter 3.12Referencesandfurtherreading 4 Genes involved in plant defence mechanisms M. A. Gomez-Lim, CINVESTAV-Irapuato 4.1Introduction 4.2Mechanismsofplantresponsetopathogens 4.3Genesinthedefenceagainstvirus 4.4Genesinthedefenceagainstfungi 4.5Genesinthedefenceagainstinsectsandnematodes 4.6Long-termimpactofgeneticallymodifiedplantsintheir responsetopathogens 4.7Futuretrends 4.8Sourcesoffurtherinformationandadvice 4.9References 5 Genes selected for their role in modifying post-harvest life J. R. Botella, University of Queensland, Brisbane 5.1Introduction 5.2Biotechnologicalcontroloffruitripeningandpost-harvest diseases 5.3Biotechnologicalcontrolofvegetableripeningandpost- harvestdiseases 5.4Futuretrends 5.5Sourcesoffurtherinformation 5.6References 6 The use of molecular genetics to improve food properties I. Amaya, M. A. Botella and V. Valpuesta, Universidad de Ma ´ laga 6.1Introduction 6.2Changingthenutritionalvalueoffoods 6.3Modificationoffruitcolourandsweetness 6.4Modificationoffood-processingpropertiesoffruit 6.5Molecularfarmingandtherapeuticfood 6.6Futuretrends 6.7Sourcesoffurtherinformationandadvice 6.8References © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. 7 Nutritional enhancement of plant foods D. G. Lindsay, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia 7.1Introduction 7.2Thenutritionalimportanceofplants 7.3Strategiesfornutritionalenhancement 7.4Theprioritiesfornutritionalenhancement 7.5Relationshipofstructuretonutritionalquality(bioavailabilty) 7.6Nutritionalenhancementversusfoodfortification 7.7Constraintsoninnovation 7.8Futuretrends 7.9Furtherinformation 7.10References Part II Case studies 8 Tomato A. L. T. Powell and A. B. Bennett, University of California, Davis 8.1Introduction 8.2Modificationstargetingfruit 8.3Modificationstargetingseedsandgermination 8.4Modificationstargetingbioticandabioticstresstolerance 8.5Modificationstargetingvegetativetissuesandflowers 8.6Expressionofnovelproteinsintomato 8.7Regulationoftransgenicgeneexpressionintomato 8.8Conclusions 8.9References 9 Commercial developments with transgenic potato H. V. Davies, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee 9.1Marketsandchallenges 9.2PotatobreedingandaroleforGMtechnology 9.3CommercialapplicationsofGMpotatocrops 9.4CurrentandfuturepotentialforGMpotato 9.5RevisedlegislationonGMcropsinEurope 9.6Thefuture 9.7Additionalreading 9.8Acknowledgements 9.9References 10 Cucurbits, pepper, eggplant, legumes and other vegetables A. Bernadac, A. Latche ´ , J.-P. Roustan, M. Bouzayen and J.-C. Pech, Ecole nationale Supe ´ rieure Agronomique de Toulouse (INP-ENSAT/INRA) 10.1Introduction 10.2Biotechnologyofcucurbits 10.3Biotechnologyofpepper © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. 10.4Biotechnologyofeggplant 10.5Biotechnologyoflegumes 10.6Biotechnologyofbulkyorgans(carrots,sweetpotatoes, alliumspecies) 10.7Biotechnologyofleafyvegetables(cabbage,broccoli, cauliflower,lettuce,spinach)andasparagus 10.8Conclusionsandfuturetrends 10.9Acknowledegments 10.10References Part III Consumer’s attitudes and risk assessment 11 Consumer’s attitudes L. J. Frewer, Institute of Food Research, Norwich 11.1Plantbiotechnologyandpublicattitudes 11.2Whatismeantbytheterm‘attitude’? 11.3Changesinattitudes 11.4Riskperceptionandimpactonattitudes 11.5Casestudy:impactofmediareportingonpublicattitudes towardsgeneticallymodifiedfoods 11.6Communicationaboutgeneticallymodifiedfoodsand modelsofattitudechange 11.7Approachestocommunication 11.8‘Democratic’approaches 11.9Fruitandvegetablebiotechnology–consumerissuesfor thefuture 11.10Functionalfoodsandconsumerissues–implicationsfor fruitandvegetablebiotechnology 11.11Conclusions 11.12References 12 Risk assessment W. Cooper, formerly National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge; and J. B. Sweet, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge 12.1Introduction 12.2Riskassessmentandavoidance:generalprinciples 12.3Assessingtheimpactofgeneticallymodifiedcrops 12.4References © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Chapter 1 Professor Victoriano Valpuesta Departmento de Biologı´a Molecular y Bioquı´mica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Ma´laga Campus de Teatinos 29071 Ma´laga Spain Tel: +34 95-213-1932 Fax: +34 95-213-1932 E-mail: valpuesta@uma.es Chapter 2 Javier Pozueta-Romero Centro de Biotecnologı´a Agraria Vegetal Universidad Pu ´ blica de Navarra Ctra. Mutilva s/n 31192 Mutilva Baja Navarra Spain Tel: +34 948-242-834 Fax: +34 948-232-191 E-mail: javier.pozueta@unavarra.es Chapter 3 Dr Luciani Baldoni and Professor Eddo Rugini IR Miglioramento Genetico Piante Foraggere CNR Via Madonna Alta 130 – 06128 Perugia Italy Tel: +39 075-501-4878 Fax: +39 075-501-4869 E-mail: L.Baldoni@irmgpf.pg.cnr.it Contributors © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Chapter 4 Dr M. A. Gomez-Lim Departmento de Ingenierı´a Genetı´ca CINVESTAV – Irapuato KM 9.6 Carretera Irapuato-Leo´n Apartado Postal 629 Irapuato GTO Mexico 36500 Tel: +52 462-396-00 Fax: +52 462-396-50 / 462-458-49 E-mail: mgomez@ira.cinvestav.mx Chapter 5 Dr J. R. Botella Department of Botany University of Queensland Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia Tel: +61 7-3365-1128 Fax: +61 7-3365-1699 E-mail: J.Botella@botany.uq.edu.au Chapter 6 Professor V. Valpuesta, Dr M. A. Botella and Dr I. Amaya Departmento de Biologı´a Molecular y Bioquı´mica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Ma´laga Campus de Teatinos 29071 Spain Tel: +34 95-213-1932 Fax: +34 95-213-1932 E-mail: valpuesta@uma.es Chapter 7 David G. Lindsay CEBAS-CSIC Apartado de Correos 4195 30080 Murcia Spain Tel: +34 908-39-63-34 Fax: +34 968-27-47-93 E-mail: dlindsay@terra.es Chapter 8 Dr Ann L. T. Powell and Professor Alan B. Bennett Mann Laboratory University of California Davis CA 95616 Tel: +530 752 9096 Fax: +530 752 4554 E-mail: alpowell@ucdavis.edu E-mail: abbennett@ucdavis.edu Chapter 9 Professor H. Davies Head of Cellular and Environmental Physiology Department Scottish Crop Research Institute Invergowie Dundee DD2 5DA Tel: +44 (0)1382-568-513 Fax: +44 (0)1382-568-503 E-mail: h.davies@scri.sari.ac.uk © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Chapter 10 Dr A. Bernadac, Dr A. Latche´, Dr J.-P. Roustan, Dr M. Bouzayen and Dr J.-C. Pech Avenue de l’Agrobiopole BP 107 Auzeville Tolosane 31320 Castanet Tolosan Cedex France E-mail: pech@ensat.fr Chapter 11 Dr Lynn Frewer Head, Consumer Science Group Institute of Food Research Norwich Research Park Colney Lane Norwich NR4 7UA Tel: +44 (0) 1603-255-000 Fax: +44 (0) 1603-507-723 E-mail: lynn.frewer@bbsrc.ac.uk www.ifr.bbsrc.ac.uk Chapter 12 Dr Jeremy Sweet National Institute of Agricultural Botany Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0LE Tel: +44 (0) 1223-276-381 E-mail: jeremy.sweet@niab.com © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Biotechnology can be seen as an imprecise term since the harnessing of any biological process could justifiably be called biotechnology. In food processing it could reasonably be applied to processes as long established as bread making and brewing. However, the revolution in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the processes of life, in particular our understanding of DNA, has resulted in the potential to manipulate those mechanisms for our requirements. This new-found knowledge and ability is loosely termed biotechnology. There are two main applications of biotechnology to fruit and vegetable production: 1. as an aid to conventional breeding programmes 2. its ability to transfer genes between different organisms. Physiological or morphological traits are governed by genes carried on chromosomes. The ability to monitor the presence or absence of such genes in plants is a great aid to plant breeders. This is done through the use of molecular markers, characteristic DNA sequences or fragments that are closely linked to the gene or genes in question. Molecular biological methods allowing the monitoring of such markers in many independent individuals, for example those arising from a cross between two plant varieties. This is a great aid to the selection process. The ability to transfer genes means that specific genes can be added to a crop variety in one step, avoiding all the back-crossing that is normally required, providing a major saving of time and effort. Furthermore, those genes that are added need not come from a species that is sexually compatible with the crop in question. Conventional breeding is, of course, limited to the introduction of 1 Introduction V. Valpuesta, Universidad de Ma ´ laga © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. . This new-found knowledge and ability is loosely termed biotechnology. There are two main applications of biotechnology to fruit and vegetable production:. biotechnology in this second area of fruit and vegetable cultivation and their subsequent use in food processing. Chapter 2 describes the basic tools and