Cỏc trang th loi Vi sinh hc Mc lc C c lc ca vi khun 1.1 Cỏc yu t bỏm dớnh 1.2 Kh nng xõm nhp 1.3 V vi khun 1.4 Vỏch t bo vi khun 1.5 Cỏc c t 1.6 Kh nng ký sinh ni bo 1.7 khỏng khỏng sinh 1.8 Trin vng nghiờn cu v iu tr 1.9 am kho 1.10 am kho Euryaraeota 2.1 Xem thờm 2.2 am kho 2.3 c thờm 2.3.1 Tp khoa hc 2.3.2 Sỏch khoa hc Liờn kt ngoi 2.4 Hans Christian Gram 3.1 Nhum Gram 3.2 Cụng vic khỏc 3.3 am kho Huy ng Leeuwenhoek 4.1 Ngun 4.2 am kho Huy ng Robert Ko 10 5.1 Nhng ngi ot huy chng 10 5.2 Xem thờm 11 5.3 am kho 11 5.4 Liờn kt ngoi 11 i ii MC LC Kh trựng 12 6.1 K thut vụ trựng 12 6.2 it b vụ trựng 12 6.3 Cỏc phng phỏp kh trựng 12 6.3.1 X lý bng nhit 12 6.3.2 Phng phỏp tit trựng Pasteur 13 6.3.3 Phng phỏp lc 13 6.3.4 Dit trựng bng bc x 13 6.3.5 Phng phỏp hoỏ hc 13 6.4 am kho 14 6.5 mc 14 Lờn men 15 7.1 T nguyờn 16 7.2 ỏ trỡnh lờn men 16 7.2.1 7.3 y mụ phũng thớ nghim 16 am kho 16 Liờn on c t cỏc Hip hi Vi sinh hc 17 8.1 Mc tiờu 17 8.2 T chc 17 8.3 Hot ng 17 8.4 am kho 17 8.5 Xem thờm 17 8.6 Liờn kt ngoi 17 NF-B 9.1 18 9.0.1 Cu to 18 9.0.2 Cỏc tớn hiu hot húa NF-kB 18 9.0.3 Yu t c ch NF-kB 19 9.0.4 Vai trũ ca NF-kB 19 9.0.5 NF-kB vi kớch thớch ụxy húa 19 9.0.6 am kho 19 am kho 19 10 Penicillin 20 10.1 Dựng y hc 20 10.2 Cu trỳc 20 10.3 Sinh tng hp 20 10.4 ỏ trỡnh ngu nhiờn tỡm penicillin 21 10.5 a penicillin thc tin v sn xut hng lot 21 10.6 Tớnh nng ca penicillin 21 10.7 Tỏc dng ph 22 MC LC iii 10.8 Chỳ thớch 22 10.9 Ti liu 22 10.10 Liờn kt ngoi 22 11 Phng thc ln trỏnh d ca mm bnh 23 11.1 ay i khỏng nguyờn 23 11.1.1 a dng bin th 23 11.1.2 S dng khỏng th trung hũa 23 11.1.3 Sp xp li b gen 24 11.2 Sinh sn 24 11.3 Chng li s phỏ hy/s dng c ch phũng th ca vt ch 25 11.4 ỏp ng dch 26 11.4.1 To s phỏt sinh mm bnh 26 11.4.2 Gúp phn vo sinh bnh hc 26 11.5 Tng kt 27 11.6 ut ng 28 11.7 am kho 29 11.8 am kho 29 12 Probiotic 30 12.1 Khỏi nim 30 12.2 Mt s loi Probiotics ph bin 31 12.2.1 Khun Bidobacterium 31 12.2.2 Khun Lactobacillus 31 12.3 Cỏch phõn bit Chi - Loi - Chng vi khun 31 12.4 Vai trũ ca probiotic 31 12.4.1 Tỏc ng khỏng khun 31 12.4.2 Tỏc ng trờn mụ biu bỡ rut 32 12.4.3 Tỏc ng dch 32 12.4.4 Tỏc ng n vi khun ng rut 32 12.4.5 Mt s vai trũ khỏc i vi c th 32 12.5 Li ớch 32 12.6 Khuyn ngh 32 12.7 ng dng 32 12.7.1 Trong nụng nghip 32 12.7.2 Trong thc phm v y hc 33 12.8 Cỏc dng v mt s sn phm 33 12.8.1 Cỏc dng 33 12.8.2 Mt s sn phm 33 12.9 Xem thờm 34 12.10 am kho 34 12.11 Chỳ thớch 34 iv MC LC 13 Sinh vt hiu khớ 35 13.1 Cỏc loi 35 13.2 Oxy húa glucose 35 35 13.4 am kho 35 13.5 Xem thờm 36 13.6 Liờn kt ngoi 36 13.3 Ch dn 14 Sinh vt hiu khớ bt buc 37 14.1 Vớ d 37 14.2 Xem thờm 37 14.3 am kho 37 15 Sinh vt hiu khớ ung ớt 38 15.1 Mụi trng sng 38 15.2 Vớ d 38 15.3 Xem thờm 38 15.4 am kho 38 15.5 Liờn kt ngoi 39 16 Sinh vt nhõn s 40 16.1 Cỏc c trng 40 16.2 Phõn loi 40 16.3 Hỡnh nh 41 16.4 am kho 41 16.5 Xem thờm 41 16.6 Liờn kt ngoi 41 17 Sinh vt ym khớ 42 17.1 Phõn loi 42 17.2 Chuyn húa nng lng 42 43 17.4 Sinh vt a bo 43 17.5 Mt s ng dng c bit 43 17.5.1 Cụng ngh vi sinh 43 17.5.2 X lý ụ nhim phúng x urani 43 43 17.7 am kho 43 17.8 Xem thờm 43 17.9 Liờn kt ngoi 43 17.3 Cỏc dng hụ hp 17.6 Ch dn 18 Staphylococcus aureus 18.1 Lch s phỏt hin 44 44 MC LC v 18.2 Mụi trng sng 44 18.3 Nhim trựng Staphylococcus aureus 44 18.4 c im 45 18.4.1 c im chung 45 18.4.2 c im sinh húa 46 18.5 Cỏc yu t c lc ca Staphylococcus aureus 46 18.5.1 Cỏc yu t c lc bờn ngoi 46 18.5.2 Cỏc loi c t 47 18.5.3 H gen 48 18.6 Hỡnh nh 48 18.7 Chỳ thớch 48 18.8 am kho 48 19 T cu khun 49 19.1 Coagulase 49 19.2 T cu khun cú men coagulase (t cu vng) 49 19.2.1 c tớnh v cỏc yu t c lc 50 19.2.2 Cỏc yu t c lc ngoi bo 50 19.2.3 Vai trũ ca t cu vng lõm sng 50 19.2.4 Dch t hc v phũng bnh 51 19.3 T cu khụng cú men coagulase 51 19.4 am kho 52 19.5 am kho 52 20 Vi khun c 53 20.1 Phõn loi 20.1.1 Mt vc mi 53 53 20.1.2 S phõn loi hin 54 20.2 Ngun gc v tin húa 55 20.2.1 Vi khun c v sinh vt nhõn chun 55 20.3 Hỡnh thỏi 55 20.4 Cu to v hot ng 56 20.4.1 Mng t bo 56 20.4.2 nh t bo v tiờn mao 57 20.5 Trao i cht 57 58 20.7 Sinh sn 58 20.8 Sinh thỏi 59 20.8.1 Mụi trng sng 59 20.8.2 Vai trũ chu trỡnh húa hc 60 20.8.3 Tng tỏc vi cỏc loi khỏc 60 20.9 Vai trũ cụng nghip v k thut 61 20.6 Di truyn vi MC LC 20.10 Chỳ thớch 61 20.11 c thờm 67 20.12 Liờn kt ngoi 67 21 Vi khun lu hunh tớa 68 21.1 Xem thờm 68 21.2 am kho 68 22 Vi sinh vt 22.0.1 c im chung 69 69 22.1 Hỡnh nh 70 22.2 am kho 70 23 Vi sinh vt hc 71 23.1 am kho 71 23.2 Ngun, ngi úng gúp, v giy phộp cho bn v hỡnh nh 72 23.2.1 Vn bn 72 23.2.2 Hỡnh nh 73 23.2.3 Giy phộp ni dung 76 Chng C ch c lc ca vi khun C c lc ca vi khun l phng thc phỏt ng quỏ trỡnh nhim trựng v gõy bnh ca vi khun nng bỏm dớnh nhng khụng to thnh cu trỳc di, a phõn nh mbriae Cỏc yu t bỏm dớnh khụng phi mbriae thng iu khin quỏ trỡnh tip xỳc mt thit vi t bo vt ch nhiờn quỏ trỡnh ny ch xy mt nhúm nh cỏc loi t bo nht nh nu so vi kh nng gn c vi rt nhiu loi t bo khỏc ca mbriae Cỏc vi khun Gram õm (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, E coli gõy bnh lý rut, cỏc Neisseria), cỏc vi khun Gram dng (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus) v cỏc Mycobacteria l nhng tỏc nhõn gõy bnh cú yu t bỏm dớnh khụng phi mbriae 1.1 Cỏc yu t bỏm dớnh Bc quan trng u tiờn quỏ trỡnh tng tỏc gia tỏc nhõn gõy bnh v vt ch l s bỏm dớnh (adherence) ca chỳng vo cỏc b mt ca vt ch Cỏc b mt ny bao gm da, niờm mc (khoang ming, mi hu, ng tit niu) v cỏc t chc sõu hn (t chc lympho, biu mụ d dy rut, b mt ph nang, t chc ni mụ) C th to nhiu lc c hc khỏc nhm loi b cỏc vi sinh vt cỏc b mt ny nh bi tit nc bt, ho, ht hi, dch tit niờm mc, nc tiu, nhu ng rut v dũng mỏu chy Mt c im chung ca cỏc tỏc nhõn gõy bnh l kh nng biu hin cỏc yu t giỳp chỳng bỏm vo cỏc phõn t trờn nhiu loi t bo khỏc ca vt ch v giỳp chỳng chng chu c cỏc lc c hc ny Mt ó bỏm dớnh vo b mt t bo vt ch, tỏc nhõn gõy bnh cú kh nng ng cỏc quỏ trỡnh húa sinh c hiu gõy bnh nh tng sinh, bi tit c t, xõm nhp v hot húa cỏc chui tớn hiu ca t bo vt ch Cỏc yu t bỏm dớnh bn cht polysaccharide thng l thnh phn cu to ca mng t bo, vỏch t bo v v vi khun Teioic acid vỏch ca vi khun cú tỏc dng nh l cỏc yu t bỏm dớnh ca Staphylococcus v ca Streptococcus Cỏc polysaccharide (glucan v mannan) lp v ca Mycobacteria cng c cỏc th th ca vt ch nhn din (receptor b th v mannose receptor) nh ú lm tng tớnh bỏm dớnh ca cỏc tỏc nhõn ny Mc dự cỏc tng tỏc receptor-ligand nhm tng cng kh nng bỏm dớnh cú th chia thnh hai nhúm chớnh: tng tỏc protein-protein v proteincarbonhydrate, mt iu quan trng cn nh l cỏc vi sinh vt thng s dng rt nhiu th th khỏc ca t bo vt ch Cỏc yu t bỏm dớnh ca vi sinh vt c gi l cỏc E coli gõy bnh lý rut (Entero-pathogenic E coli: EPEC) adhesin Chỳng cú th cú bn cht polypeptide hoc bm trc tip protein cú chc nng th th ca chớnh polysaccharide nú vo t bo vt ch Mt ó mng t Cỏc adhesin cú bn cht polypeptide c chia thnh bo vt ch, cỏc th th ny s gn vi cỏc yu t bỏm hai nhúm: nhúm cú mbriae v nhúm khụng cú dớnh khụng phi mbriae trờn b mt t bo vi khun mbriae Cỏc mbriae, hay cũn gi l cỏc pili, l nhng to thun li cho quỏ trỡnh bỏm dớnh cu trỳc ph ca vi sinh vt cú dng nh si lụng trờn Mt iu quan trng cn nh l mt tỏc nhõn gõy bnh b mt vi khun Cỏc mbriae c cu to bi nhiu thng biu hin nhiu yu t bỏm dớnh khỏc protein xp cht vi to nờn hỡnh dng ging nh Chin lc ny c hu ht cỏc loi vi khun (Gram tr xon c ng thỡ ch cú mt loi protein l cu õm, Gram dng v mycobacteria) s dng Mt hng trỳc chớnh ca mt phõn nhúm mbriae nhiờn cỏc trung nghiờn cu iu tr hin ti l phỏt trin cỏc protein ph tr khỏc cng cú th tham gia vo cu trỳc vaccine hoc thuc phong b kh nng bỏm dớnh ca nh hoc gc mbriae nh ca cỏc mbriae cú chc nng gn vi t bo vt ch Cỏc vi khun Gram õm thng bỏm dớnh nh cỏc mbriae ny nh E coli (gõy viờm d dy rut v nhim khun tit niu), V 1.2 Kh nng xõm nhp cholera, P aeruginosa v cỏc loi Neisseria Mt ó gn vo b mt t bo vi khun, mt s tỏc nhõn gõy bnh tip tc tin sõu vo hn na c ut ng yu t bỏm dớnh khụng phi mbriae (ambrial adherin) dựng ch cỏc protein cú chc CHNG C CH C LC CA VI KHUN th vt ch tip tc chu trỡnh nhim trựng ỏ trỡnh ny gi l s xõm nhp (invasion) Cú th chia quỏ trỡnh xõm nhp thnh hai loi: ni bo v ngoi bo Xõm nhp ngoi bo xy tỏc nhõn gõy bnh phỏ v cỏc ro cn ca t chc phỏt tỏn n cỏc v trớ khỏc c th nhng bn thõn chỳng tn ti bờn ngoi t bo vt ch Phng thc xõm nhp ngoi bo c s dng bi liờn cu khun tan mỏu nhúm A (Group A -haemolytic streptococcus) v t cu vng (Staphylococcus aureus) Cỏc chng vi khun ny tit mt s enzyme phỏ hy cỏc phõn t ca t bo vt ch: Hyaluronidase: ct t cỏc proteoglycan t chc liờn kt Streptokinase v staphylokinase: phỏ hy cỏc cc brin Lipase: giỏng húa cỏc loi m ca vt ch c tớch t li Nuclease: tiờu hy cỏc ARN v ADN c gii phúng Cỏc haemolysin to cỏc l thng trờn mng t bo cú kh nng ly gii khụng ch cỏc hng cu m c cỏc loi t bo khỏc na Haemolysin cng tham gia vo s phỏt tỏn vi khun rng hn t chc vt ch Elastase ca trc khun m xanh cú kh nng giỏng húa cỏc phõn t ngoi bo v giỳp vi khun xõm nhp t chc vi cỏc biu hin lõm sng nh viờm mng keratin, hoi t t chc bng v to cỏc x nang 1.3 V vi khun Mt s vi khun sn xut mt lng ln cỏc phõn t polysaccharide trng lng phõn t cao, cũn c gi l exopolysaccharide Lp ỏo ngoi bo ny c gi l v vi khun (capsule) Kh nng sn xut v l mt nhng yu t c lc quan trng nht ca vi khun v phng din xõm nhp ti v trớ viờm Mt cỏch c th hn, v vi khun giỳp chỳng chng li c ch phũng v ca c th cng nh khỏng khỏng sinh V mt s vi khun cng cú kh nng iu hũa dch V ny bo v vi khun chng li s thc bo bng cỏch khụng cho cỏc khỏng th to hin tng opsonin húa trờn vỏch vi khun Do khụng cú hin tng opsonin húa nờn cỏc i thc bo v bch cu trung tớnh tip cn kộm hoc khụng th tip cn c vi khun Hin tng thc bo bt lc ny cng lm cho phn ng viờm thờm mnh m bi cỏc t bo thc bo khụng th tiờu dit c vi khun cng c gng tit nhiu cytokine hn na n lc lm sch vi khun ni õy Phn ng ny li thu hỳt thờm nhiu cỏc bch cu a nhõn v i thc bo khỏc na n viờm Cỏc loi vi khun nguy him cú kh nng to v l Streptococcus pneumoniae (ph cu khun), Neisseria meningitidis (nóo mụ cu khun) v Pseudomonas aeruginosa (trc khun m xanh) 1.4 Vỏch t bo vi khun Vi khun c chia thnh hai nhúm chớnh da trờn s khỏc bit cu trỳc vỏ t bo (cell wall): vi khun Gram dng v vi khun Gram õm Vỏch t bo ca c hai nhúm u cha cỏc thnh phn gõy c c xem l nhng yu t c lc mnh úng vai trũ trung tõm Kh nng xõm nhp ngoi bo cho phộp cỏc tỏc nhõn quỏ trỡnh bnh sinh ca sc nhim trựng huyt gõy bnh ny to cỏc ch n np t chc v Cỏc thnh phn c t ca vỏch t bo khụng nhõn l ti ú chỳng cú th tng sinh ri phỏt tỏn vo cỏc v trớ khỏc ca c th cng nh sn xut cỏc c t v nhng thnh phn cu trỳc c bn rt ớt gii phúng vo mụi trng xung quanh nu t bo khụng b cht v b ng cỏc ỏp ng viờm Cỏc tỏc nhõn gõy bnh xõm nhp ngoi bo cng cú th i vo bờn t bo v ly gii Mt iu trỏi khoỏy l cỏc khỏng sinh s dng lõm sng li lm gii phúng mt lng ln cỏc s dng c hai ng xõm nhp ni bo v ngoi thnh phn gõy c ny Do ú li lm xu hn tỡnh bo trng bnh sn cú cng nh tiờn lng ca bnh nhõn Xõm nhp ni bo xy cỏc vi sinh vt thc s i Nhiu bng chng khoa hc cho thy rng vi khun Gr vo bờn t bo ca vt ch v sng mụi (-) v vi khun Gr (+) cựng dựng chung mt chin lc trng ni bo ny Mt s cỏc tỏc nhõn gõy bnh gõy nhim khun huyt l vi khun Gram õm, vi khun Gram dng v cỏc Mycobacteria cú kh nng sng bờn t bo Cỏc Nhim trựng huyt l hu qu t cỏc tỏc ng liờn hp t bo thc bo ln t bo khụng cú chc nng thc bo ca cytokine, cỏc thnh phn b th v cỏc thnh phn u l ớch tn cụng ca cỏc tỏc nhõn ny Mt s tỏc ca ng ụng mỏu Cỏc thnh phn ca vỏch vi nhõn gõy bnh cú i sng ký sinh ni bo bt buc khun cú th gõy nờn s sn xut hoc hot húa cỏc ngha l chỳng buc phi sng bờn t bo cỏc cht trung gian iu hũa ny t vy, cỏc bin c trc ng vt cú vỳ mi cú th phỏt trin c Cỏc tỏc nhõn tip gõy nờn nhim trựng huyt l quỏ trỡnh gii phúng ny bao gm Chlamydia, Rickesia v Mycobacterium cỏc ni c t (endotoxin hay lipopolysaccharide) hoc leprae Cỏc chng vi khun khỏc thuc loi ký sinh ni gii phúng cỏc thnh phn gõy c khỏc ca vỏch vi bo khụng bt buc ch s dng kh nng xõm nhp khun vo h tun hon ni bo nh l phng tin tng sinh v phỏt tỏn Lipopolysacaride (LPS) vi khun l mt phõn t lng tớnh nm lp mng ngoi ca vỏch vi n cỏc t chc khỏc 1.6 KH NNG Kí SINH NI BO khun Gram õm thng c xem l yu t chớnh chu trỏch nhim quỏ trỡnh gõy nờn sc nhim trựng huyt th chớnh ca LPS l CD14, mt marker b mt ca i thc bo Lipid A, thnh phn gõy c ca phõn t LPS, gõy nờn s gii phúng hng lot cỏc cytokine gõy viờm v hot húa h thng b th v ng ụng mỏu Cỏc nghiờn cu gn õy cho thy cỏc th th ging Toll (Toll-like receptor), cytokine viờm, eicosanoid, gc t ụxy húa, yu t c ch di chuyn i thc bo, cỏc protein kinase truyn tớn hiu v cỏc yu t mó u úng vai trũ quan trng sinh bnh hc ca sc nhim trựng huyt vi khun Gram õm Cỏc mnh Peptidoglycan v teioic acid vỏch t bo vi khun Gram dng cú kh nng to nờn nhiu hiu ng sinh lý bnh ging nh LPS Peptidoglycan v teichoic acid ca vi khun Gram dng l thnh phn ng chớnh ca nhim trựng huyt nhúm vi khun ny Cỏc thnh phn ca vỏch t bo c vi khun Gram õm v vi khun Gram dng u tỏc ng ch yu thụng qua ng ỏp ng viờm bng cỏch hot húa cỏc monocyte, i thc bo Cỏc t bo ny c hot húa s gii phúng mt lot cỏc cytokine, c bit l TNF v interleukin-1 Mc khỏc, c ni c t ln peptodoglycan u cú th hot húa h thng b th S hot húa ny li lm gii phúng TNF t cỏc monocyte v gõy nờn trung cỏc bch cu trung tớnh v lm co mch phi Nh vy, bt k nhim trựng huyt gõy nờn vi khun Gram dng hay vi khun Gram õm, du hiu v triu ng nhim trựng u khỏ tng t 1.5 Cỏc c t c t (toxin) l cỏc v khớ sinh hc cú bn cht protein hoc khụng phi protein c sn xut bi vi khun nhm tiờu dit cỏc t bo vt ch Cỏc vớ d v c t khụng phi protein l ni c t (LPS) ca cỏc vi khun Gram õm v teichoic acid ca cỏc vi khun Gram dng Cỏc c t bn cht protein (ngoi c t) thng l cỏc enzyme i vo t bo cú nhõn bng hai phng thc: (1) tit vo mụi trng lõn cn hoc (2) trc tip bm vo bo tng ca t bo vt ch thụng qua h thng tit loi III (type III secretion system) hoc mt s c ch khỏc Cỏc ngoi c t vi khun cú th tm chia thnh bn loi chớnh da trờn thnh phn cu trỳc amino acid cng nh chc nng ca chỳng: c t A-B, c t tiờu protein, c t hỡnh thnh l thng, v Cỏc c t khỏc Mt s chng vi khun cú c t A-B l P aeruginosa, E coli, Vibrio cholerae, Corynebacterium diphtheria v Bordetella pertussis Cỏc c t A-B cú hai phn: tiu n v A cú hot tớnh enzyme v tiu n v B chu trỏch nhim gn v a c t vo t bo vt ch Hot tớnh enzyme ca tiu n v A cú th cú hot tớnh tiờu protein vớ d nh c t tetanus v botulinum hoc cú hot tớnh ADP ribosyl húa (ADP ribosylating activity) nh c t ca vi khun t, ho g, bch hu v c t A ca trc khun m xanh Cỏc c t tiờu protein phỏ hy cỏc protein vt ch c hiu gõy nờn nhng c tớnh lõm sng riờng ca bnh Vớ d c t botulinum ca Clostridium botulinum, c t tetanus ca Clostridium tetani, elastase v protease IV ca P aeruginosa c t botulinum c a vo bng ng tiờu húa v gõy nờn lit mm (accid paralysis) cỏc dõy thn kinh ngoi biờn c t tetanus hỡnh thnh cỏc vt thng sõu v gõy nờn lit cng (spastic paralysis) nh hng n thn kinh trung ng Elastase v protease IV ca trc khun m xanh ph hy cỏc cht c bn ca t bo, cho phộp nhim trựng lan ta n cỏc khu vc rng hn Cỏc c t phỏ v mng t bo hin din mt s vi khun c t ny cú kh nng to l thng trờn mng t bo vt ch gõy ly gii t bo Cng ngy cng cú nhiu c t to l thng mng t bo c phỏt hin cỏc vi khun Gram õm nh h RTX (Repeat arginine reonine X moti) Mc dự c ch to l thng ging cỏc thnh viờn ca h ny, cỏc t bo ớch li khỏc Cỏc c t khỏc bao gm: cỏc protein dng enzyme thy phõn globulin dch A (immunoglobulin A protease-type protein), cỏc c t bn vi nhit hot húa Guanylate cyclase v cỏc c t lm thay i khung nõng (cytoskeleton) ca t bo vt ch Nh vy, vi khun cú kh nng s dng nhiu phng thc khỏc nhm phỏ hy cỏc ng truyn tin cng nh tớnh ton cu trỳc ca t bo thit lp v trỡ nhim trựng Hin y hc ó bt u hiu c c ch phõn t ca cỏc tỏc ng c t iu ỏng mng l mt s cỏc c t quan trng trờn õy cú chung nhng motif cu trỳc v sinh húa Chỳng ta cú th li dng c im ny phỏt trin cỏc phng phỏp tr liu tng lai v cỏc phng phỏp ny cú th hiu qu chng li nhiu vi khun khỏc 1.6 Kh nng ký sinh ni bo Vi khun gõy bnh ó tin húa v phỏt trin nhng c ch sng sút v nhõn lờn bờn t bo vt ch sau xõm nhp Cỏc t bo vt ch cú th cha ng vi khun ni bo gm cỏc t bo khụng cú chc nng thc bo (nh cỏc t bo biu mụ v t bo ni mụ) v c 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Archaea (or Archaeobacteria) LPSN: Cỏc chi ca Archaea Tree of Life cho thy mi quan h ca Archaea vi cỏc dng sng khỏc Tỡm kim bt kỡ b gen vi khun c no UCSC Chng 21 Vi khun lu hunh tớa Vi khun lu hunh tớa, danh phỏp khoa hc Chromatiales, l mt nhúm Proteobacteria cú kh nng quang hp, chỳng thng c gi chung l vi khun tớa Chỳng l cỏc sinh vt a khớ, v thng c tỡm thy cỏc sui nc núng hay mụi trng nc tự Khụng ging nh thc vt, to v cyanobacteria, chỳng khụng s dng nc lm cht kh v cng khụng sinh ụxy quỏ trỡnh quang hp ay vo ú, chỳng s dng ụxi húa hydro sulfua to lu hunh nguyờn t, sau ú, lu hunh ny l b ụxy húa thnh axit sulfuric Vi khun lu hunh tớa c chia thnh h, Chromatiaceae v Ectothiorhodospiraceae, chỳng cú kh nng to cỏc ht lu hunh theo th t bờn v bờn ngoi t bo, v ú chỳng th hin nhng c im khỏc v cu trỳc ca cỏc mng t bo bờn ca chỳng Vi khun lu hunh tớa thng c tỡm thy cỏc vựng c chiu sỏng nhng thiu ụxy ca cỏc h cỏc dng cha nc khỏc ni m hydro sulfua tớch t, v cng nh cỏc sui lu hunh ni m cỏc s sn sinh hydro sulfua t quỏ trỡnh sinh hc hoc a húa cú th gõy hin tng n hoa ca vi khun lu hunh tớa Cỏc iu kin thiu ụxi l bt buc i vi quỏ trỡnh quang hp; cỏc vi khun ny khụng th phỏt trin mnh cỏc mụi trng ụxy húa.[1] 21.1 Xem thờm khun kh lu hunh Green Lake (New York) Anoxic event Anoxygenic photosynthesis 21.2 Tham kho [1] Proctor, Lita M (1997) "Nitrogen-xing, photosynthetic, anaerobic bacteria associated with pelagic copepods, Aquatic Microbial Ecology Vol 12, 105-113 68 Chng 22 Vi sinh vt Vi sinh vt l nhng sinh vt n bo hoc a bo nhõn s hoc nhõn thc cú kớch thc rt nh, khụng quan sỏt c bng mt thng m phi s dng kớnh hin vi ut ng vi sinh vt khụng tng ng vi bt k n v phõn loi no phõn loi khoa hc Nú bao gm c virus, vi khun(bao gm c c khun), nm, to, nguyờn sinh ng vt 22.0.1 c im chung to cn cung cp y nng lng, cỏc vt liu xõy dng t bo, c th phi ỏp ng cỏc yu t sau: - Cú cỏc cht dinh dng thớch hp v cỏc nguyờn t khỏc cn thit to cht nguyờn sinh, bao gm cú cỏc ngun thc n cacbon, nit, cht khoỏng, cỏc nguyờn t khỏc - Cú mụi trng thụng khớ thớch hp, l thụng khớ bỡnh thng hay gia tng cacbonic hoc ui ht khớ oxy - pH mụi trng thớch ng - m Kớch thc rt nh Kớch thc vi sinh vt thng c o bng micromet - iu kin nuụi cy thớch hp Hp thu nhiu, chuyn húa nhanh Vi khun lactic 1.1 Nhu cu dinh dng (Lactobacillus) gi cú th phõn gii mt Nhu cu nng lng lng ng lactoz nng hn 1000-10000 ln Mụi trng phi cha nhng cht cn thit vi khun lng ca chỳng chuyn húa, to nng lng cn thit cho vi khun tng Sinh trng nhanh, phỏt trin mnh So vi cỏc hp cht sng v di ng Ba ngun nng lng c sinh vt khỏc thỡ vi sinh vt cú tc sinh trng vi khun s dng l ỏnh sỏng, cht vụ c v cht hu cc kỡ ln c Nng lng s c to qua mt c ch: lờn men vi khun k khớ, hụ hp vi khun hiu Phõn b rng, chng loi nhiu S lng v chng khớ v quang hp vi khun quang tng hp Mt loi thay i theo thi gian Vi sinh vt cú khp im chung l nng lng quang hp hay nng lng mi ni trờn trỏi t, iu kin khc nghit húa hc u c bin thnh ATP, mt cht giu nng nht nh nhit cao ming nỳi la, nhit lng, s dng c bi tt c t bo theo nhng h thp Nam Cc, v ỏp sut ln di ỏy i thng ging nh sinh vt bc cao dng thy s cú mt ca vi sinh vt Vi sinh vt cú khong trờn 100 nghỡn loi bao gm 30 Cỏc cht c vi sinh vt dựng to ATP gm cht amin hydrat carbon, cỏc cht vụ c nghỡn loi ng vt nguyờn sinh, 69 nghỡn loi hu c, cỏc acid 2nh CO , SO nm, 1,2 nghỡn loi vi to, 2,5 nghỡn loi vi khun lam, 1,5 nghỡn loi vi khun, 1,2 nghỡn loi virut Cht dinh dng v ricketxi Cht dinh dng cú th l thit yu (nu khụng cú thỡ t bo khụng tng trng c) v cú th l cú ớch nhng Do tớnh cht d phỏt sinh t bin nờn s lng loi vi khụng ph thuc (nu cú thỡ c vi khun s dng sinh vt tỡm c ngy cng tng, chng hn v nm nhng khụng bt buc) trung bỡnh mi nm li c b sung thờm khong 1500 loi mi Nng lc thớch ng mnh v d phỏt sinh bin d DINH DNG VI KHUN: Vi khun ch yu ly cỏc cht dinh dng t mụi trng xung quanh Cỏc mụi trng nuụi dng nhõn 69 70 22.1 Hỡnh nh 22.2 Tham kho CHNG 22 VI SINH VT Chng 23 Vi sinh vt hc Vi sinh vt hc (cú ngun gc t Hy Lp , mkros, small, , bios, life v -, -logia) l khoa hc nghiờn cu v Vi sinh vt (Microoganisms) v Vi sinh hc (Microbiology) Vi sinh vt bao gm nhng t bo n bo, t bo a bo, hoc t bo trng Cũn Vi sinh hc bao gm nhiu mụn hc khỏc nh: Vi rỳt hc, sinh lý hc, ký sinh trựng, v vi khun hc l vi sinh vt Tuy nhiờn, vỡ cỏc tỏc ng lõm sng bt ngun t chỳng, ban u c cho l nhim virus tớnh Nh vy cỏc nh virus hc ó phỏt hin cỏc protein truyn nhim S tn ti ca cỏc vi sinh vt ó c tiờn oỏn nhiu th k trc chỳng c quan sỏt ln u tiờn in hỡnh nh Jains n v Marcus Terentius Vi sinh hc l khoa hc nghiờn cu v cỏc c im Varro Rome c i an sỏt cỏc vi sinh vt qua kớnh sinh hc ca cỏc vi sinh vt ú l cỏc sinh vt cú kớch hin vi ln u tiờn c ghi nhn thc hin thnh cụng thc hin vi v siờu hin vi Cỏc nhúm i tng chớnh bi Robert Hooke nm 1666 V ụng dng nh l ngi ca vi sinh vt hc cú th chia lm cỏc nhúm sau: u tiờn nhỡn thy nhng vi khun m ụng ó cp n ti sa v cht liu thm vo nm 1658 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek c xem l cha ca vi Virus sinh hc ụng quan sỏt thy v th nghim cỏc sinh Archaea vt cc nh vo nm 1676, s dng kớnh hin vi n gin ụng t thit k Vi sinh hc khoa hc c phỏt Vi khun trin th k 19 thụng qua cụng vic ca Louis Pasteur v vi sinh hc y hc Robert Koch X khun Vi nm 23.1 Tham kho Vi to Nhim v ca Vi sinh vt hc: - Nghiờn cu cỏc c im c bn v hỡnh thỏi, cu to, di truyn hot ng sinh vt húa hc - S phõn b ca vi sinh vt t nhiờn v mi quan h gia chỳng vi mụi trng v cỏc sinh vt khỏc - Nghiờn cu cỏc bin phỏp thớch hp cú th s dng mt cỏch cú hiu qu nht vi sinh vt cú li cng nh cỏc bin phỏp tớch cc nhm ngn nga cỏc vi sinh vt cú hi Cỏc vi sinh vt nhõn to cú cha cỏc t bo nh nm v protists Trong cỏc sinh vt tin sinh (tt c u l cỏc vi sinh vt - c phõn loi theo quy c l thiu cỏc bo quan cú mng) bao gm eubacteria v archaebacteria Cỏc nh vi trựng hc thng da vo hoỏ, nhum v kớnh hin vi Tuy nhiờn, ớt hn 1% cỏc vi sinh vt cú mụi trng thụng thng cú th c nuụi cy cỏch ly bng cỏc phng tin hin i Cỏc nh vi trựng hc thng da vo vic chit xut hoc s cú mt ca axit nucleic, DNA hoc RNA Virus c phõn loi thnh mt loi sinh vt khỏc Vỡ chỳng mt l c cu to rt n gin hoc t cỏc phõn t rt phc m c (Prions) khụng c xem 71 72 CHNG 23 VI SINH VT HC 23.2 Ngun, ngi úng gúp, v giy phộp cho bn v hỡnh nh 23.2.1 Vn bn C c lc ca vi khun Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BB%B1c_ c%E1%BB%A7a_vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n?oldid=26626116 Ngi úng gúp: Mxn, Nguyn anh ang, Lờ Minh Khụi, Tnt1984, TuHanBot, Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot, Arc Warden, itxongkhoiAWB, TuanminhBot, Ahihi456 v ngi vụ danh Euryaraeota Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryarchaeota?oldid=26084864 Ngi úng gúp: Luckas-bot, Pq, Dinhtuydzao, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, JackieBot, Cheers!-bot, GrouchoBot, Addbot, TuanminhBot, Trantrongnhan100YHbot v ngi vụ danh Hans Christian Gram Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Gram?oldid=20494449 Ngi úng gúp: Cheers!-bot, Lamthienvinh, Kolega2357 v AlphamaBot Huy ng Leeuwenhoek Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huy_ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Leeuwenhoek?oldid=22118182 Ngi úng gúp: DHN, Qbot, Luckas-bot, Vani Lờ, TuHan-Bot, Cheers!-bot, Makecat-bot, AlphamaBot, Addbot v TuanminhBot Huy ng Robert Ko Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huy_ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Robert_Koch?oldid=26047858 Ngi úng gúp: Vit Chi, AlphamaBot, Trantrongnhan100YHbot v Mt ngi vụ danh Kh trựng Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%AD_tr%C3%B9ng?oldid=26440322 Ngi úng gúp: DHN, Parkjunwung, Luckas-bot, Hungda, MastiBot, EmausBot, ZộroBot, ChuispastonBot, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, DanGong, Lamthienvinh, Greenknight dv, AlphamaBot, Addbot, Arc Warden, Vivavo, TuanminhBot, Nguyenhoaquan v ngi vụ danh Lờn men Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAn_men?oldid=25956446 Ngi úng gúp: Trung, DHN-bot, Ajjzzi, AlleborgoBot, AlleinStein, Treisijs, KamikazeBot, MastiBot, TuHan-Bot, Cheers!-bot, CocuBot, MerlIwBot, Kinomy, TuanUt, Hoang Dat, AlphamaBot, Addbot, Nhanpham158, Tuanminh01, Minhquang8899, ManlyBoys v ngi vụ danh Liờn on c t cỏc Hip hi Vi sinh hc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_Qu%E1%BB% 91c_t%E1%BA%BF_c%C3%A1c_Hi%E1%BB%87p_h%E1%BB%99i_Vi_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc?oldid=26096611 Ngi úng gúp: Cheers!bot, GHA-WDAS, TuanminhBot, BacLuong v Trantrongnhan100YHbot NF-B Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB?oldid=26626227 Ngi úng gúp: Casablanca1911, DHN-bot, Lờ Minh Khụi, ijs!bot, VolkovBot, SieBot, PixelBot, Muro Bot, Luckas-bot, Xqbot, Ver-bot, Earthandmoon, TuHan-Bot, ZộroBot, Time9, RedBot, WikitanvirBot, Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot, Addbot, Arc Warden v TuanminhBot Penicillin Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin?oldid=26241456 Ngi úng gúp: ijs!bot, Doón Hiu, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Harry Pham, SieBot, TVT-bot, Qbot, Ditimchanly, MelancholieBot, Luckas-bot, ArthurBot, Porcupine, Rubinbot, Xqbot, Almabot, GhalyBot, Tranletuhan, Doanmanhtung.sc, TobeBot, KamikazeBot, Ngoclong19, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, Yanajin33, ZộroBot, Cheers!, WikitanvirBot, Cheers!-bot, Brain World, AlphamaBot, Addbot, OctraBot, itxongkhoiAWB, Beyond234, Tuanminh01, TuanminhBot, Bacsitre v ngi vụ danh Phng thc ln trỏnh d ca mm bnh Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_th%E1%BB%A9c_l% E1%BA%A9n_tr%C3%A1nh_mi%E1%BB%85n_d%E1%BB%8Bch_c%E1%BB%A7a_m%E1%BA%A7m_b%E1%BB%87nh?oldid=26516072 Ngi úng gúp: Vng Ngõn H, DHN-bot, Ctmt, GilliamJF, Phuong giang, TuHan-Bot, Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot, AlphamaBot2, itxongkhoiAWB, TuanminhBot, ẫn bc AWB, P.T. v ngi vụ danh Probiotic Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic?oldid=29689310 Ngi úng gúp: ỏi Nhi, CommonsDelinker, Luckas-bot, Phng Huy, TuHan-Bot, WikitanvirBot, Cheers!-bot, TRMC, MerlIwBot, DanGong, Lamthienvinh, Hiaenph, Alphama, AlphamaBot, AlphamaBot2, Earthshaker, Addbot, itxongkhoiAWB, Stomperinky, Mr.kevintrung, Tuanminh01, TuanminhBot, ẫn bc AWB, Hieulk710, Vdongold v ngi vụ danh Sinh vt hiu khớ Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_hi%E1%BA%BFu_kh%C3%AD?oldid=26821280 Ngi úng gúp: AlphamaBot4, BacLuong v Dogecaptain Sinh vt hiu khớ bt buc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_hi%E1%BA%BFu_kh%C3%AD_b%E1%BA%AFt_ bu%E1%BB%99c?oldid=29074324 Ngi úng gúp: AlphamaBot4, Dogecaptain v Hancaoto Sinh vt hiu khớ ung ớt Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_hi%E1%BA%BFu_kh%C3%AD_chu%E1%BB% 99ng_%C3%ADt?oldid=29075100 Ngi úng gúp: Hugopako, AlphamaBot4 v Dogecaptain Sinh vt nhõn s Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_nh%C3%A2n_s%C6%A1?oldid=26626871 Ngi úng gúp: Mxn, Vng Ngõn H, Vietbio, Trung, Sz-iwbot, Chobot, YurikBot, VietLong, Newone, DHN-bot, Ctmt, Escarbot, JAnDbot, ijs!bot, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Loveless, DragonBot, Idioma-bot, Qbot, MelancholieBot, Nallimbot, Luckasbot, Dangquang kdc, Ptbotgourou, ArthurBot, Darkicebot, Xqbot, KamikazeBot, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, ZộroBot, RedBot, JackieBot, ChuispastonBot, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, AlphamaBot, Addbot, OctraBot, Oganesson007, Tuanminh01, TuanminhBot, Tunguyentr, BacLuong, Phuonganhh18, Minhvutru v ngi vụ danh Sinh vt ym khớ Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_y%E1%BA%BFm_kh%C3%AD?oldid=23900138 Ngi úng gúp: Hoangdat bot, TuanminhBot v BacLuong Staphylococcus aureus Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus?oldid=26627586 Ngi úng gúp: ỏi Nhi, Newone, Langtucodoc, Idioma-bot, Qbot, Ditimchanly, Luckas-bot, Xqbot, angbao, Vani Lờ, Bongdentoiac, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, RedBot, WikitanvirBot, Monkon~viwiki, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, Vagobot, Lamthienvinh, AlphamaBot, Addbot, itxongkhoiAWB, TuanminhBot, ẫn bc AWB, Huuhung2905, Tutubebe123, Trantrongnhan100YHbot, Huongty, LETUANANH28997, Huuthong2001 v Mt ngi vụ danh T cu khun Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%A5_c%E1%BA%A7u_khu%E1%BA%A9n?oldid=25949791 Ngi úng gúp: DHN, Nguyn anh ang, Arisa, Newone, Kimkha, DHN-bot, Lờ Minh Khụi, Escarbot, JAnDbot, ijs!bot, TXiKiBoT, Langtucodoc, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Loveless, PixelBot, MelancholieBot, StigBot, Luckas-bot, SilvonenBot, Xqbot, D'ohBot, MastiBot, 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Vi khun lu hunh tớa Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n_l%C6%B0u_hu%E1%BB%B3nh_t%C3%ADa? oldid=23891825 Ngi úng gúp: Newone, Luckas-bot, TuHan-Bot, Cheers!, Cheers!-bot, Addbot, itxongkhoiAWB v TuanminhBot Vi sinh vt Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt?oldid=26539538 Ngi úng gúp: Vng Ngõn H, Vietbio, Trung, YurikBot, Vinhtantran, Kimkha, DHN-bot, Escarbot, JAnDbot, ijs!bot, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, SieBot, Myblueforest, Qbot, Alexbot, MelancholieBot, Luckas-bot, Zumalabe, Xqbot, MastiBot, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, FoxBot, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, AvicBot, AvocatoBot, AlphamaBot, Hugopako, Addbot, OctraBot, Tuanminh01, TuanminhBot, Alotado168, Phanvinhphu1608, AganeHana, G.my20031995, Minh28397 v 10 ngi vụ danh Vi sinh vt hc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc?oldid=27225248 Ngi úng gúp: Trung, JAnDbot, SieBot, TVT-bot, Idioma-bot, Qbot, ChinTam, Alexbot, BodhisavaBot, CarsracBot, Luckas-bot, ArthurBot, Zumalabe, Xqbot, Teddy M, TjBot, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, ZộroBot, ChuispastonBot, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, AvocatoBot, Kolega2357, AlphamaBot, Addbot, OctraBot, TuanminhBot, BacLuong, P.T. v Doanhviet 23.2.2 Hỡnh nh Tp_tin:1000_bi_c_bn.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/1000_b%C3%A0i_c%C6%A1_b%E1% BA%A3n.svg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg Ngh s u tiờn: is le: Prenn Tp_tin:20101212_200110_LactobacillusAcidophilus.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/20101212_ 200110_LactobacillusAcidophilus.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Bob Blaylock Tp_tin:Ambox_wikify.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: penubag Tp_tin:Anaerobic.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Anaerobic.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u 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Ngh s u tiờn: SVG version was created by User:Grunt and cleaned up by 3247, based on the earlier PNG version, created by Reidab Tp_tin:Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/ Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: USDA, ARS, IS Photo Unit'le: Image Number K8204-7, high quality version Ngh s u tiờn: Photo by Sco Bauer Tp_tin:DNA_icon.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/DNA_icon.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Adapted from Image:DNA replication editable.svg (a modication of Image:DNA replication.svg), by Mariana Ruiz and Lỏszlú Nộmeth Ngh s u tiờn: Fvasconcellos Tp_tin:Ethanol_fermentation-1.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Ethanol_fermentation-1.svg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Davidcarmack Tp_tin:Fermenting.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Fermenting.jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image:Fermenting.jpg&oldid=54573489 Ngh s u tiờn: SilkTork on enwiki 74 CHNG 23 VI SINH VT HC Tp_tin:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Here, based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Ngh s u tiờn: Government of Argentina Tp_tin:Flag_of_Australia.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Ian Fieggen Tp_tin:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29 svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? 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Tp_tin:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: SVG implementation of law n 5700/1971 Similar le available at Portal of the Brazilian Government (accessed in November 4, 2011) Ngh s u tiờn: Governo Brasil Tp_tin:Flag_of_Canada.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: See below Ngh s u tiờn: Created by E Pluribus Anthony / User:Mzajac Tp_tin:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Madden Tp_tin:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Gesetz zur nderung des Gesetzes ỹber das Staatswappen und die Staatsagge der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik Vom Oktober 1959 Verordnung ỹber Flaggen, Fahnen und Dienstwimpel der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik Flaggenverordnung Vom Januar 1973 Verordnung ỹber Flaggen, Fahnen und Dienstwimpel der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik Flaggenverordnung Vom 12 Juli 1979 Ngh s u tiờn: diese Datei: Jwnabd Tp_tin:Flag_of_Finland.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Ngh s u tiờn: SVG drawn by Sebastian Koppehel Tp_tin:Flag_of_France.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/de/frankreich_3/frankreich-entdecken_244/ portrat-frankreichs_247/die-symbole-der-franzosischen-republik_260/trikolore-die-nationalfahne_114.html Ngh s u tiờn: is graphic was drawn by SKopp Tp_tin:Flag_of_Germany.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? 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Tp_tin:Flag_of_Israel.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/IsraelAt50/Pages/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem.aspx Ngh s u tiờn: e Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the ocial specication for the design of the Israeli ag Tp_tin:Flag_of_Italy.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ere has been a long discussion on the colors of this ag Please read the talk page before editing or reverting this image Pantone to RGB performed by http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx Ngh s u tiờn: see below Tp_tin:Flag_of_Japan.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Law Concerning the National Flag and Anthem (1999) (Japanese) (English) Ngh s u tiờn: Various Tp_tin:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: is vector image was created with Inkscape Ngh s u tiờn: Alex Covarrubias, April 2006 Tp_tin:Flag_of_Norway.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Dbenbenn Tp_tin:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: e drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx Colors from the book: (2001) e National Symbols Kit Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts pp ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Ngh s u tiờn: Various Tp_tin:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Turkish Flag Law (Tỹrk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr 2893 of 22 September 1983 Text (in Turkish) at the website of the Turkish Historical Society (Tỹrk Tarih Kurumu) Ngh s u tiờn: David Benbennick (original author) Tp_tin:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_ Republic.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: -x-'s le -x-'s code Zirlands codes of colors Ngh s u tiờn: (of code): SVG version by cs:-x- Tp_tin:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://pravo.levonevsky.org/ Ngh s u tiờn: 23.2 NGUN, NGI ểNG GểP, V GIY PHẫP CHO VN BN V HèNH NH 75 Tp_tin:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Flag_of_the_ United_Kingdom.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to per data at http://flagspot.net/flags/gb.html Ngh s u tiờn: Original ag by Acts of Union 1800 Tp_tin:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: SVG implementation of U S Code: Title 4, Chapter 1, Section [1] (the United States Federal Flag Law) Ngh s u tiờn: Dbenbenn, Zscout370, Jacobolus, Indolences, Technion Tp_tin:Grand_prismatic_spring.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Grand_prismatic_spring.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://www.nps.gov/features/yell/slidefile/thermalfeatures/hotspringsterraces/ midwaylower/Images/17708.jpg transferred from the English Wikipedia, original upload April 2004 by ChrisO Ngh s u tiờn: Jim Peaco, National Park Service Tp_tin:Halobacteria.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: en:Image:Halobacteria.jpg(Taken from [1]) Ngh s u tiờn: NASA Tp_tin:Impetigo_bulleux.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Impetigo_bulleux.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Milliejen Tp_tin:Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Jan_ Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: www.rijksmuseum.nl : Home : Info : Pic Ngh s u tiờn: Jan Verkolje Tp_tin:Penicillin-G_3D.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Penicillin-G_3D.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Cacycle Tp_tin:Penicillin-biosynthesis.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Penicillin-biosynthesis.png Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Cacycle Tp_tin:Penicillin_core.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Penicillin_core.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Yikrazuul Tp_tin:Plankton_satellite_image.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Plankton_satellite_image.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2004/0702planktoncloud.html Ngh s u tiờn: NASA Tp_tin:Prokaryote_cell.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg Giy phộp: CC BYSA 4.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to ra; used information from Biology 10e Textbook (chapter 4, Pg: 63) by: Peter Raven, Kenneth Mason, Jonathan Losos, Susan Singer ã McGraw-Hill Education Ngh s u tiờn: is vector image is completely made by Ali Zifan Tp_tin:Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: i did the diagram myself using adobe illustrator , as source for the information i used this websites [1], [2],, [3] and [4] Ngh s u tiờn: Mariana Ruiz LadyofHats Tp_tin:Question_book-new.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Question_book-new.svg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator Based on Image: Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Ngh s u tiờn: Tkgd2007 Tp_tin:RT8-4.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/RT8-4.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: English Wikipedia Ngh s u tiờn: Xiangyux Tp_tin:Relative_scale_vi.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Relative_scale_vi.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Image:Relative scale.svg Ngh s u tiờn: Created by TimVickers, vectorized by Fvasconcellos, translated to Vietnamese by en:User:DHN Tp_tin:Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ACD030051-13 from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2003/03images/tinto/tinto.html Ngh s u tiờn: Carol Stoker, NASA Tp_tin:Robert_Koch.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Robert_Koch.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://www.mic.ki.se/West.html Ngh s u tiờn: Wilhelm Fechner Tp_tin:SIL14-P002-03a.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/SIL14-P002-03a.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Portraits from the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology (reworked) Ngh s u tiờn: Aer Albert Edelfelt Tp_tin:S_aureus_blood_agar.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/S_aureus_blood_agar.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Microrao Tp_tin:Staphylococcus_aureus,_50,000x,_USDA,_ARS,_EMU.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/ Staphylococcus_aureus%2C_50%2C000x%2C_USDA%2C_ARS%2C_EMU.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Original source (dead link), a U S Department of Agriculture server.[1] e image was published in NSFs newsleer.[2] It was also published in: Davenport, R John (2007-10-09) A shiing threat (PDF) Infection Research Hemholtz and Stierverband Retrieved on 2009-03-31 Ngh s u tiờn: Eric Erbe, Christopher Pooley Tp_tin:Staphylococcus_aureus_01.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Staphylococcus_aureus_01 jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identication number #6486 Ngh s u tiờn: Photo Credit: Janice Carr Content Providers(s): CDC/ Mahew J Arduino, DRPH; Janice Carr 76 CHNG 23 VI SINH VT HC Tp_tin:Staphylococcus_aureus_Gram.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Staphylococcus_aureus_ Gram.jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Y Tambe Ngh s u tiờn: Y Tambe Tp_tin:Staphylococcus_aureus_VISA_2.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Staphylococcus_ aureus_VISA_2.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identication number #11157 Ngh s u tiờn: Content Providers(s): CDC/ Mahew J Arduino, DRPH Photo Credit: Janice Haney Carr Tp_tin:Staphylococcus_aureus_on_TSA.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Staphylococcus_ aureus_on_TSA.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: HansN Tp_tin:Star_of_life2.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Star_of_life2.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Verdy p Tp_tin:Tango_style_Wikipedia_Icon.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Tango_style_Wikipedia_ Icon.svg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: http://mischamajskij.deviantart.com/art/Tango-Wikipedia-logo-icon-95347433 Ngh s u tiờn: mischamajskij Tp_tin:Wikispecies-logo.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Image:Wikispecies-logo.jpg Ngh s u tiờn: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- 23.2.3 Giy phộp ni dung Creative Commons Aribution-Share Alike 3.0 ... nuôi cấy vi sinh vật để tạo trình phósphoryll hóa mức độ chất (ATP sinh sinh khối (tăng sinh) thúc đẩy vi sinh vật tạo trực tiếp từ phản ứng này) sản phẩm trao đổi chất (các hợp chất sinh hóa),... Một cách cụ thể hơn, vỏ vi khuẩn giúp chúng chống lại chế phòng vệ thể đề kháng kháng sinh Vỏ số vi khuẩn có khả điều hòa miễn dịch Vỏ bảo vệ vi khuẩn chống lại thực bào cách không cho kháng thể. .. nghệ sinh học, Nhà xuất Giáo dục Trương Kim Phượng (2009) Giáo trình vi sinh vật đại cương (lưu hành nội bộ), ĐH Mở TPHCM CHƯƠNG KHỬ TRÙNG Chương Lên men tăng sinh khối vi sinh vật môi trường sinh