TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ -    - THEORY OF TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION Tran Thi Phuong Tu Quảng Bình, 2015 INTRODUCTION This translation theory course is designed to meet students’ needs of English in their training course at the Department of Foreign Languages, Quang Binh University The purpose of this course is to help students in understanding of translation and interpretation Those are definitely important notions in using a language It is hoped that learners will find the course useful and practical The material presented here borrows heavily from Peter Newmark's Approaches to Translation and A Textbook of Translation, and is compiled on the basis of the handout “Translation Theory” by the Department of English, Da Nang College of Education Quang Binh, 2015 CONTENTS UNIT 1- CURRENT VIEWS ON TRANSLATION What is Translation ? Interpretation Difference between Translation and Interpretation Problems of Equivalence Loss and Gain Untranslatability UNIT – TRANSLATION METHODS Translation Procedures Semantic and Communicative Translation UNIT –TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR AND SIMILE The translation of Metaphors Translation of Similes Practice UNIT – TRANSLATION OF PASSIVE VOICE Voice in Translation Passive Voice in English Passive Voice in Vietnamese UNIT – TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES AND CULTURAL TERMS Proper names Cultural names Geographical names Newspaper, Journal, Periodical names UNIT – THE ANALYSIS OF A TEXT IN TRANSLATION Grammar Analysis in Translation Contextual Analysis in Translation Cohesion Analysis in Translation UNIT SOME PROBLEMS RELATED TO TRANSLATION REFERENCE UNIT 1- CURRENT VIEWS ON TRANSLATION I What is Translation? Translation, by dictionary definition consists of changing from one form to another, to turn into one’s own or anther language ( The Merriam- Webster Dictionary 1974) Some authors have given the following different definitions of translation : - Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language) (JC Catford) - Translation is the process of conveying messages across linguistic and cultural barriers (Ian Tudor) - Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text (Peter Newmark) As implied in the definitions above, translation is basically a change of form (which is usually referred to as the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs etc., which are spoken or written) In translation, the form of the source language (the language of the text that is to be translated) is replaced by the form of the target language (the language of the translated text) The purpose of translation is to transfer the meaning of the source language (SL) into the target language (TL) This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure It is meaning which is being transferred and must remain unchanged Only the form changes Moreover, translation not only involves understanding the general meaning of the communication, but calls upon the ability to understand the culture of the communication Types of Translation: Because a given text has both form and meaning, as discussed in the previous lesson, there are two main kinds of translation One is form-based and other is meaningbased Form-based translation attempt to follow the form of source language and are known as literal translation Meaning-based translation make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in natural forms of receptor language Such translations are called idiomatic translation Form- based translation (literal translation): a literal translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value For example, Vietnamese: Mời bạn nhà chơi Literal translation: Invite friend about house me play This literal translation makes little sense in English The appropriate translation would be: Would you like to come to my home? Meaning – based translation(idiomatic translation): use the natural forms of the receptor language, both in the grammatical construction and in the choice of lexical items A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation It sounds like it was written originally in the receptor language Therefore, a good translator will try to translate idiomatically In one translation, the source text said: “nhiều du khách giới thiệu cho khách sạn Hương Giang It was translated: “Many foreign tourists have introduced us about Huong Giang Hotel” It would have been translated idiomatically “Huong Giang Hotel has been recommended to us by a number of foreign tourists” The translator can re-read his translation, compare it to the original, make the necessary corrections or start his work all over again He can come back to the preceding part of the original or get the information he needs from the subsequent messages These are most favourable conditions and here we can expect the best performance and the highest level of equivalence That is why in theoretical discussions we have usually examples from written translations where the translating process can be observed in all its aspects INTERPRETATION 2.1 What is interpreting? Interpreting is rendering information and ideas from one language into another language by means of speaking Interpreters are concerned with the spoken word They convey orally whether to an individual or a group the meaning of the spoken word, from one language to another 2.2 Modes of interpreting There are two main modes of interpreting: Consecutive and simultaneous interpreting All of these types will be deal with in this session Consecutive Interpretation “(Consecutive interpretation) is the process of listening to a speech or lecture in one language and then at a certain moment, transcribing and summarizing it orally, in another language The time lapse between the speech and your interpretation varies.” Consecutive interpretation is open used the following situations: Escorting a non-English speaking group within a larger gathering of English speakers at a trade fair or exposition Conferences where smaller working parties meet in rooms which lack telephonic interpreting facilities In this case, interpreters often sit alongside speakers and interpret at intervals The training for developing the skills of consecutive interpretation includes: Learning to repeat what a speaker has said, first in one’s dominant language, Learning a summarize, Memory training, e.g practice in increasing retention of clusters of words and numbers, Learning to take accurate notes Simultaneous Interpretation “By now you must be wondering what simultaneous is Picture yourself in a 2’x4’ booth, a pair of headphones on, and without prior notice, a voice comes through Immediately you have to simultaneously render what is said into another language Sounds impossible, doesn’t it? As a matter of fact, the first time you try it, your natural impulse may be to tear off the headsets and walk out However, in no time at all, the process somehow becomes automatic, you pick up momentum, and your interpretation takes on a smoother quality Believe it or not, it is fascinating, and, also very rewarding.” Simultaneous interpreting not wait for a speaker to finish a segment and pause before beginning to interpret but follow the speaker and interpret what the speaker is saying Advantages of simultaneous interpreting are that is saves a great deal of time and is less disruptive than other forms of interpreting It is commonly practiced at international conferences and forums However, it is expensive to pay for electronic equipment and simultaneous interpreters Simultaneous interpretation involves the immediate, simultaneous interpretation of what is being said The training for developing this skill includes all of the aforementioned strategies, and specifically calls upon the ability to paraphrase If a specific word is not known, another must instantly be supplied Hence, training includes: A study of synonyms, Exercises in paraphrasing, Exercises which expose the student to different voices, accents, and speeds 2.3 Translation and Interpretation The field of translation and interpretation is especially demanding because of the variety of complex tasks that are involved in terms of: general knowledge cultural knowledge specific translative and interpretive skills All of these tasks are in addition to proficiency in the language to be used, which is clearly a prerequisite for study in translation and interpretation In the first instance, translation and interpretation involve an enormous amount of knowledge in a variety of areas “A good translator / interpreter has to be a veritable mine of information no matter what subject he is dealing with If you are interpreting a lecture on genetics and you don’t know what a chromosome is, you are in deep trouble! Or, if you have to translate a paper on the effects of increased taxation on aggregate demand, you are up the proverbial creek without a paddle if you have never had a course in economics Besides, vocabulary is not enough - in order to make any sense out of a text or a speech, you have to understand what the author is really saying Translation and interpretation involve ideas, not words.” For this reason, the course of translation and interpretation will need to involve studies of subject areas such as international economics, political science and international studies which are frequently called upon for translation “Becoming an accomplished translator / interpreter means you will have to be constantly expanding your awareness of the world around you.” Before we can translate or interpret a message, we must understand the total meaning of the message within its own cultural context “You must first understand the ideas behind the words and, going one step further, you should have clear knowledge of the culture which formulated those ideas This step is usually the most exciting A growing awareness of different life styles brings home the idea that rendering accurate translations is really not that simple Not only must you lend a sympathetic ear to two separate cultures, you must also enjoy working with words And, one of the main purposes of the institute’s course in Translation Theory is to make you aware of the possible meanings of a word in different contexts We study the semantic and morphological aspects of communication in an attempt to better understand language usage.” For example, translator and interpreter will need to study how words communicate, what “bias words” are, i.e words that communicate positive meanings and negative meanings, such as “underdeveloped country” vs “backward country” vs “developing country” As well as understanding the meanings of the words, we will need to understand the meaning conveyed through the style Is it formal? informal? personal? impersonal? Is the author or speaker humorous? serious? sarcastic? emphatic? Is his expression subtle? overt? The hardest part is yet to come in bridging the conceptual gap between two cultures when we try to convey the total massage by way of the concepts and symbols (i.e thoughts and words) of a different language Cultural sensitivity and creativity will be called upon maintaining the style of the total communication Different language often communicate similar meanings via different number of words, different kinds of words, different intonation and pitch, different gestures, etc If we translate / interpret literally, our version may result in a loss of the message In addition to a wealth of general knowledge in relevant subject - areas, the ability to switch cultural contexts and to solve problems of inter - cultural communication, translation and interpretation are specific and complex skills which require the development of particular psycholinguistic strategies While some of these strategies overlap, others differ according to the type of translation or interpretation involved It will be important to distinguish between translation and interpretation, and to be able to identify the particular strategies involved The Difference between Translation and Interpreting Interpreting and translation are two closely related linguistic disciplines Yet they are rarely performed by the same people The difference in skills, training, aptitude and even language knowledge are so substantial that few people can both successfully on a professional level On the surface, the difference between interpreting and translation is only the difference in the medium: the interpreter translates orally, while a translator interprets written text Both interpreting and translation presuppose a certain love of language and deep knowledge of more than one language In the other words, an interpreter works with spoken words in a particular context, conveying a message from one language to another, while translation refers to the activity of transferring a written text from one language to another FIVE KEY DIFFERENCES Spoken versus written: Interpretation is the transference of meaning between spoken languages, white translation is the transference of meaning between written languages Real time versus delayed: Interpreting occurs in real time It happens in person, on the phone, or through a television/ video service Because translation involves the written word, it typically takes place long after a text is created, which gives the translator time to access resources (dictionaries, glossaries, subject matter experts, etc.) to produce an accurate and effective end document (or website, help file, etc.) Level of accuracy: Interpretation and translation demand different levels of accuracy While interpreters aim to be completely accurate, it's difficult to achieve in a live conversation They may omit some details of the original speech as they interpret into the target language Conversely, translators have time to evaluate and revise each word and sentence before delivering their product, so they can achieve a greater level of accuracy and greater fidelity to the original Direction and fluency: An interpreter must be fluent enough in both the original language and the target language to be able to translate in both directions, on the spot, without any reference material Interpreters are highly qualified people, and the work is quite demanding! It's so demanding that interpreters work in pairs and must switch off every 20 minutes or so to prevent mental fatigue Typically, professional translators only work in one direction-translating into their native language As such, translators not have to be as fluent in the source language as an interpreter must be The key skills of a translator are to understand the source language and to use their knowledge of the target country's cultural and language norms to create an effective translated product Intangibles: Both translators and interpreters are faced with the challenge of making metaphors, analogies, and idioms understandable to the audience in the target language However, interpreters must also capture tone, inflection, voice quality, and the other intangible elements of the spoken word and convey those meaningfully to the audience Despite the differences in the skills of translators and interpreters, both are bilingual professionals who share a passion for conveying meaning to people who would otherwise be unable to understand the information at hand The Skill Profile of Technical Translators The differences in skills are arguably greater than their similarities The key skills of the translator are the ability to understand the source language and the culture of the country where the text originated, then using a good library of dictionaries and reference materials, to render that material clearly and accurately into the target language In other words, while linguistic and cultural skills are still critical, the most important mark of a good translator is the ability to write well in the target language Even bilingual individuals can rarely express themselves in a given subject equally well in both languages, and many excellent translators are not fully bilingual to begin with Knowing this limitation, a good translator will only translate documents into his or her native language An interpreter, on the other hand, must be able to translate in both directions on the spot, without using dictionaries or other supplemental reference materials Interpreters must have extraordinary listening abilities, especially for simultaneous interpreting Simultaneous interpreters need to process and memorize the words that the source-language speaker is saying now, while simultaneously outputting in the target language the translation of words the speaker said 5-10 seconds ago Interpreters must also posess excellent public speaking skills and the intellectual capacity to instantly transform idioms, colloquialisms and other culturally-specific references into analogous statements the target audience will understand Interpreter Qualifications Interpreting, just like translation, is fundamentally the art of paraphrasing—the interpreter listens to a speaker in one language, grasps the content of what is being said, and then paraphrases his or her understanding of the meaning using the tools of the target language However, just as you can not explain a thought to someone if you did not fully understand that thought, neither can you translate or interpret something without mastery of the subject matter being relayed It simply cannot be overstated: when choosing an interpreter, his or her expert knowledge of the subject matter is equally as important as their interpreting experience QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVE INTERPRETER + Familiar with the general subject of the spoken language that is to be interpreted + Intimately familiar with the cultures of both the original language and the target language + Extensive vocabulary in the original language and the target language + Expresses thoughts clearly and accurately in the target language + Excellent note-taking skills (when consecutive interpreting) + Quick decision making skills (generally there is no time to assess which variant is best) Problems of Equivalence What is problems of equivalence? It is important to establish equivalence between the source text and the target text on different linguistic levels The definitions of translation suggested above imply that producing the same meaning or message in the target language text as intended by the original author is the main objective of a translator This notion of 'sameness' is often understood as an equivalence relation between the source and target texts This equivalence relation is generally considered the most salient feature of a quality translation The principle that a translation should have an equivalence relation with the source language text is problematic There are three main reasons why an exact equivalence or effect is difficult to achieve Firstly, it is impossible for a text to have constant interpretations even for the same person on two occasions (Hervey, Higgins and Haywood (1995: 14) According to these translation scholars: Before one could objectively assess textual effects, one would need to have recourse to a fairly detailed and exact theory of psychological effect, a theory capable, among other things, of giving an account of the aesthetic sensations that are often paramount in response to a text (Hervey, Higgins and Haywood (1995: 14) Secondly, translation is a matter of subjective interpretation of translators of the source language text Thus, producing an objective effect on the target text readers, which is the same as that on the source text readers is an unrealistic expectation 10 respect is likely to be shown to any newly independent country by scrupulously observing the spelling of its names however difficult to pronounce Other geographical names are likely to remain anglicized, italianized, etc., provided that they are fairly commonly used and that their additional, translated name has no political significance EXAMPLE Beijing Bắc kinh Kingdom Vương quốc Commonwealth Liên bang, Liên hiệp, Khối thịnh vượng Socialist Xã hội chủ nghĩa Republic Cộng hòa People’s Nhân dân Names of streets and squares are not usually translated - with exception, ironically, of Red Square Public buildings may be partially translated if the generic term is common and transparent Name of organizations: FIRMS, PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, SCHOOLS, UNIVERSITIES, HOSPITALS, etc., are in principle not translated since they are related to the SL culture Mutinational companies trade under various names which the translator may have to trace In general, the purpose of these names is to identify rather than describe the firm or institution, and if the TL reader wants to refer to them, he requires the SL name in the address The names of NEWSPAPERS, JOURNALS and PERIODICALS are always transcribed Famous WORKS OF ART are usually referred to by their established translated titles (including the authorized titles of literary words), if they are well known here When a work is not already known, its title is transcribed A translator makes his own translation of a title only when he is translating the whole work or when additional comment is made on the title by himself or in the original text Titles of painting, if they have no established translation, should be transcribed as well as translated, so that the reader can look for further references if he wishes Titles of untranslated books must be transcribed, with a translation in parenthesis, particularly for non - literary books when the title describes the content EXAMPLE UNDP Tổ chức UNDP ANZ BANK Ngân hang ANZ MINISTRY OF Bộ 27 DEPARTMENT OF Sở BANK FOR Ngân hàng CORPORATION Tổng công ty General statistic office Tổng cục thống kê After Peter Newmark 28 UNIT THE ANALYSIS OF A TEXT IN TRANSLATION THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT In reading, you search for the intention of the text, you cannot isolate this from understanding it, they go together and the title may be remote from the content as well as the intention Two texts may describe a battle or a riot or a debate, stating the same facts and figures, but the type of language used and even the grammatical structures (passive voice, impersonal verbs often used to disclaim responsibility) in each case may be evidence of different points of view The intention of the text represents the SL writer’s attitude to the subject matter THE INTENTION OF THE TRANSLATOR Usually, the translator’s intention is identical with that of the author of the SL text But he may be translating an advertisement, a notice, or a set of instructions to show his client how such matters are formulated and written in the source language, rather than how to adapt them in order to persuade or instruct a new TL readership And again, he may be translating a manual of instructions for a less educated readership, so that the explanation in his translation may be much larger than the “reproduction” TEXT STYLES Following Nida, we distinguish four types of (literary or non - literary) text: Narrative: a dynamic sequence of events Description, which is static, with emphasis on linking verbs, adjectives, adjectival nouns Discussion, a treatment of ideas, with emphasis on abstract nouns (concepts), verbs of thought, mental activity (“consider”, “argue”, etc.), logical argument and connectives Dialogue, with emphasis on colloquialism STYLISTIC SCALES The scale of formality has been variously expressed, notably by Martin Joos and Strevens 29 Officialese Official Formal Neutral Informal Colloquial Slang Taboo “The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited in this establishment.” “The consumption of nutriments is prohibited.” “You are requested not to consume food in this establishment.” “Eating is not allowed here.” “Please don’t eat here.” “You can’t feed your face here.” “Lay off the nosh.” “Lay off the fucking nosh.” Similarly, following is the scale of generality or difficulty: Simple “The floor of the sea is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pits.” Popular “The floor of the oceans is covered with great mountain chains and deep trenches.” Neutral (using basic vocabulary only) “A graveyard of animal and plant remains lies buried in the earth’s crust.” Educated “The latest step on vertebrate evolution was the tool - making man.” Technical “Critical path analysis is an operational research technique used in management.” Opaquely technical (comprehensible only to an expert) “Neuraminic acid in the form of its alkali - stable methoxy derivative was first isolated by Klenk from gangliosides.”(Letter to Nature, November 1955, quoted in Quirk, 1984.) SETTING You have to decide on the likely setting: Where would the text be published in the TL? What is the TL equivalent of the SL periodical, newspaper, textbook, journal, etc.? or Who is the client you are translating for and what are his requirements? You may have to take account of briefer titles, absence of sub - titles and sub - headings, shorter paragraphs and other features of the TL house - style 30 You have to make several assumptions about the SL readership From the setting of the SL text, as well as text itself, you should assess whether the readership is likely to be motivated (keen to read the text), familiar with the topic and the culture, and “at home” in the variety of language used The three typical reader types are perhaps the expert, the educated layman, and the uniformed You then have to consider whether you are translating for the same or a different type of TL readership, perhaps with less knowledge of the topic or the culture, or a lower standard of linguistic education THE LAST READING Finally, you should note the culture aspect of the SL text; you should underline all metaphors, cultural words and institutional terms peculiar to the SL or third language, proper names, technical terms and “untranslatable” words Untranslatable words are the ones that have no ready one-to-one equivalent in the TL; they are likely to be qualities or actions - descriptive verbs, or mental words words relating to the mind, that have no cognates in the TL, e.g words like “fuzzy”, “murky”, “dizzy”, “snug”, “snub”; many such English words arise from Dutch or from dialect You underline words that you have consider out of as well as within context, in order to establish their semantic range You cannot normally decide to make any words mean what you want, and there are normally limits to the meaning of any word The purpose of dictionaries is to indicate the semantic range of words as well as, through collocations, the main senses CONCLUSION In principle, a translational analysis of the SL text based on it comprehension is the first stage of translation and the basis of the useful discipline of translation criticism In fact, such an analysis is, I think, an appropriate training of translators, since by understanding the appropriate words they will show they are aware of difficulties they might otherwise have missed Thus you relate translation theory to its practice A professional translator would not usually make such an analysis explicitly, since he would need to take only a sample in order to establish the properties of a text A translation critic, however, after determining the general properties - first of the text and the secondly of the translation (both these tasks would center in the respective intention of translator or critic) - would use the underlined words as a basis for a detailed comparison of the two texts 31 To summarize, you have studied the text not for itself but as something that may have to be reconstituted for a different readership in a different culture From A Textbook of Translation by Peter Newmark UNIT SOME PROBLEMS RELATED TO TRANSLATION 32 33 34 PRACTICE EXERCISES What is translation? Fill in the blanks in the following with appropriate phrases below: Rendering the meaning of a text, linguistic and cultural barriers, target language, source language + Translation is the process of conveying messages across (Dr Ian Tudor) + Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language ( ……………………… …………… ) by equivalent textual material in another language ( ) (J C Catford) +Translation is ………………………………………………………………………… into another language in the way that the author intended the text (Peter Newmark) Source language (SL) and Target language (TL) Fill in the spaces with SL or TL + is the language of the text that is to be or has been translated + … is the language of the translated text What is cultural context? Translation not only involves understanding the general subject matter of the communication, but also calls upon the ability to switch into the culture of the communication Before we can translate a message, we must understand the total meaning of the message within its own cultural context Give possible Vietnamese equivalents to the following, noting the cultural meaning in some of them  Primary schools  Public schools 35  Public works  Public conveniences  Public facilities  Mixed business  Cat Association  Travelland  Videoland  Bottle shop  Travelator  B-Y-O (Bring Your Own)  Lay - by The Analysis of a Text a Reading the text, understanding the text requires both general and close reading There are two purposes for reading: First, to understand what it is about; second, to analyse it from a translator’s point of view You have to determine its intention and the way it is written for the purpose of selecting a suitable translation method and identifying particular and recurrent problems b Text styles (literary or non - literary) Match the text styles in column A with appropriate fragments of text in column B A Narrative Description Discussion Dialogue B a It is my opinion that too many people are controlled by television The reason for this is that they become addicted and only sit at home and watch it b A few years ago I spent a week in the Dominican Republic The week was over and I was at the airport ready to leave when I discovered, to my dismay, that I had forgotten one of my suitcases at my hotel c Oh, we got married last year We live in Birmingham now Look, why don’t you come up and visit us sometime? Pat would love to see you again d d The film is set in America, and tells the story of a young 36 man who runs a lonely, isolated motel with his elderly mother They live in a large, old house next to the motel, but although we often hear their conversations we never see the mother in person c Stylistic scales Match the scale of formality on the left with the appropriate sentences on the right Officialese Official Formal Neutral Informal Colloquial Slang Taboo a b c d e The consumption of nutriment is prohibited Eating is not allowed here You can’t feed your face here Lay off the fucking nosh The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited in this establishment f You are requested not to consume food in this establishment g Please don’t eat here h Lay off the nosh + Which of the following expressions is mainly spoken or written - I can never repay you - What a lovely surprise! - Please convey our thanks to - It was most kind of you to - I think it would be unwise - You may have a point, but - The mistaken assumption here is that - The argument is fallacious in several respects - Thanks a lot - Many thanks - And in conclusion, a word of thanks to - I’m most obliged - I’m extremely grateful - This is simply not so - To such a proposal, in all conscience, I could never agree + Match the scale of difficulty in the column A with the sentences in the column B: 37 A Simple Popular Neutral Educated Technical Opaquely technical B a The floor of the oceans is covered with great mountain chains and deep trenches b The latest step in vertebrate evolution was the tool making man c Neuraminic acid in the form of its alkali - stable methoxy derivative was first isolated by Klenk from gangliosides (Comprehensible only to an expert) d The floor of the sea is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pits e (Using basic vocabulary only) A graveyard to animal and plant remains lies buried in the earth’s crust f Critical path analysis is an operational research technique used in management What is context? Context is that which occurs before and/or after a word, a phrase or even a long utterance or text The context often helps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase, etc For example, the word “loud” in “loud music” is usually understood as meaning “noisy”, where as in “a tie with a loud pattern” it is understood as “unpleasantly colorful” The context may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used For example, in ordinary usage, “spinster” refers to an older unmarried woman but in legal context is refers to any unmarried woman In translation, context is understood as the “what”, “where”, and “to whom” of our communication “What” we are writing or speaking about (subject matter), “where” the language occurs (place or publication), and “to whom” it is addressed All three are relevant in translation Text types Find the text type for each of the following fragments a Articles such as the following shall not be carried in passenger’s baggage without prior of and arrangement with Carrier: Compressed gases (flammable, non-flammable and poisonous) 38    b Postage on this envelope has been prepaid for one posting only to anywhere within Australia by air where necessary to meet delivery timetables This envelope can only be used for correspondence and documents up to 500 grams with maximum thickness of mm    f Peel and finely chop onion Hear oil, add onion, cook until onion is transparent Stir in chopped celery and crushed garlic, cook 30 seconds Remove from heat, stir is undrainned butter beans, tomato paste, chilli, sausages with Tomato and Onion, mix well Pour mixture into the oven    g MARCH 21 - APRIL 20 Be alert when dealing with business partners or members of your family this week, as someone is trying to undermine you Some will take risks or speculate in some way with money or securities; avoid impulsive decisions or losses may occur This is favorable week for study, travel or legal settlements    Contextual Meaning  Find the meaning of the underlined words How can the meaning of those words be implied? A country girl was walking along the snerd with a roggle of milk on her head She began saying to herself, TThe money of which I’ll sell this milk will make me enough money to increase my trunk of eggs to three hundred These eggs will produce the same number of chickens, and I will be able to sell the chickens for large wunk of money Before long, I will have enough money to live a rich and fallentious life All the young men will want to marry me But I will refuse them all with a ribble of a head - like this ” And as she ribbled her head, the roggle fell to the ground and all the milk ran in a white stream along the snerd, carrying her plan with it 39 STORY: BOTTLE OR BREAST The bottle or the breast? Parents have gone back and forth on this question most of this century The researchers examined 100 healthy, full - term infants who were, on the average, a day and a half old Sixty-one of the newborns were breastfeeding; 39 were being bottle-fed While the infants slept, the researchers assessed their heart and breathing patterns After the infants awoke, the researchers gave them a standard test of newborn behavior, measuring, for example, their responses to lights and rattles, how quickly and how often they cried, their reflexes and their overall activity levels At least, researchers tried to measure this behavior They say they were unable to complete the tests on many of the breast-fed infants, who got irritated rather quickly and were hard to console Even those tested completely were relatively cantankerous The scientists had an easier time with bottle-fed babies, who showed greater self - control and less fussiness There was no difference between the groups in terms of alertness or muscle responses Differences did emerge regarding the babies’ heart rate Bottlefeeders had faster heart rates than breastfeeders From the Magazine New Idea  Translate the following question into Vietnamese Do you know the meaning of war? - Find two situations in which the question above can be rendered into Vietnamese?  Give Vietnamese equivalents to the world “dress” in the following contexts: a I dressed myself b I dressed a chicken c I dressed timber d The soldiers dressed rank e I dressed the wound out I made the logs smooth I put medicine on and bandaged the wound I put my clothes on The soldiers lined up in straight rows I defeathered a chicken and took its inwards 40 REFERENCE Châu, Nguyễn Đức (2004) Phương pháp Phiên dịch – Biên dịch Anh Việt, Việt Anh, Nhà Xuất Trẻ Newmark, Peter (1988) A Textbook of Translation, Prentice Hall Vân, Hoàng Văn(2006) Translation: Theory and Practice, NXB Giáo dục + Website: - http://www.asiabookroom.com - http://softreflex.com - http://www.amazon.co.uk 41 ... Semantic and Communicative Translation UNIT TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR AND SIMILE The translation of Metaphors Translation of Similes Practice UNIT – TRANSLATION OF PASSIVE VOICE Voice in Translation. .. accents, and speeds 2.3 Translation and Interpretation The field of translation and interpretation is especially demanding because of the variety of complex tasks that are involved in terms of: general... Newmark's Approaches to Translation and A Textbook of Translation, and is compiled on the basis of the handout Translation Theory by the Department of English, Da Nang College of Education Quang