Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
DSpace at VNU: Towards a sustainable view on social housing in HaNoi tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đ...
Genet. Sel. Evol. 39 (2007) 609–619 Available online at: c INRA, EDP Sciences, 2007 www.gse-journal.org DOI: 10.1051/gse:2007025 Original article A new view on dam lines in Polish Arabian horses based o n mtDNA analysis Iwona G ˙ a∗ , Anna W a ,BarbaraG b Renata P a , Jerzy S a a Department of Genetics and Cytology, University of Gda ´ nsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gda ´ nsk, Poland b Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrz¸ebiec, 05-552 Wólka Kosowska, Poland (Received 5 December 2006; accepted 9 March 2007) Abstract – Polish Arabian horses are one of the oldest and the most important Arab populations in the world. The Polish Arabian Stud Book and the Genealogical Charts by Skorkowski are the main sources of information on the ancestors of Polish Arabs. Both publications were viewed as credible sources of information until the 1990s when the data regarding one of the dam lines was questioned. The aim of the current study was to check the accuracy of the pedigree data of Polish dam lines using mtDNA analysis. The analyses of a 458 bp mtDNA D-loop fragment from representatives of 15 Polish Arabian dam lines revealed 14 distinct haplotypes. The results were inconsistent with pedigree data in the case of two lines. A detailed analysis of the historical sources was performed to explain these discrepancies. Our study revealed that representatives of different lines shared the same haplotypes. We also noted a genetic identity between some lines founded by Polish mares of unknown origin and lines established by desert-bred mares. mitochondrial DNA / horse / pedigree / phylogeny 1. INTRODUCTION Polish Arabian horses are one of the oldest and most important Arab popula- tions in the world. The first stud described in historical sources was established in 1778 [16]. Nineteenth century studs were located in the southeast region of historical Poland, which corresponds now to the Ukrainian territory. The foundation breeding material was of a different origin. The Biała Cerkiew and Sławuta stocks are traced back to local mares, and five dam lines originating from these studs are currently present in Polish breeding (Tab. I). ∗ Corresponding author: glazew@biotech.ug.gda.pl Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.gse-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/gse:2007025 610 I. Gła˙zewska et al. Table I. Dam lines in Arabian horses in Poland: founders and main branches of the lines. * In brackets: percentage of representatives of the line of brood mares registered in 2003; db: desert-bred mares. ** In brackets: generation number with the founder generation considered as 0; abbreviations: A: Austro-Hungarian Empire, Radautz stud; PL: Poland; SU-USSR: Tersk stud. Origin of Polish Arabian horses 611 The second group of founders consisted of horses imported from the Near East, and included the mares Gazella, Mlecha, and Sahara, the founders of very valuable dam lines. World War I and the October Revolution resulted in the total destruction of most of the Polish studs [7]. Extensive reconstruction of Polish Arabian breeding was undertaken in the subsequent years, and mares representing the new dam lines of Rodania, Selma, and Cherifa were imported to Polish studs. World War II inflicted another ruinous blow to Polish breeding, during which most of the studs were destroyed, and the horses were either plundered or were missing [13, 14, 16]. Post-war breeding started with 59 surviving brood mares and 14 mares from the Babolna stud [7]. The representatives of four new dam lines were among Babolna’s mares (Tab. I), and the Szamrajówka and Rodania lines were revived by importing representatives from the Tersk stud (former USSR). While Polish Arabian breeding started at the end of the 18th century, the his- tory of the Polish studbook dates back to 1926; only a few reports containing incomplete pedigree data were published beforehand [16]. More or less accu- rate breeding T O W A R D S A SUSTAINABLE V I E W ON SOCIAL HOUSING IN HANOI Hans Schenk ‘ In tro d u c tio n : social housing in Hanoi Jn 1999, the Vietnamese Ministry o f Construction published a nicely composed brochure on the preservation o f Hanoi’ s urban built environment It focused m ainly on tw o periods o f the over 1000 years history o f the city First, the pre-colonial period (the w alled E m peror’ s Citadel and the commoners g u ild lik e quarter o f the ‘ 36 streets’) and second, the French colonial contribution to H an o i’ s urban development, m ainly South o f the core o f the city: the centra] Hoan Kiem lake The wish to preserve these tw o m ajor urban quarters as it was expressed in the brochure fell in line w ith the in the 1990s strong national and international calls for heritage conservation o f the city (Hoang Huu Phe & N ishim ura 1992; Logan 2000, Ch 1,7,8; Schcnk 0 )' It was - for example - also expressed in the effective protests in these years against plans to construct high rise complexes at or near the borders o f Hoan K ie m lake, that threatened 10 destroy the cherished skyline and townscape In this context o f paying respect to Ihe built environm ent o f H a n o i’ s past one has to notice that hardly any attention has been given in the brochure o f the M in istry o f Construction to a third period n f urban development: the quarter o f a century between - roughly * 1960 and IQS') This period has been described w ith the Io llo w in g words only: "A fter 1954, development started again and new quarters were opened in the outskirts o f the city, to the south southwest and west." (1999, p 11) D uring those years ‘ H anoi’s socialist face’ has been given shape in Logan’ s words (2000, pp 183-220) It consisted o f some m ajor public buildings and * Ph.D University o f A m sterdam , The Netherlands The heritage conservation debate was also held on suburban level by Trinh Duy Luan (2000), who warned for the loss o f social iniegration and cohesion at village level following the planning o f an luxury hotel and residential complex N orthwest o f the city Many details are in Logan (2000, pp 237-242) 35 VIỆT NAM HỌC - KỶ YÊU HỘI T H À O QUỐC TÉ LẢN T H Ử T U grotesque town planning arrangements, and a rim o f la w rise and m ulti-storey housing complexes, a ‘ red b e lt’ according to Pedelahorc de Loddis (2001, p.3021 Here f shall focus on these residential buildings only The M in is try o f C onstruclion was obviously not e x p lic itly interested in prom oting the preservation o f the socialist period o f H a n o i’ s urban development Logan slates - explains perhaps - that "the relative significance o f the revolutionary and Soviet heritage was being downgraded, w hile the gro w th o f internatinnni tourism to Vietnam gave a new economic value to certain c u ltu l heritage features." (2000, p.225) This lack o f interest is also not remarkable in view o f the many critical reviews o f the housing construction that was undertaken in the quarter o f a century between 1960 and 1985 ] shall b rie fly discuss these criticism s here below, fo llo w in g a summary overview o f what is called ‘ socialist bousing' in Hanoi, though I prefer to use the broader term social housing, subsidized through public means1 The Government o f (N orth) Vietnam did not give a high p rio rity to urban housing during the 1950s H ousing shortages in Hanoi were m ainly tackled by the confiscation o f the large French colonial villas A fo llo w in g attempt to become active in public housing was the construction o f so-called ‘ level ’ houses, attached low rise, barrack like houses that were intended to be o f a temporary nature, and m ainly b u ilt for displaced persons in the process o f public w orks, such as the layout o f Lenin Park (Evertsz, 2000) From 1959/60 onwards public housing was incorporated in a Master Plan for Hanoi It envisaged the idea that employers (state institutions, state owned factories) were lo house their employees against heavily subsidized rents o f to % o f m onthly salaries in employers-managcd apartments7 This concept took shape in the construction o f residential complexes, se lf contained neighbourhoods, consisting o f m ainly three to four storeys high apartment blocks and basic services such as kindergarten, schools, medical services and daily shops The blocks were often situated in rows, w ith a generous amount o f sem i-public open spaces in-between w hich were to be used as playgrounds, social meeting places, etc These self-contained neighbourhoods came to be known as Khu Tap The (collective liv in g quarters, K T T fo r short) and were b u ilt in a sem i-circle in the then sub-urban zone from South-east to West o f the historic c ity Between 1960 and the ] ‘Socialist h ousing ’ in Hanoi is well docum ented For many details, see e.g Logan (2000), Trin Duy Luan & N g uyen Q uang Vinh (2001), Pedelahorc de L oddis (2001), Koh (2006), Gecrtm an (2007) For fine draw ings o f som e K IT, ...Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn Khoa: Ngôn ngữ học ĐỀ CƯƠNG MÔN HỌC: Tên môn học: Những vấn đề cơ bản về Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt (Some basic issues of Vietnamese Grammar) 1. Thông tin về giảng viên - Họ và tên: Đinh Văn Đức - Chức danh, học hàm, học vị: Giáo sư Tiến sỹ - Thời gian, địa điểm làm việc: Làm việc từ thứ Hai đến thứ Sáu (8h đến 11h và 14h đến 16h30) Tại khoa Ngôn ngữ học, Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội - Địa chỉ liên hệ: Khoa Ngôn ngữ học, Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn Tầng 3, nhà A, 336 Nguyễn Trãi, Hà Nội. - Điện thoại: 84-4- 5588603 - Email: dinhvanduc2002@yahoo.com - Các hướng nghiên cứu chính: Lý thuyết: Lý luận ngôn ngữ Việt ngữ học đồng đại và lịch sử Ứng dụng: Ngôn ngữ học ứng dụng 2. Thông tin chung về môn học - Tên môn học: Những vấn đề cơ bản về ngữ pháp tiếng Việt - Mã môn học: LIN 6031 - Số tín chỉ: 02 - Môn học: + Bắt buộc: + Tự chọn: - Yêu cầu đối với môn học: Không - Địa chỉ khoa / bộ môn phụ trách môn học: Bộ môn Ngôn ngữ học đại cương và ứng dụng, Khoa Ngôn ngữ học. Tầng 3, nhà A, 336 Nguyễn Trãi, Hà Nội. 3. Mục tiêu của môn học - Mục tiêu kiến thức: Cung cấp những kiến thức về các vấn đề chính trong ngữ pháp học tiếng Việt; sử dụng trong nghiên cứu và giảng dạy tiếng Việt cho người học thuộc các ngôn ngữ khác . - Mục tiêu kĩ năng: Có kỹ năng sử dụng các thao tác của phương pháp để xử lý các hiện tượng thuộc bình diện ngữ pháp của các ngôn ngữ; nắm bắt được kỹ năng sử dụng các thao tác của phương pháp để xử lý các hiện tượng thuộc địa hạt này. 4.Tóm tắt nội dung môn học: Cung cấp cho nghiên cứu sinh và học viên cao học những kiến thức cơ bản về ngữ pháp tiếng việt, các phương pháp phân tích ngữ pháp trong Việt ngữ học. Theo đó, học viên nắm bắt được nhiệm vụ, những nguyên tắc, thao tác làm việc và ứng dụng nghiên cứu trong những lĩnh vực khác nhau của ngữ pháp học tiếng việt từ cổ điển đến hiện đại. Nhiệm vụ của môn học là: Giới thiệu các bình diện ngữ pháp chính trong lý luận truyền thống và hiện đại ( Việt ngữ học). Để thực hiện được điều đó, những nguyên tắc phân tích và kỹ năng được coi là những tiêu chí thể hiện sự lý luận cơ bản. Dựa trên nguyên tắc ấy, người nghiên cứu sẽ tuân thủ những thao tác phân tích và mô hình hoá để giải thích những hiện tượng của ngôn ngữ Việt như một ngoại ngữ. 5. Nội dung môn học, hình thức tổ chức dạy và học Hình thức tổ chức dạy và học Lên lớp: 20 Nội dung Lí thuyết 15 Bài tập 2 Thảo luận 3 Thực hành, điền dã 0 Tự học, tự nghiên cứu 10 Tổng 30 Chương 1. Giới thiệu sơ lược về lịch sử ngữ pháp học tiếng Việt. 1.1. Sự ra đời và phát triển của các công trình nghiên cứu ngữ pháp TV. 1.2 Quan niệm phân tích ngữ pháp truyền thống và hiện đại. 3 0 1 0 2 6 Chương 2. Phân tích Từ pháp TV 2.1. Phân tích cấu trúc từ 2.2. Phân tích từ loại 2.3. Phân tích Phạm trù Ngữ pháp. 3 0 0 0 2 5 Chương 3. Ngữ pháp ngữ đoạn 3.1. Các thao tác phân tích đoản ngữ 3.2. Các thao tác phân tích Mệnh đề 3 0 1 0 2 6 Chương 4. Phân tích cú pháp Câu 4.1. Cơ sở lý luận 4.2. Các thao tác và mô 3 1 0 0 2 6 hình phân tích cơ bản. 4.3. Những ưu điểm và nhược điểm khi áp dụng vào tiếng Việt. Chương 5. Phương pháp phân tích câu TV theo ngữ pháp chức năng luận. 5.1. Cơ sở lý luận. 5.2. Các mô hình phân tích VNU.JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, ECONOMICS-LAW, Nq2E, 2006 SO M E FUNDAM ENTAL ISSU ES OF NON-CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL LAW ON THE SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SEC URITY Le V an C am 1’1 I In tro d u ctio n Politburo’s Resolution 08/NQ-TW; (2) the judicial system in general and criminal justice in particular not function in an independent, scientific, ju st and lawabiding m anner so as to effectively carry out judicial procedure in general and criminal procedure in particular; and (3) there rem ains a shortage of legal documents in general and criminal-lawrelated documents in particular which have ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI am greatly indebted to my teachers, colleagues, friends, and family for their support and help in the preparation and completion of this paper.First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof., Dr. Trần Hữu Mạnh for his expert advice, critical and constructive comments, invaluable suggestions and enthusiastic guidance without which the thesis would not have been successfully completed. I also wish to thank all my lecturers at Postgraduate Department, College of Foreign Languages, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for their concern, lessons and support.My special thanks go to my colleagues and friends for their helpful comments and useful materials.I would like to express my gratefulness to my parents, my husband and my son whose encouragement, expectation, and assistance helped me overcome all the difficulties in fulfilling this paper.i LIST OF TABLESTable 1. Names for US-Japan coalition and North Korea in VOATable 2. Names for US-Japan coalition and North Korea in Nhan DanTable 3. Negativization of North Korea’s activities in VOATable 4. Positivization of the US- Japan coalition’s activities in VOATable 5. Lexicalization of North Korea’s activities in Nhan DanTable 6. Lexicalization of the US-Japan coalition’s activities in Nhan DanTable 7. Over-lexicalization of the North Korea’s missile launches in VOATable 8. Over-lexicalization of the North Korea’s missile launches in Nhan DanTable 9. Quotation patterns of news reports in VOATable 10. Quotation patterns of news reports in Nhan Danii TABLE OF CONTENTSAcknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………iList of Tables …………………………………………………………………………… iiINTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………….11. Rationale ………………………………………………………………………… 12. Scope of the research …………………………………………………………… .23. Aims of the research and research questions …………………………………… .24. Methodology ………………………………………………………………………35. Background information ………………………………………………………… 46. Design of the research …………………………………………………………… 5CHAPTER 1 – THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ………………………………… .61.1. The history of Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis …………… 61.2. Theories on Critical Discourse Analysis …………………………………………81.2.1.What is Critical Discourse Analysis …………………………………………… 91.2.2.Key notions of CDA …………………………………………………………… 91.2.3.Methodology of CDA ……………………………………………………………111.2.4.Principles of CDA ……………………………………………………………….121.3. Systemic Functional Linguistics and its role in CDA ………………………… .131.4. CDA in relation with Cultural Studies ………………………………………… .13CHAPTER 2 – METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………….152.1. Data …………………………………………………………………………… .152.1.1. Data sources …………………………………………………………………… 152.1.1.1. Voice Of America ……………………………………………………………….152.1.1.2. Nhan Dan ……………………………………………………………………… 16iii 2.1.2. Data selection VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ********************* PHẠM THỊ TUẤN A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF TWO SPEECHES ON WOMEN BY HILLARY CLINTON IN 1995 AND 2013 Phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán hai phát biểu phụ nữ Hillary Clinton vào năm 1995 2013 M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Hanoi, 2016 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ********************* PHẠM THỊ TUẤN A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF TWO SPEECHES ON WOMEN BY HILLARY CLINTON IN 1995 AND 2013 Phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán hai phát biểu phụ nữ Hillary Clinton vào năm 1995 2013 M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Ngô Hữu Hoàng Hanoi, 2016 ` DECLARATION I hereby certify that the thesis entitled “A critical discourse analysis of two speeches on women by Hillary Clinton in 1995 and 2013” is the result of my own research for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of VIEWS ON MIGRATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Proceedings of an African Migration Alliance Workshop Edited by Catherine Cross Derik Gelderblom Niel Roux Jonathan Mafukidze titlepage 6/23/06 2:34 PM Page 1 Published by HSRC Press, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa, www.hsrcpress.ac.za in association with Department of Social Development, Private Bag X901, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa, www.population.gov.za © 2006 Human Sciences Research Council and Department of Social Development, South Africa First published 2006 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and should not be con- sidered to imply the views held by the Department of Social Development. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 0-7969-2165-2 Copy editing by Vaun Cornell Typeset by Jenny Wheeldon Cover design by Flame Design Print management by comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver PO Box 30370, Tokai, Cape Town, 7966, South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477 Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 email: orders@blueweaver.co.za www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) 3 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2E 8LU, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 email: orders@edspubs.co.uk www.eurospangroup.com Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Order Department, 814 North Franklin Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741 All other enquiries: +1 (312) 337 0747 Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 email: frontdesk@ipgbook.com www.ipgbook.com Contents List of tables v List of figures vii Acknowledgements viii Acronyms and abbreviations x 1 Introduction 1 Catherine Cross and Elizabeth Omoluabi PART 1: CONTINENTAL OVERVIEWS 2 Leading issues in international migration in sub-Saharan Africa 25 Aderanti Adepoju 3 Levels of urbanisation in Anglophone, Lusophone and Francophone African countries 48 Oumar Bouare 4 Migration between Africa and Australia: Patterns, issues and implications 74 Graeme Hugo PART 2: REGIONAL VIEWS ON MIGRATION IN AFRICA 5 A discussion of migration and migration patterns and flows in Africa 103 Jonathan Mafukidze 6 Migration and refugees in Eastern Africa: A challenge for the East African Community 130 John O Oucho 7 A new challenge for the international community: Internally displaced people in the Great Lakes Region 148 Franck Kamunga Cibangu 8 The INDEPTH Network: A demographic resource on migration and urbanisation in Africa and Asia 159 Mark Collinson and Kubaje Adazu PART 3: SOME CLOSER VIEWS OF COUNTRIES AND ISSUES 9 Migrants’ contribution to rural development in south- western Nigeria 175 Akinyemi Akanni, Olaopa Olawale and Oloruntimehin Funmi 10 Spatio-temporal patterns and trends of international migration in Botswana and their policy implications 186 Thando D Gwebu 11 Francophone Africans in Cape Town: A failed migration? 207 Rodolf Lekogo 12 Myth and rationality in Southern African responses to migration, displacement, and humanitarianism 220 Loren B Landau 13 Synthesis and conclusions: What are Africa’s issues in migration? 245 Catherine Cross, Elizabeth Omoluabi, John Oucho and Franck Kamunga Cibangu Contributors 290 v List of tables Table 3.1 Urbanisation levels of Anglophone, Lusophone and Francophone countries in study (percentage) 50 Table 3.2 Estimated number of rural-urban migrants, Tạp chí Khoa học đhqghn, ngoại ngữ, T.xxII, Số 2, 2006 different views on theme-rheme in english Do Tuan Minh(*) Introduction as message onset Each of these will now be discussed in turn Theme has been defined in a variety of different ways, and for this reason, some analysts find the dismissal of the Theme/Rheme LITHIUM-ION BATTERY SYSTEMS: A PROCESS FLOW AND SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LIFECYCLE ENERGY MODEL A Thesis Presented to The Academic Faculty by Yukti Arora In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Science in Environmental Engineering in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology May 2015 COPYRIGHT 2015 BY YUKTI ARORA LITHIUM-ION BATTERY SYSTEMS: A PROCESS FLOW AND SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LIFECYCLE ENERGY MODEL Approved by: Dr Randall Guensler, Advisor School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr James Mulholland School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr Mike Rodgers School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: November 25, 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my mother, my advisor, faculty, and friends who continually showed support while I vigorously finished this thesis iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF ACRONYMS x INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Types and Configuration of Electric Vehicles 3.1.1 All-Electric Vehicles 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.1.2 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles 12 3.1.3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 13 Different Types of Li-Ion Battery Systems and their Advantages and Disadvantages 17 Battery Structure 21 3.3.1 Cathode 21 3.3.2 Anode 23 3.3.3 Electrolyte 24 3.3.4 Separator 24 Mechanics of Batteries 25 3.4.1 Safety 27 3.4.2 Challenges and Future Research 27 3.5 Key Lithium-ion Battery Players 28 3.6 Lithium Resource Base 30 3.6.1 Uses of Lithium 30 3.6.2 Sources of Lithium Deposit 31 3.6.2.1 Continental Brine 32 iv 3.6.2.2 Geothermal Brine 32 3.6.2.3 Oilfields 33 3.6.3 Rocks 3.7 35 3.6.3.1 Pegmatite or “Hard Rock” 35 3.6.3.2 Spodumene 36 3.6.3.3 Clay Deposits 36 3.6.3.4 Lacustrine Evaporites 37 Lithium Global Reserves 40 3.7.1 Latin America 3.8 42 3.7.1.1 Chile 42 3.7.1.2 Argentina 43 3.7.1.3 Bolivia 44 3.7.2 United States (U.S.) 44 3.7.3 Canada 46 3.7.4 China 46 3.7.5 Russia 47 3.7.6 Australia 48 End of Life-Recycling 48 3.8.1 Umicore V’al eas Process 49 3.8.2 The Toxco Process 50 LITHIUM-ION SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK 53 4.1 53 4.2 Mining/Extraction 4.1.1 Resource Extraction 54 4.1.2 Evaporation 54 4.1.3 Purified or Refined Lithium 54 Battery Production and Assembly 4.2.1 Battery Cell Materials 57 57 v 4.3 4.4 4.2.2 Battery Cell Fabrication and Production 58 4.2.3 Battery Final Pack Assembly 58 Vehicle Manufacturing 60 4.3.1 Installation 60 4.3.2 Warehouse Storage 61 4.3.3 Dealership 61 Consumers 62 4.4.1 Service Station 4.5 63 End of Life 65 4.5.1 Landfill 65 4.5.2 Third Party Recycling 66 4.5.3 Hazardous Waste Site 66 A PROPOSED LITHIUM LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT MODEL 70 5.1 71 Resource Extraction Module 5.1.1 Brines 71 5.1.2 Mining and Processing Operation 72 5.1.2.1 Machinery and Equipment 73 5.1.2.2 Products 73 5.1.3 Transportation 74 5.2 Battery Production and Assembly Module 76 5.3 Vehicle Manufacturing Module 77 5.4 Consumer Module 79 5.5 End of Life Module 80 5.5.1 Landfill 80 5.5.2 Third Party Recycling 81 5.5.3 Hazardous Waste Processes 81 CONCLUSION 83 vi REFERENCES 86 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Performance Characteristics of Li-ion Batteries in EV, HEV, and PHEV (Lowe, et al., 2010) Table 2: Overview of Four Battery Technologies and Limitations for Hybrid Vehicles 20 Table 3: Input and Output Quantities from Brine and Hard-Rock Process 74 Table 4: Input and Output Quantities from Battery Manufacturing Module 77 Table 5: Input and Output Quantities from Vehicle Manufacturing Module 79 Table 6: Input ... hile many others are satisfied to live there now The mentioned aspects o f a sustainable view o f H anoi's social housing w ould in my opinion lead to conservation and renovation o f several apartment... urban planning and housing in Hanoi and other cities in North Vietnam It should certainly include the awareness that H anoi and North Vietnam did not a had job , com paratively speaking, in housing. .. clearance and re -housing programme w a s partly earm arked for rural developm ent financed with resources Housing policies and actions in India are formulated, im plem en ted and financed at slate