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About the pagination of this eBook Due to the unique page numbering scheme of this book, the electronic pagination of the eBook does not match the pagination of the printed version. To navigate the text, please use the electronic Table of Contents that appears alongside the eBook or the Search function. For citation purposes, use the page numbers that appear in the text. In this book, you will: discover interesting things about shapes. learn new words. answer fun questions. play a shape matching game. find more shape activities at the back of the book. 7 7 C HICAGO L ONDON N EW D ELHI P ARIS S EOUL S YDNEY T AIPEI T OKYO S H P A E S BRITANNICA LIBRARY D I S C O V E R Y 3 Slowly a plant takes shape from the seed as it’s warmed by the sun and watered by rain. Just as the plant changes shape as it grows, your shape will change too, again and again! 2 Deep in the earth lies a tiny seed. The shape of this seed is round. The seed will burst open and become something new as it grows beneath the ground. 5 How many of the shapes on these pages can you name? 4 Think of cars and boats, animals and toys. All of these things have their own shapes. We can recognize many things in our world by their shapes. 76 Some things can be many different shapes. There are so many cars on the road, but the cars don’t all look the same. They are different shapes. But they are all still cars. Look at the boats and bicycles moving by. They are all different shapes too! 9 But it might have a very different shape than houses in other parts of the world. Which of these houses would you like to live in? 8 Houses also have many different shapes. Your house may look a lot like the other houses in your neighborhood. Do any of these houses look like yours? Tell a story about people living in one of these houses. 11 Can you match the big leaves shown here with the tree that they belong to? 10 Look closely at the different trees shown here. They are all different shapes. But the leaves on each tree have the same shape. 13 Blow up a balloon and just like that, you’ve got a balloon that’s big and fat! Bubble gum gets soft and gooey as soon as you start to chew it. 12 Ice cubes melt when the air is warm. The clouds change shape before a storm. Some things stay the same shape unless something happens to change them. 15 On some nights, the moon looks as round as a ball. Other times it looks curved. Many shapes have special names. These names help us to talk about the world around us. Look around the room you are in. How many shapes can you name? 14 The windows in your house may all be square. The front door is probably a rectangle. CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM CÔNG TY CP SƠN HÀ SÀI GÒN - Độc lập - Tự - Hạnh phúc o0o -TP HCM, ngày 08 tháng 04 năm 2015 TỜ TRÌNH V/v: Phương án phân phối lợi nhuận sau thuế năm 2014 Kính gửi: Quý vị cổ đông Công ty Cổ phần Sơn Hà Sài Gòn - Căn Luật Doanh nghiệp số 60/2005/QH11 Quốc hội nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam khóa XI thông qua ngày 29/11/2005; - Căn Điều lệ Tổ chức Hoạt động Công ty CP Sơn Hà Sài Gòn sửa đổi lần Đại hội đồng Cổ đông Công ty CP Sơn Hà Sài Gòn thông qua ngày 20/04/2013; Căn vào Báo cáo Tài năm 2014 Công ty TNHH Kiểm toán Tư vấn (A&C) kiểm toán; - Hội đồng Quản trị Công ty CP Sơn Hà Sài Gòn kính trình Đại hội đồng Cổ đông thường niên năm 2015 thông qua phương án phân phối lợi nhuận sau thuế sau: Theo Báo cáo Tài năm 2014 A&C kiểm toán Doanh thu 444,333,841,804 Lợi nhuận trước thuế 13.219.435.957 Lợi nhuận sau thuế 10.168.337.147 Phương án phân phối Chỉ tiêu Quỹ Đầu tư phát triển Tiêu chí phân phối 4% lợi nhuận sau thuế Giá trị 406.733.486 Quỹ Dự phòng tài 2% lợi nhuận sau thuế 203.366.743 Quỹ khen thưởng, phúc lợi 1% lợi nhuận sau thuế 101.683.371 500 đồng/cổ phiếu 4.000.000.000 Cổ tức Chi thù lao HĐQT BKS 276.000.000 Lợi nhuận năm 2014 để lại 5.180.553.547 Hội đồng Quản trị kính trình Đại hội đồng cổ đông thông qua Phương án phân phối lợi nhuận chi cổ tức tiền mặt sau đại hội Cổ đông thông qua Nơi nhận: - Như trên; - Lưu HCNS TM HỘI ĐỒNG QUẢN TRỊ Chủ tịch (Đã ký) Lê Hoàng Hà PLUS: Biotech Fights Bacterial Swarms Beyond Supercomputing Tropical Fish Hunters Kill Coral Reefs JULY 2001 $4.95 WWW.SCIAM.COM FROZEN LIGHT FOR COMPUTING ■ CHAOS & MOLECULAR MOTORS Shattering Myths about HYPNOSIS Copyright 2001 Scientific American, Inc. contents 66 The physics of stopping light july 2001 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Volume 285 Number 1 features COMPUTING 38 How to Build a Hypercomputer BY THOMAS STERLING Hybrid designs accelerate computing to more than a quadrillion operations per second. PSYCHOLOGY 46 The Truth and the Hype of Hypnosis BY MICHAEL R. NASH Often denigrated as fakery, hypnosis has genuine therapeutic uses, especially for pain control. NANOTECHNOLOGY 56 Making Molecules into Motors BY R. DEAN ASTUMIAN The most common motors in nature are molecular ratchets driven by chaotic turbulence. PHYSICS 66 Frozen Light BY LENE VESTERGAARD HAU Halting photons paves the way for quantum computing and tabletop black holes. BIOTECH 74 Battling Biofilms BY J. W. COSTERTON AND PHILIP S. STEWART Defeating the toughest infections begins with recognizing that bacteria aren’t loners: they often live in complex communities called biofilms. CONSERVATION 82 Fishy Business BY SARAH SIMPSON Poisons used to catch tropical fish for home aquariums devastate coral reefs. www.sciam.com Copyright 2001 Scientific American, Inc. 4 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN JULY 2001 departments 6 SA Perspectives Air traffic control fails to live up to its name. 8 How to Contact Us 8 On the Web 10 Letters 16 50, 100 & 150 Years Ago 18 News Scan ■ Fertilizers and the dead zone. ■ Fuel cells for cell phones. ■ Alcohol: Here’s to your health? ■ Male bonding among chimps. ■ Napoleon’s revenge: Americans stop growing. ■ Solar sail sinks but rises again. ■ By the Numbers: Drying out the West. ■ Data Points: Scientists’ hidden financial ties. 31 Innovations To design optical fibers for the future’s cities, Corning relies on old-fashioned structured teamwork. 33 Staking Claims Finding snipers by sound. 36 Profile: Christof Koch A neurobiologist on a quest for the roots of human consciousness. 90 Working Knowledge Protecting skin from the summer sun. 92 Voyages Kitt Peak National Observatory offers the chance to spy on the universe from a mountaintop. 95 Reviews Evolution’s Workshop considers the parade of sailors, scientists, poachers and eccentrics who have visited the Galápagos Islands. 24 33 29 Cover photographs: Beth Phillips (watch) and VCG/FPG (watch chain); preceding page: Chip Simons; this page, clockwise from top left: Eve Townson, FPG; Quest/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; John McFaul SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Volume 285 Number 1 34 Skeptic BY MICHAEL SHERMER Stars and Starbucks in the Forbidden City. 97 Puzzling Adventures BY DENNIS E. SHASHA Seeing red, feeling blue. 98 Anti Gravity BY STEVE MIRSKY The sun sets on the British UFO empire. 99 Endpoints columns Copyright 2001 Scientific American, Inc. NASA recently flight-tested an advanced jet engine able to reach seven times the speed of sound. Talk was heard of hypersonic airliners zooming from New York City to Los Angeles in 45 minutes. If such a flight were made today, however, chances are good that the plane would be forced to circle over LAX for a few hours before it could be cleared to land. As the numbers of airline passengers and flights increase, the nation’s air traffic control (ATC) system is being stretched beyond its limits. With one in four flights expected to be late to the gate this summer, fly- ing has become one of the more consistently annoying aspects of modern American life. Estimates indicate that delays cost airlines and air travelers some $5 billion in lost productivity every year. Along with inadequate runway Working with SharePoint Pages 39 in the following section, but for now you should be aware that any library and list created can also be used on just about any page in a site. Users may find it useful to have a Web Part that lists newly uploaded documents or recent announcements directly on the company’s intranet home page. List view Web Parts are also particularly useful in that they are directly tied to the list from which they are created. This also gives users the flexibility to update information on a web page without having to actually edit the content of the page itself — the List view Web Part is all maintained in the list itself. Another benefit of being able to use a List view Web Part is that it offers all the flex- ibility of being able to display any views created for the list, as well as have its own views created specifically for it. For example, you could create a list of events whose default view is a Calendar view when the list is open, and at the same time you can have the same list displayed on a web page, but in a Standard view format. Yet another use for these List view Web Parts is the capability to display more than one instance of the same list on a page, with each instance displaying a different view. Or, you can even display many lists on a page, making it easy to compare information between lists. Perhaps you have a document library with specific views created that display only certain documents at a time. You can have two Web Parts of the document library on a web page, and set each Web Part to a unique view, so each shows different documents. When any documents that meet the criteria in the views are added to or removed from the library, the Web Parts on the web page will automatically reflect the changes. WORKING WITH SHAREPOINT PAGES Now that you know quite a bit about how lists and libraries work in SharePoint, this section describes how the new SharePoint 2010 interface has changed and improved the page-editing experience. When browsing a SharePoint page, you are actually seeing the compilation of many different com- ponents all quickly rendered by the server and served to the browser. The two main components of a SharePoint page are the master page and the page layout. In very basic terms, the master page is the container for the overall site layout. It holds the basic structure of the site, such as the location of the navigation, search, and the Ribbon. It also houses the page layout, which is generally the main body of the page and contains the page’s content. Refer to Chapter 23 for more detailed information on master pages and page layouts. When you are editing a SharePoint page in the browser, you are actually working with the page layout to add content to the site. The page-editing experience in SharePoint 2010 is a little different from that found in previous ver- sions. Again, the Ribbon plays a major part in editing a page — in fact, it’s probably used even more extensively when editing a page than when working with lists and libraries. Fortunately, the Ribbon has been very tightly integrated with the page-editing experience, to the point that many users will likely find that adding content to a SharePoint page is not much different from working in Microsoft Word. Just like the Office clients, the Ribbon is also contextual when working with various items. Different options appear in the Ribbon when working with a picture than when working with a List view Web Part, for instance. Before you can even begin working extensively with the Ribbon, however, you need to first begin to edit the page. 40 CHAPTER 2 the NeW aNd imProved User exPerieNce When browsing a page normally, the Ribbon is very discreet. Only the Browse and Page tabs are visible; the Ribbon menu itself is collapsed. By default, the Browse tab is selected. Next to these tabs is the Edit Page icon, which looks like a pencil on a piece of paper (see Figure 2-18). Clicking this icon is only one Lớp trừu tượng giao diện Ôn tập lại cũ • Lớp đối tượng • Constructor Destructor • Garbage Collector • Phương thức(Method) • Chồng phương thức(Method Overloading) • Chông toán tử(Operator Overloading) • Access modifier (phạm vi truy xuất) • Từ khóa ref out Nội dung trình bày • Phương thức trừu tượng • Lớp sở trừu tượng(Abstract base class) • Interface(giao diện) • Multiple Interface • Explicit Interface • Interface Inheritance • Tại lại dùng interface • So sánh abstract base class Interface Subject name / Session# / of Totalpage Lớp trừu tượng giao diện Phương thức trừu tượng • Là phương thức mà phần cài đặt(chỉ có phần khai báo nguyên mẫu mà phần thân) • Cú pháp để khai báo: đặt từ kháo abstract trước phần khai báo phương thức(không viết thân phương thức) • Ví dụ: // ý phần thân phương thức public abstract void someMethod(); Lớp trừu tượng giao diện Lớp trừu tượng • Lớp trừu tượng lớp gồm nhiều phương thức trừu tượng • Không thể khởi tạo đối tượng cho lớp trừu tượng // Ví dụ câu lệnh sau có lỗi MyAbstractClass a1 = new MyAbstractClass(); • Một lớp khác cài đặt phương thức lớp trừu tượng • Ví dụ DEMO lớp trừu tượng Lớp trừu tượng giao diện Khi sử dụng phương thức trừu tượng lớp trừu tượng? • Khi hai nhiều lớp muốn cài đặt phương thức tên phương thức lớp lại thực công việc khác nhau(tính đa hình) − Các lớp kế thừa cài đặt phương thức lớp sở • Trong lập trình hướng đối tượng, lớp trừu tượng thường đặt mức đỉnh sơ đồ phân cấp lớp kề thừa Lớp trừu tượng giao diện Interface gì? • Là lớp trừu tượng hoàn toàn có nghĩa chứa abstract method • Không thể khởi tạo đối tượng cho Interface • Một interface nằm namspace, nằm class(nếu nằm class phải đặt public) • Trong interface gồm thành phần: − Abstract method − Properties − Indexers − Event Lớp trừu tượng giao diện • Cú pháp khai báo: interface IFile { int delFile(); void disFile(); } • Chú ý interface đặt lớp phải đặt từ khóa public trước interface Lớp trừu tượng giao diện Cài đặt interface • Interface cài đặt lớp • Một lời cài đặt interface phải cài đặt tất phương thức lớp • Cú pháp: • Ví dụ DEMO Lớp trừu tượng giao diện Multiple Interface • Ngôn ngữ C# cho phép lớp cài đặt nhiều Interface Explicit Interface • Khi lớp mà cài đặt interface có phương thức giống phải tên interface chưa phương thức cần cài đặt Interface Inherintace: Một interface kế thừa nhiều Interface • Ví dụ DEMO Multiple interface Explicit Interface Lớp trừu tượng giao diện Tại lại dùng interface • Có lớp quan hệ với cài đặt phương thức giống • Sử dụng đa kế thừa • Che dấu thông tin(encapsulation) Lớp trừu tượng giao diện So sánh Abstract base class Interface • Tất phương thức interface abstract method, phương thức abstract base class abstract method • Trong lớp Abstract base class chứa fields, constructor, destructor, interface không • Không thể tạo đối tượng(Instantiating object) Abstract class Interface Lớp trừu tượng giao diện Tổng kết • Phương thức trừu tượng • Lớp sở trừu tượng(Abstract base class) • Interface(giao diện) • Multiple Interface • Explicit Interface • Interface Inheritance • Tại lại dùng interface • So sánh abstract base class Interface [...]... dùng interface • C đư c c c lớp không c quan hệ với nhau c ng c i đặt c c phương th c giống nhau • Sử dụng đa kế thừa • Che dấu thông tin(encapsulation) Lớp trừu tượng và giao diện So sánh Abstract base class và Interface • Tất c c c phương th c trong interface là abstract method, trong khi đó phương th c trong abstract OpenGL 4.0 Shading Language Cookbook Over 60 highly focused, practical recipes to maximize your use of the OpenGL Shading Language David Wolff BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI OpenGL 4.0 Shading Language Cookbook Copyright © 2011 Packt Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information First published: July 2011 Production Reference: 1180711 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd 32 Lincoln Road Olton Birmingham, B27 6PA, UK ISBN 978-1-849514-76-7 www.packtpub.com Cover Image by Fillipo (filosarti@tiscali.it) Credits Author David Wolff Reviewers Martin Christen Nicolas Delalondre Markus Pabst Project Coordinator Srimoyee Ghoshal Proofreader Bernadette Watkins Indexer Hemangini Bari Brandon Whitley Graphics Acquisition Editor Usha Iyer Development Editor Chris Rodrigues Technical Editors Kavita Iyer Azharuddin Sheikh Copy Editor Neha Shetty Nilesh Mohite Valentina J D’silva Production Coordinators Kruthika Bangera Adline Swetha Jesuthas Cover Work Kruthika Bangera About the Author David Wolff is an associate professor in the Computer Science and Computer Engineering Department at Pacific Lutheran University (PLU) He received his PhD in Physics from Oregon State University He has a passion for computer graphics and the intersection between art and science He has been teaching computer graphics to undergraduates at PLU for over 10 years, using OpenGL Special thanks to Brandon Whitley for interesting discussions and helpful insights during the writing of this book His help has been incredibly valuable Thanks also to all of the reviewers and editors for their help I'd also like to thank my parents for a lifetime of support, love and encouragement About the Reviewers Martin Christen graduated with a Computer Science degree Today, he is a senior research associate at the Institute of Geomatics Engineering of the University of Applied Sciences Northwestern (FHNW) Switzerland He is the lead developer of the open source virtual globe engine (http://www.openwebglobe.org) Previously, he was software developer in the fields of 3D geoinformation and in 3D computer game development His main research interests are GPU-programming, parallel computing, terrain-rendering, and 3D graphics engine architecture Nicolas Delalondre has been working on 3D computer graphics software for more than ten years mainly in OpenGL on desktop and mobile devices Currently, he is a freelance developer at Digital Mind and an associate at Rhino Terrain where he develops geomodeling and meshing algorithms Before joining Rhino Terrain, Nicolas was a 3D software engineer at Bionatics, a French startup, developing OpenGL engine and algorithms for geographic information system (GIS) Prior to working with Bionatics, he worked for INRIA (French research institute in computer science) in the radiosity field Nicolas has a Master's degree in Computer Science from EFREI, France Markus Pabst has been working with OpenGL since 2002 He works in the digital mapping industry and has worked with the desktop and embedded versions of OpenGL Since 2007, he has been leading a team of software engineers developing an embedded OpenGL-based cockpit display system