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Circular No. 13 2015 TT-BKHDT issuing the list of areas entitled to the prioritized assistance and criteria for selectio...
The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 2007 Revision, ICC Publication no. 600 Page 1 of 26 FOREWORD This revision of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (commonly called “UCP”) is the sixth revision of the rules since they were first promulgated in 1933. It is the fruit of more than three years of work by the International Chamber of Commerce’s (ICC) Commission on Banking Technique and Practice. ICC, which was established in 1919, had as its primary objective facilitating the flow of international trade at a time when nationalism and protectionism posed serious threats to the world trading system. It was in that spirit that the UCP were first introduced – to alleviate the confusion caused by individual countries’ promoting their own national rules on letter of credit practice. The objective, since attained, was to create a set of contractual rules that would establish uniformity in that practice, so that practitioners would not have to cope with a plethora of often conflicting national regulations. The universal acceptance of the UCP by practitioners in countries with widely divergent economic and judicial systems is a testament to the rules’ success. It is important to recall that the UCP represent the work of a private international organization, not a governmental body. Since its inception, ICC has insisted on the central role of self-regulation in business practice. These rules, formulated entirely by experts in the private sector, have validated that approach. The UCP remain the most successful set of private rules for trade ever developed. A range of individuals and groups contributed to the current revision, which is entitled UCP 600. These include the UCP Drafting Group, which sifted through more than 5000 individual comments before arriving at this consensus text; the UCP Consulting Group, consisting of members from more than 25 countries, which served as the advisory body reacting to and proposing changes to the various drafts; the more than 400 members of the ICC Commission on Banking Technique and Practice who made pertinent suggestions for changes in the text; and ICC national committees worldwide which took an active role in consolidating comments from their members. ICC also expresses its gratitude to practitioners in the transport and insurance industries, whose perceptive suggestions honed the final draft. Guy Sebban Secretary General International Chamber of Commerce INTRODUCTION In May 2003, the International Chamber of Commerce authorized the ICC Commission on Banking Technique and Practice (Banking Commission) to begin a revision of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, ICC Publication 500. As with other revisions, the general objective was to address developments in the banking, transport and insurance industries. Additionally, there was a need to look at the language and style used in the UCP to remove wording that could lead to inconsistent application and interpretation. The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 2007 Revision, ICC Publication no. 600 Page 2 of 26 When work on the revision started, a number of global surveys indicated that, because of discrepancies, approximately 70% of documents presented under letters of credit were being rejected on first presentation. This obviously had, and continues to Công ty Luật Minh Gia www.luatminhgia.com.vn THE MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND INVESTMENT Circular No 13/2015/TT-BKHDT dated October 28, 2015 of the Ministry of Planning and Investment issuing the list of areas entitled to the prioritized assistance and criteria for selection of subjects entitled to the prioritized assistance of Development Fund for small and mediumsized enterprises Pursuant to the Investment Law dated November 26, 2014; Pursuant to the Enterprise Law dated November 26, 2014; Pursuant to Decree No 116/2008/ND-CP dated 14/11/ 2008 of the Government defining the functions, tasks, powers and organizational structure of the Ministry of Planning and Investment; Pursuant to Decree No 56/2009/ND-CP dated 30/6/2009 of the Government on development assistance to small and medium-sized enterprises; Pursuant to Decision No 601/QD-TTg dated April 17, 2013 by the Prime Minister on the establishment of the small and medium-sized enterprise development Fund; At the request of the Director of small and medium-sized enterprise development Fund; The Minister of Planning and Investment issues the list of areas entitled to the prioritized assistance and criteria for selection of subjects entitled to the prioritized assistance of small and medium-sized enterprise development Fund Chapter I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article Scope of application This Circular provides for the areas entitled to the prioritized assistance and criteria for selection of subjects entitled to the prioritized assistance of small and medium-sized enterprise development Fund established under the Decision No 601/QD-TTg dated 17/4/2013 of the Prime Minister (hereafter referred to as Decision No 601/QD-TTg) Dossier and procedure for appraisal and decision on loan from the Fund shall comply with the instructions of the Fund Management Council Article Subjects of application LUẬT SƯ TƯ VẤN PHÁP LUẬT 24/7: 1900 6169 Công ty Luật Minh Gia www.luatminhgia.com.vn This Circular applies to: a) The small and medium-sized enterprises established under the regulations of law and meeting the criteria specified in Article of this Circular; b) Small and medium-sized enterprise development Fund (hereafter referred to as Fund); c) Vietnam Development Bank and the commercial banks meeting the conditions for entrusted loan from the Fund (hereafter referred to as bank); d) Other relevant bodies, organizations and individuals This Circular does not apply to the state-owned enterprises Article Criteria for identifying small and medium-sized enterprises The small and medium-sized enterprises entitled to the assistance from the Fund (hereafter referred to as Enterprise) are the enterprises with size and business and production area specified in Clause 1, Article of Decree No 56/2009/ND-CP dated 30/6/2009 of the Government on assistance to the small and medium-sized enterprises The scale and business and production sector of the Enterprise specified in Clause of this Article are defined as follows: a) For the Enterprise with different business lines, business and production sector of the Enterprise is defined by the sector with highest total capital or total labor force For newly-established enterprises without their financial statement, the business and production sector is defined by their business line which the Enterprise has registered with the business registration body b) The total capital of the Enterprise is the total capital or total assets in the balance sheet in the last yearly financial statement of the Enterprise For newly established Enterprise without financial statement, the total capital is the charter capital specified in the Certificate of enterprise registration c) A number of employees is the average employees of the last financial year calculated by the average number of employee specified in the monthly salary and wage payment sheet of the Enterprise These criteria not apply to the newly-established enterprises Article Principles of assistance of fund The Fund shall give the prioritized assistance to the Enterprise to implement investment projects and business and production plan effectively to improve the competitiveness and contribute to the income increase and job creation for laborers LUẬT SƯ TƯ VẤN PHÁP LUẬT 24/7: 1900 6169 Công ty Luật Minh Gia www.luatminhgia.com.vn The enterprises meeting the criteria specified in Article and having investment project and business and production plan in the fields specified in Article and of this Circular shall receive the loan from the Fund on the principle of equality, openness and transparency Chapter II LIST OF AREAS ENTITLED TO THE PRIORITIZED ASSISTANCE AND CRITERIA FOR SELECTING SUBJECTS ENTITLED TO THE PRIORITIZED ASSISTANCE Article List of areas entitled to the prioritized assistance The fund shall make prioritized loan to the Enterprise having investment project and business and production plan under one of the economic sectors classified according to the economic sector System of Vietnam issued in ...Rào cản môi trường trong thương mại của Mỹ và hàm ý cho Việt Nam Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền Trường Đại học Kinh tế Luận văn ThS ngành: Kinh tế thế giới và Quan hệ kinh tế quốc tế; Mã số: 60 31 07 Người hướng dẫn: TS. Nguyễn Anh Thu Năm bảo vệ: 2012 Abstract: Luận văn làm rõ nội dung, vai trò, mục đích của rào cản thương mại quốc tế. Hệ thống hoá được những vấn đề mang tính khái quát về rào cản môi trường. Đưa ra các rào cản môi trường được áp dụng ở Mỹ. Phân tích và đánh giá hiệu quả thực trạng áp dụng rào cản môi trường ở Mỹ; từ đó đưa ra một số hàm ý cho Việt Nam nhằm xây dựng và áp dụng rào cản môi trường nói chung và xây dựng quan hệ thương mại Việt - Mỹ nói riêng. Keywords: Kinh tế đối ngoại; Thương mại quốc tế; Rào cản thương mại Content 1. Tính cấp thiết của đề tài. Thế giới ngày nay đang sống trong quá trình toàn cầu hoá mạnh mẽ, một nền thương mại tự do toàn cầu đang là mục tiêu của nhiều quốc gia mà minh chứng rõ nét nhất là sự ra đời và phát triển của Tổ chức thương mại thế giới (WTO). Tuy nhiên, do nhiều nguyên nhân, đặc biệt là do trình độ phát triển kinh tế không đồng đều, các nước đều duy trì các rào cản thương mại nhằm bảo hộ nền sản xuất nội địa. Bên cạnh hàng rào thuế quan, rất nhiều hàng rào phi thuế đã ra đời. Mức độ cần thiết và lý do sâu xa dẫn đến việc bảo hộ nội địa của từng quốc gia cũng khác nhau, đối tượng cần bảo hộ cũng khác nhau càng khiến cho các hàng rào phi thuế trở nên đa dạng. Chính các hàng rào này đã, đang và sẽ gây ra những cản trở đối với sự phát triển của thương mại quốc tế và phương hại đến ý tưởng xây dựng và hoàn thiện một nền thương mại tự do toàn cầu, cạnh tranh bình đẳng. Cũng chính vì vậy, nhiệm vụ của các quốc gia hiện nay là làm sao xây dựng được một chính sách thương mại vừa có khả năng hội nhập lại vừa có thể phát triển sản xuất trong nước. Để giải quyết cùng lúc hai mục đích này, nhiều nước trên thế giới, đặc biệt là các nước phát triển đã sử dụng đến “rào cản xanh” hay nói chính xác hơn là “rào cản môi trường”. Về thực chất, đây là một hệ thống quy định liên quan đến môi trường áp dụng cho sản phẩm nhập khẩu (trong đó nêu lên những tiêu chuẩn nhất định về quá trình sản xuất, sử dụng cũng như tái chế và tiêu hủy sản phẩm); do đó nêu cao ý thức bảo vệ trái đất và nhân loại. Và đây cũng chính là cơ sở vững chắc để loại hình "bảo hộ" này được các nước xây dựng và mở rộng. Hiện nay, những rào cản môi trường đã bị lạm dụng, được sử dụng quá nhiều gây khó khăn đối với hoạt động thương mại của các nước đang phát triển hay thậm chí đối với cả một số nước phát triển, đi ngược lại với tinh thần tự do hoá thương mại toàn cầu. Hơn phân nửa số lượng các rào cản môi trường tương đối mới, có hiệu lực từ năm 1999, 2000. Nhiều rào cản của EU có nguồn gốc từ các biện pháp được áp dụng vào cuối những năm 80 của thế kỷ 20 cho dù đa số được đặt ra vào cuối những năm 90 của thế kỷ 20 và năm 2000. Hiện nay, một số chính sách môi trường quan trọng được thông qua ở châu Âu sẽ tạo ra thêm các rào cản môi trường. Ở Mỹ, hầu hết các rào cản được áp dụng từ giữa đến cuối những năm 90, một số xuất hiện từ năm 2000. Còn ở Nhật, các rào cản chủ yếu tồn tại từ năm 1999 [8]. Việc sử dụng ngày càng nhiều các rào cản thương mại môi trường là do các quy định môi trường ngày càng tăng. Nếu thập kỷ trước chỉ mới có các hướng dẫn (guide) thì hiện nay phạm vi sử dụng các biện pháp thương mại để bảo vệ môi trường ngày càng tăng. Ở châu Âu, các chương trình về các quy định môi trường mới được dự đoán sẽ tăng trong tương lai. Nhìn chung, hệ thống rào cản môi trường trong thương mại quốc tế rất đa dạng và được áp dụng rất khác nhau tuỳ thuộc vào điều kiện cụ thể của từng nước. Theo số liệu thống kê năm 2003 cho thấy đã có đến hơn 40 rào cản môi trường đối với thương mại quốc tế trong hơn thập kỷ qua và dự kiến sẽ có ít nhất 20 rào cản được áp dụng [15]. Hiện nay, số lượng các rào cản môi trường được POLICY Working Paper Series No. 12 S S E E X X U U A A L L I I T T Y Y E E D D U U C C A A T T I I O O N N I I N N S S C C H H O O O O L L S S : : T T H H E E I I N N T T E E R R N N A A T T I I O O N N A A L L E E X X P P E E R R I I E E N N C C E E A A N N D D I I M M P P L L I I C C A A T T I I O O N N S S F F O O R R N N I I G G E E R R I I A A by James E. Rosen Nancy J. Murray Scott Moreland June 2004 The authors presented an earlier version of this paper at the National Stakeholders Meeting on Adolescent Sexuality and Reproductive Health Education, September 17, 2003, in Abuja, Nigeria. The authors appreciate the feedback and input provided by meeting participants. POLICY’s Working Paper Series is designed to make results of technical analyses, research studies, and literature reviews quickly available to interested parties. Papers in the series have not necessarily been widely reviewed, and in some cases, are reports of work in progress. As such, comments and suggestions are welcome. The views expressed in the papers comprising this series do not necessarily reflect those of USAID. iii Table of Contents Executive Summary iv Abbreviations v Introduction 1 The Youth Reproductive Health Challenge in Nigeria 1 The Role of Schools 1 How Sexuality Education Fits into Efforts to Improve YRH 2 What Do Sexuality Education Programs Try to Achieve? 2 What Is the Policy Environment for Sexuality Education? 3 How Widespread Is School-based Sexuality Education? 4 The Effectiveness of Sexuality Education 5 Are Sexuality Education Programs Effective at Improving YRH? 5 Do School-based Sexuality Education Programs Lead Teenagers to Have Sex? 6 Do Sexuality Education Programs Promote Abstinence? 7 Are Sexuality Education Programs a Good Investment of Public Funds? 7 The Implementation Experience 8 Getting the Program Started, Keeping It Going, and Scaling Up 8 Making the Program Effective at the Individual/School Levels 11 Conclusions and Implications for Nigeria 14 References 15 iv Executive Summary Nigeria is in the early stages of carrying out its new national policy on sexuality and reproductive health education. Worldwide, school-based programs are an important element of efforts to improve the reproductive health of young people. This paper reviews the international experience and its implications for Nigeria. The main findings are as follows: Comprehensive sexuality education is effective in improving key youth reproductive health (YRH) behaviors. In a wide range of settings in both developed and developing nations, comprehensive school- based sexuality education has influenced important behaviors such as delaying sexual initiation, reducing the number of sexual partners, and increasing use of condoms among youth who are sexually active. This finding bodes well for Nigeria, a country with considerable linguistic and cultural diversity. Virtually everywhere, sexuality education is controversial and difficult to carry out on a national scale, especially while trying to maintain the quality of that education. In Nigeria, as elsewhere, such controversy and problems are to be expected. Effectively addressing the concerns of parents, teachers, and the broader community will be essential to eventual success. Despite these problems, [...]... grip to such a degree that your pull-up sets may be hampered by the forearm fatigue already incurred.Working the grip prior to pull-ups is good for the grip, but bad for the pulling group Using the concept of synergy, we can see that it is wiser to work the pulling group before the grip.This allows the pulling group the emphasis with a minor demand made on the grip.This minor demand of the grip adds to. .. will forego the talk of how the body does what it does beneath your skin and focus instead on what you need to do to let these internal processes work for you, whether you understand the science behind them or not Let’s face it, some people enjoy reading and memorizing the process of glycolysis and are fascinated by the details of the Krebs cycle and want more information on pyruvate -to- lactic acid For. .. mean fight conditioning is out of your reach? Nope The menus have been composed to bring the greatest results in the minimum of time for two reasons 1 Most of us simply do not have the time to train like an elite athlete 16 Chapter 1 2.You do not have to increase training time to get topof -the- food-chain results.You merely have to alter training efficiency to reap the same rewards Tuning a conditioning. .. training, but they are not substitutes for fight training. Your job in the gym is to train hard, get it done and then get down to the sport 17 Concepts Effectiveness Do not mistake my efficiency decree to mean that reduced training time insures fitness. That’s nonsense Efficiency is paramount, but it means nothing without effectiveness If the conditioning regimen does not do the job it claims to do, then it...Intro The other consideration is for the dabbler, the dilettante, the individual who is attracted to the sport but has no desire to play .The advice and routines offered most definitely can be used by the person whose goals are not to fight or compete on any level, but to get fit using the concepts, exercises and routines used by some of the world’s elite fighters No matter who you are... fighter, not to be the best executor of squats, the best kettlebell slinger or the best weight lifter There are separate competitions for these endeavors, and that is outside the purview of this manual Again, the focus of efficiency is to provide maximum results in minimum time so that you can increase the amount of time training for the sport or for your personal activities.You want to do squats for two... before or after your rolling session It entails filling the lungs to full capacity, holding the breath in an anaerobic state and then conditioning the diaphragmatic musculature to assist in full expulsion It is also useful for calming prematch jitters and can be used in your daily Purification, microsequencing and cloning of spinach ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase link sequence and function for the plant enzyme Christian Winkler, Britta Delvos, William Martin and Katrin Henze Institute of Botany III, University of Du ¨ sseldorf, Germany Phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes the phosphoryla- tion of d-fructose 6-phosphate to d-fructose 1,6-bis- phosphate. The enzyme has been extensively studied in a wide spectrum of prokaryotes and eukaryotes [1–7]. At least three forms of PFK are known that differ with respect to the phosphoryl donor. The classical PFK of mammals, yeast and eubacteria, a key enzyme of glyco- lysis, is ATP-dependent and subject to extensive allos- teric regulation by various metabolites [8,9]. In plants, various protists, and some prokaryotes, pyrophosphate (PP i )-dependent forms of PFK are known (EC 2.7.1.90) [10–13]. These enzymes share sequence similarity with ATP-dependent PFK (ATP-PFK) and are designated either as PP i -PFK or as pyrophosphate:fructose-6- phosphate 1-phosphotransferase. They differ markedly with respect to their regulatory properties across species. Plant PP i -PFK is subject to extensive allosteric regulation, in particular by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate [14], whereas the enzyme from various anaerobic pro- tists is not [10,15]. Notably, ATP-dependent and PP i - dependent PFKs interleave in molecular phylogenies, indicating that several independent changes of cosub- strate specificity have occurred during PFK evolution among eubacteria [16–18], among archaebacteria [2], and among eukaryotes [4]. A third form of PFK has been reported only from archaebacteria. It is ADP- dependent (ADP-PFK), belongs to the the ribokinase superfamily, typically occurs among archaebacteria that lack an Embden–Meyerhof pathway [19,20], and can accept acetyl phosphate as the phosphoryl donor [21]. Keywords ATP-PFK; sequence; subunits Correspondence K. Henze, Institute of Botany III, University of Du ¨ sseldorf, D-40225 Du ¨ sseldorf, Germany Fax: +49 211 811 3554 Tel: +49 211 811 2339 E-mail: winklech@uni-duesseldorf.de Database The sequences reported here have been submitted to the GenBank database under the accession numbers DQ437575 and DQ437576 (Received 5 October 2006, revised 7 November 2006, accepted 10 November 2006) doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05590.x Despite its importance in plant metabolism, no sequences of higher plant ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) are annotated in the databases. We have purified the enzyme from spinach leaves 309-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity. The purified enzyme was a homotetramer of 52 kDa subunits with a specific activity of 600 mUÆmg )1 and a K m value for ATP of 81 lm. The purified enzyme was not activated by phosphate, but slightly inhibited instead, suggesting that it was the chloroplast iso- form. The inclusion of adenosine 5¢-(b,c-imido)triphosphate was conducive to enzyme activitiy during the purification protocol. The sequences of eight tryptic peptides from the final protein preparation, which did not utilize pyrophosphate as a phosphoryl donor, were determined and an exactly corresponding cDNA was cloned. The sequence of enzymatically active spinach ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase suggests that a large family of genomics-derived higher plant sequences currently annotated in the data- bases as putative pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinases accord- ing to sequence similarity is misannotated with respect to ... II LIST OF AREAS ENTITLED TO THE PRIORITIZED ASSISTANCE AND CRITERIA FOR SELECTING SUBJECTS ENTITLED TO THE PRIORITIZED ASSISTANCE Article List of areas entitled to the prioritized assistance The. .. The Minister Bui Quang Vinh ANNEX I SCORING TABLE OF CRITERIA FOR SELECTING THE PRIORITIZED SUBJECTS TO ASSISTANCE (Issued with Circular No 13/ 2015/ TT-BKHDT dated 28/10 /2015 of the Ministry of. .. utilization for the Fund and Bank Is subject to the inspection and monitoring from the Fund and Bank over the loan capital utilization to carry out the approved investment project and business and production