AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON TOPICS IN SPORTS MEDICINE AND SPORTS INJURY Edited by Kenneth R. Zaslav An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury Edited by Kenneth R. Zaslav Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Dejan Grgur Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury, Edited by Kenneth R. Zaslav p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0005-8 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Physiology of Sports Medicine 1 Chapter 1 Measurement and Physiological Relevance of the Maximal Lipid Oxidation Rate During Exercise (LIPOXmax) 3 Jean-Frédéric Brun, Emmanuelle Varlet-Marie, Ahmed Jérôme Romain and Jacques Mercier Chapter 2 Glutamine and Glutamate Reference Intervals as a Clinical Tool to Detect Training Intolerance During Training and Overtraining 41 Rodrigo Hohl, Lázaro Alessandro Soares Nunes, Rafael Alkmin Reis, René Brenzikofer, Rodrigo Perroni Ferraresso, Foued Salmen Spindola and Denise Vaz Macedo Chapter 3 Physical Activity Measures in Children – Which Method to Use? 65 Juliette Hussey Chapter 4 Applicability of the Reference Interval and Reference Change Value of Hematological and Biochemical Biomarkers to Sport Science 77 Lázaro Alessandro Soares Nunes, Fernanda Lorenzi Lazarim, René Brenzikofer and Denise Vaz Macedo Chapter 5 Body Mass Bias in Exercise Physiology 99 Paul M. Vanderburgh Chapter 6 Eccentric Exercise, Muscle Damage and Oxidative Stress 113 Athanasios Z. Jamurtas and Ioannis G. Fatouros Chapter 7 Aging in Women Athletes 131 Monica C. Serra, Shawna L. McMillin and Alice S. Ryan VI Contents Chapter 8 Exercise and the Immune System – Focusing on the Effect of Exercise on Neutrophil Functions 145 Baruch Wolach Công ty Luật Minh Gia www.luatminhgia.com.vn THE PRIME MINISTER Decision No 63/2015/QD-TTg dated December 10, 2015 of the Prime Minister on policy on assistance in vocational training and job search for workers whose land is withdrawn by the State Pursuant to the Law on Organization of the Government dated December 25,2001; Pursuant to the Law on Land dated November 29, 2013; Pursuant to the Decree No 47/2014/ND-CP on compensation, assistance and relocation due to land withdrawal by the State of Vietnam dated May 25,2014 by the Government; Upon the request of the Minister of Labors –War Invalids and Social Affairs, The Prime Minister issues a decision on policies assistance in vocational training and job search for workers whose land is withdrawn Article Scope of adjustment This Decision promulgates the policy on assistance in vocational training and job search for workers whose land is withdrawn stipulated in the Article 20 and Article 21 of the Decree 47/2014/ND-CP on compensation, assistance and relocation once land is withdrawn by the State of Vietnam dated May 25, 2014 by the Government (hereinafter referred to as 47/2014/ND-CP); Article Subject of application Workers whose land is withdrawn: Households and individuals whose agricultural land is withdrawn shall be compensated in cash, calculated based on the area of the withdrawn plot under point a, b, c and Article, Clause 1, Article 19 of the Decree No 47/2014/ND-CP ( except where households or individuals are officers or workers of the State farm or the State Forestry farm who are retirees due to age, loss of health or resignation with allowance), hereinafter referred to as the workers whose agricultural land is withdrawn) Households or individuals whose residential land used for business is withdrawn must move to other places (hereinafter referred to as the workers whose commercial land is withdrawn) Article Requirements for receipt of assistance LUẬT SƯ TƯ VẤN PHÁP LUẬT 24/7: 1900 6169 Công ty Luật Minh Gia www.luatminhgia.com.vn A worker whose land is withdrawn shall receive assistance in vocational training and job search once the following conditions are satisfied: He/She needs vocational training and a job; He/she is in the working age Article Duration of assistance The worker whose land is withdrawn shall receive the assistance within 05 years from the day on which the Decision on land withdrawal is issued Article Assistance in vocational training A worker whose land is withdrawn shall receive assistance in vocational training as follows: a) Elementary training course with the duration of months or less: specified in the Decision No 46/2015/QD-TTg on assistance in short-term courses of elementary training dated September 28, 2015 by the Prime Minister; b) Vocational schools or 3-year colleges: the worker shall receive funding for the tuition fee of the course The funding for tuition fee shall be equal to the tuition fee charged by the vocational schools and shall not exceed the maximum fee of public schools as promulgated in Vietnam law The funding for tuition fee shall be taken from budgets for training, occupation changing or job searching and shall be included in the total budget for the project investment, compensation or relocation plan, which has been approved c) The worker shall take a concessional loan for students The worker whose land is withdrawn shall receive the training assistance once as regulated in this Article Article Assistance in job search in Vietnam Workers whose land is withdrawn shall receive: Complementary consultancy and job recommendation in job centers; Concessional loans from the National Employment Funds under Vietnam law Article Assistance in overseas employment under contracts The worker whose agriculture land is withdrawn shall receive assistance in working overseas under the Decree No 61/2015/ND-CP regulating policies on LUẬT SƯ TƯ VẤN PHÁP LUẬT 24/7: 1900 6169 Công ty Luật Minh Gia www.luatminhgia.com.vn assistance in job search and the National Employment Funds dated July 07, 2015 by the Government The worker land is withdrawn shall receive the same assistance as those who agricultural land is withdrawn The funding for contractual workers in overseas prescribed in Clause and Clause of this Article shall be funded from the budgets for training, occupation changing or job searching and this funding shall be included in the total budget for the approved project investment, compensation or relocation The worker whose land is withdrawn shall receive loans at the concessional interest rate from the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies for working abroad The maximum amount of loan shall be equal to the total of necessary amount payable by the worker for overseas employment, which varies from according each foreign country The interest rate of this loan shall be the same as that of loans for the poverty at every period and regulated by the State The maximum loan term shall be equal to the duration of contract of the ...Proceedings of the ACL-HLT 2011 Student Session, pages 30–35, Portland, OR, USA 19-24 June 2011. c 2011 Association for Computational Linguistics A Latent Topic Extracting Method based on Events in a Document and its Application Risa Kitajima Ochanomizu University kitajima.risa@is.ocha.ac.jp Ichiro Kobayashi Ochanomizu University koba@is.ocha.ac.jp Abstract Recently, several latent topicanalysis methods such as LSI, pLSI, and LDA have been widely used for text analysis. However, those meth- ods basicallyassign topics to words, but do not account for the events in a document. With this background, in this paper, we propose a latent topic extracting method which assigns topics to events. We also show that our pro- posed method is useful togenerate a document summary based on a latent topic. 1 Introduction Recently, several latent topic analysis methods such as Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) (Deerwester et al., 1990), Probabilistic LSI (pLSI) (Hofmann, 1999), and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) (Blei et al., 2003) have been widely used for text analy- sis. However, those methods basically assign top- ics to words, but do not account for the events in a document. Here, we define a unit of informing the content of document at the level of sentence as an “Event” 1 , and propose a model that treats a docu- ment as a set of Events. We use LDA as a latent topic analysis method, and assign topics to Events in a document. To examine our proposed method’s performance on extracting latent topics from a doc- ument, we compare the accuracy of our method to that of the conventional methods through a common document retrieval task. Furthermore, as an appli- cation of our method, we apply it to a query-biased document summarization (Tombros and Sanderson, 1 For the definition of an Event, see Section 3. 1998; Okumura and Mochizuki, 2000; Berger and Mittal, 2000) to verify that the method is useful for various applications. 2 Related Studies Suzuki et al. (2010) proposed a flexible latent top- ics inference in which topics are assigned to phrases in a document. Matsumoto et al. (2005) showed that the accuracy of document classification will be improved by introducing a feature dealing with the dependency relationships among words. In case of assigning topics to words, it is likely that two documents, which have the same word fre- quency in themselves, tend to be estimated as they have the same topic probablistic distribution without considering the dependency relation among words. However, there are many cases where the relation- ship among words is regarded as more important rather than the frequency of words as the feature identifying the topics of a document. For example, in case of classifying opinions to objects in a doc- ument, we have to identify what sort of opinion is assigned to the target objects, therefore, we have to focus on the relationship among words in a sentence, not only on the frequent words appeared in a docu- ment. For this reason, we propose a method to as- sign topics to Events instead of words. As for studies on document summarization, there are various methods, such as the method based on word frequency (Luhn, 1958; Nenkova and Van- derwende, 2005), and the method based on a graph (Radev, 2004; Wan and Yang, 2006). Moreover, several methods using a latent topic model have been proposed (Bing et al., 2005; Arora and Guidance on Cancer Services Improving Supportive and Palliative Care for Adults with Cancer The Manual National Institute for Clinical Excellence NHS Improving Supportive and Palliative Care for Adults with Cancer Cancer service guidance supports the implementation of The NHS Cancer Plan for England, 1 and the NHS Plan for Wales Improving Health in Wales. 2 The service guidance programme was initiated in 1995 to follow on from the Calman-Hine Report, A Policy Framework for Commissioning Cancer Services. 3 The focus of the cancer service guidance is to guide the commissioning of services and is therefore different from clinical practice guidelines. Health services in England and Wales have organisational arrangements in place for securing improvements in cancer services and those responsible for their operation should take this guidance into account when planning, commissioning and organising services for cancer patients. The recommendations in the guidance concentrate on aspects of services that are likely to have significant impact on health outcomes. Both the objectives and resource implications of implementing the recommendations are considered. This guidance can be used to identify gaps in local provision and to check the appropriateness of existing services. References 1. Department of Health (2001) The NHS Cancer Plan . Available from: www .doh.gov.uk/cancer/cancerplan.htm 2. National Assembly for Wales (2001) Improving Health in Wales: A Plan for the NHS and its Partners. Available from: www.wales.gov.uk/healthplanonline/health_plan/content/nhsplan-e.pdf 3. A Policy Framework for Commissioning Cancer Services : A Report by the Expert Advisory Group on Cancer to the Chief Medical Officers of England and Wales (1995). Available from: www .doh.gov.uk/cancer/pdfs/calman-hine.pdf National Institute for Clinical Excellence MidCity Place 71 High Holborn London WC1V 6NA Web: www .nice.org.uk ISBN: 1-84257-579-1 Copies of this document can be obtained from the NHS Response Line by telephoning 0870 1555455 and quoting reference N0474. Bilingual information for the public has been published, reference N0476, and a CD with all documentation including the research evidence on which the guidance is based is also available, reference N0475. Published by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence March 2004 © National Institute for Clinical Excellence March 2004. All rights reserved. This material may be freely reproduced for educational and not-for-profit purposes within the NHS. No reproduction by or for commercial organisations is permitted without the express written permission of the Institute. This guidance is written in the following context: This guidance is a part of the Institute’s inherited work programme. It was commissioned by the Department of Health before the Institute was formed in April 1999. The developers have worked with the Institute to ensure that the guidance has been subjected to validation and consultation with stakeholders. The recommendations are based on the research evidence that addresses clinical effectiveness and service delivery. While cost impact has been calculated for the main recommendations, formal cost-effectiveness studies have not been performed. Guidance on Cancer Services Improving Supportive and Palliative Care for Adults with Cancer The Manual [...]... national voluntary organisations • enhanced provision of supportive and RESEA R C H Open Access Generalized cerebral atrophy seen on MRI in a naturally exposed animal model for creutzfeldt- jakob disease Alexia L McKnight 1*† , Lawrence A Minkoff 2† , Diane L Sutton 3 , Bruce V Thomsen 4 , Perry L Habecker 5 , Raymond W Sweeney 6 , Gary Smith 7 , Constantin A Dasanu 8 , Thomas E Ichim 9 , Doru T Alexandrescu 10 , Joel M Stutman 11† Abstract Background: Magnetic resonance imaging has been used in the diagnosis of human prion diseases such as sCJD and vCJD, but patients are scanned only when clinical signs appear, often at the late stage of disease. This study attempts to answer the questions “Could MRI detect prion diseases before clinical symptoms appear?, and if so, with what confidence?” Methods: Scrapie, the prion disease of sheep, was chosen for the study because sheep can fit into a human sized MRI scanner (and there were no large animal MRI scanners at the time of this study), and because the USDA had, at the time of the study, a sizeable sample of scrapie exposed sheep, which we were able to use for this purpose. 111 genetically susceptible sheep that were naturally exposed to scrapie were used in this study. Results: Our MRI findings revealed no clear, consistent hyperintense or hypointense signal changes in the brain on either clinically affected or asymptomatic positive animals on any sequence. However, in all 37 PrP Sc positive sheep (28 asymptomatic and 9 symptomatic), there was a greater ventricle to cerebrum area ratio on MRI compared to 74 PrP Sc negative sheep from the scrapie exposed flock and 6 control sheep from certified scrapie free flocks as defined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that MRI imaging can detect diffuse cerebral atrophy in asymptomatic and symptomatic sheep infected with scrapie. Nine of these 37 positive sheep, including 2 one-year old animals, were PrP Sc positive only in lymph tissues but PrP Sc negative in the brain. Th is suggests either 1) that the cerebral atrophy/neuronal loss is not directly related to the accumulation of PrP Sc within the brain or 2) that the amount of PrP Sc in the brain is below the dete ctable limits of the utilized immunohistochemistry assay. The significance of these findings remains to be confirmed in human subjects with CJD. Background Scrapie was first reported in 1730 in sheep and goats and is the longest known transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) [1]. In the past two decades, TSEs have received much attention since ingestion of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infected beef was cau- sally linked to the variant form of CJD (vCJD) [2]. These TSE diseases are progressively debilitating and invariably fatal neurodegenerative diseases that hav e very long incubation periods and unique neuropathological changes. The most widely accepted cause of the TSE diseases is an abnormal prion protein, identified as PrP Sc in the case of scrapie, which is a stereoisomer of the normal prion protein (PrP C ). Ante-mortem diagnosis of the TSE diseases, in gen- eral, has proven to be quite challenging. MRI has been useful in CJD patients – with both the sporadic and var- iant forms. It is helpful in the exclusion of other neuro- degenerative diseases as well as, in some cases, the positive diagnosis of sCJD or vCJD [3-6]. For example, * Correspondence: alexia@mcknightinsight.com † Contributed equally 1 Assistant Professor of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article THE PRIME MINISTER SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence - Freedom - Happiness - No: 12/QD-TTg Hanoi, January 06, 2017 DECISION ON APPROVAL FOR “SCHEME FOR DETERIMINATION OF DAMAGE, COMPENSATION AND ASSISTANCE IN BUSINESS RECOVERY AND SOCIAL SECURITY FOR MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL INCIDENT - AFFECTED RESIDENTS IN HA TINH, QUANG BINH, QUANG TRI AND THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCES” THE PRIME MINISTER Pursuant to the Law on Government organization dated June 19, 2015; Upon request by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural development, HEREBY DECIDES: Article To approve the “scheme for determination of damage, compensation and assistance in production and social security for maritime environmental incident - affected residents in Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue provinces” which is specified as follows: A TARGETS Determine the severity and scope of damage, affected subjects and amount of compensation; give compensation to affected residents in maritime environmental incident-affected provinces Ensure the environment hygiene, community health and seafood safety Recover production and business, make a shift in occupations and ensure the social security Ensure the marine environment, recover and replenish aquatic resources and ecosystems as habitat for aquatic animals Effectively monitor, supervise and give warnings about marine environment in those provinces Ensure social order, safety and security B PRINCIPLES Declaration , statistics, assessment, compensation for damage and implementation of assistance policies shall be duly carried out in accordance with regulations of laws in the presence of affected residents , the community and the government ; ensure the fairness, openness, transparency and punctuality according to the reality, scope and severity of damage C SCOPE Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue provinces ( hereinafter referred to as “4 provinces”) D CONTENTS I EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE FOR RESIDENTS Emergency assistance policies shall be implemented as stipulated in the Prime Minister’s Decision No.772/QD-TTg dated May 09, 2016 and Decision No.1138/QD-TTg dated June 25, 2016 on emergency assistance for residents in Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue who are affected by mass aquatic animal death Give a price subsidy of 20% of the seafood market price to residents in Quang Binh province from April 30, 2014 to May 15, 2016 inclusive under the Prime Minister’s Directive No.432/TBVPCP dated December 25, 2016 II DETERMINATION OF DAMAGE AND COMPENSATION Affected entities a) In the field of catching - Owners and workers onboard ships, whether or not powered by engine of less than 90CV, who directly net on sea, estuaries and lagoons, have registered the permanent address and actually go catching in those provinces, suspending their catching activities to maritime accidents - Owners and workers onboard ships powered by main propulsion machinery of at least 90 CV whose their permanent address and ships are registered in one of such 04 provinces , actually operating in maritime environmental incident-affected sea from April 06,, 2016 to ... Decision on land withdrawal is issued Article Assistance in vocational training A worker whose land is withdrawn shall receive assistance in vocational training as follows: a) Elementary training. .. Luật Minh Gia www.luatminhgia.com.vn A worker whose land is withdrawn shall receive assistance in vocational training and job search once the following conditions are satisfied: He/She needs vocational. .. report to the Prime Minister on the status of vocational training and job search for workers whose land is withdrawn The Ministry of Planning and Investment shall take charge of and cooperate with