PART 1: INTRODUCTION I. RATIONALE Any creatures on this earth, when forming a community, share their same language to survive and to develop. Each type of animal has its own so-called language so that they can recognize its specie. Language of bird is the sound of singing, of dog is the sound of barking, of ocean animals such as dolphin, seal is the sound of lapping. Human being, the supreme animal, by each ethnic group, territory has its own language of sounds, signs or symbols to communicate, to support each other. It is also noted that language is the basic tool by which humans make society function. In its most basic form, language is a tool humans have utilized, sometimes effectively, sometimes not so effectively, to communicate their ideas, thoughts, and feelings to others. Saville-Troike (in Samovar, L.A and Porter, R.E, 1991: 166) furthers this notion by saying: “At the level of individuals and groups interacting with one another, the functions of communication are related to participants’ purposes and needs. These include such categories of functions as affect (conveying feelings or emotions), directive (requesting or demanding), poetic (aesthetic), phatic (empathy and solidarity), and metalinguistic (reference to language itself).” Language also permits you to pool knowledge and to communicate with others who are beyond the reach of your voice in space and time so that you need not rediscover what others have already discarded. This capability is a key in making progress possible because it allows us to learn from the past, and to communicate through time. Language serves a number of cultural, communal, and societal functions. First, from the cultural perspective, it is the primary means of preserving culture and is the medium of transmitting culture to new generation. In Vietnamese families, parents talk with their children to teach them the traditional family values such as the respect, the patriotism, the virtue of worshipping their ancestors. In America, children learn the values of individualism and freedom as the Americans’ identity from generation to generation. Second, it helps establish and preserve community by linking individuals into communities of shared identity. Third, at the societal level, it is important to all aspects of human interaction. 1 As you can see, language is a multifunctional tool that helps you satisfy a variety of needs. Of which, conversation, therefore, is the most fundamental form of communication in daily interaction because it provides you with the means of conducting human affairs. In such a kind of human daily interaction, shopping affair, making a bargain is a subtle speech act. Different ethnic groups have different ways to perform their daily interactions. The Western people, namely the American, to certain extents, have different spoken language, different behaviors from those of Eastern people, such as Vietnamese. In the field of cross- cultural communication, the degree of politeness strategies applied is a significant factor. Therefore, an investigation into how to make a bargain will partially contribute to raising communicative competence of language learners and their better mutual understanding of an aspect of cultures. It is hoped that findings from the study will help learners of English avoid potential cultural shock and communication breakdown. II. AIMS OF STUDY This research aims to: - Investigate the specific situations of making a bargain with the degree of politeness strategies applied by Vietnamese and American people. - Compare and contrast strategies on how to make a bargain in the two languages and cultures in order to clarify similarities and differences in the ways the Vietnamese and Americans make a bargain in their daily life. - Test the validity of the following hypotheses: a. The Americans are more interested in negative politeness strategies, while the Vietnamese in positive politeness strategies. b. The VnDoc - Tải tài liệu, văn pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí Cách viết địa tiếng Anh chuẩn Bạn muốn nói giới thiệu với bạn bè quốc tế đất nước mình, muốn mời họ nhà chơi lại chưa biết cách viết địa tiếng Anh Vậy bạn tham khảo viết để biết cách viết địa tiếng Anh chuẩn Hướng dẫn cách viết địa tiếng Anh Trong tiếng Việt muốn viết địa bạn thường viết: số nhà…, đường… xã, phường , huyện/quận… , thành phố/ tỉnh… Trong viết Anh, muốn viết địa bạn tuân thủ bước sau: - Đối với tên đường, phường, quận, chữ đặt trước Ex: Xuan Thuy street, Quan Hoa ward,Cau Giay District - Đối với tên đường, phường, quận, số đặt đằng sau: Ex: Street , Ward , District Bạn nên lưu ý: Không nên đặt số trước (1 Street) người đọc hiểu có đường đường số Từ vựng câu hỏi liên quan đến cách hỏi viết địa tiếng Anh 2.1 Câu hỏi địa tiếng Anh - What’s your address? = Địa anh gì? - Where is your domicile place? = Nơi cư trú anh đâu? - Are you a local resident? = Có phải anh cư dân địa phương không? - Where are you from? = Bạn từ đâu đến? - Where you live? = Bạn sống đâu? - Where is … ? = … đâu vậy? - What is … like? = … trông nào? - How long have you lived there? = Bạn sống rồi? - Do you like living here? = Bạn có thích sống không? - Do you live in an apartment or house? = Bạn sống nhà riêng chung cư? VnDoc - Tải tài liệu, văn pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí - Do you like that neighborhood? = Bạn có thích môi trường xung quanh không? - Do you live with your family? = Bạn có sống với gia đình bạn không? - How many people live there? = Có người sống với bạn? 2.2 Từ vựng thường dùng viết địa tiếng Anh - Addressee: Điểm đến - Company’s name: Tên tổ chức (nếu có) - Building, apartment / flat: Nhà, hộ - Alley: ngách - Lane: ngõ - Hamlet: Thôn - Village: Xã - Street: Đường - Sub-district or block or neighborhood: phường - District or Town: huyện - Province: tỉnh - City: Thành phố - State: tiểu bang - Zip code postal / zip code Ex: From NGUYEN VAN A No 26, 190 lane, Le Trong Tan Street, Thanh Xuan district, Ha Noi (Số nhà 26 ngõ 190 Lê Trọng TấnThanh Xuân - Hà Nội) Ghi nhớ hướng dẫn việc viết địa tiếng Anh chuẩn đơn giản với bạn Thử bắt tay vào luyện viết địa bạn bình luận bên ABSTRACT In these days society, the prevalence of technology and internet has pushed people from different continent close together. The need of intercultural interaction has increased among those who learn foreign language as a second one. Expressing emotions and feelings such as sadness, happiness or worry is the basic demands of people. However, the way people from different countries express these emotions is different from separated cultures. Originating from that fact, this study is conducted to make the comparison between American and Vietnamese in the way they show their worry. Furthermore, recently, there has appeared a new kind of entertainment, reality show, which reflects exactly what people think and behave in their daily life. Coming up with this phenomenon, the researcher makes up her mind to carry out the study basing on the way contestants in two versions of The Voice in the US and in Vietnam express their worry and nerve before each battle. The paper will convey the preference in expressing a worry of both American and Vietnamese contestants and then make the comparison between two cultures. In the last part of the research, some implications for language teaching and learning, as well as translating activities will be suggested. TABLE OF CONTENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Statement of acceptance ii Acknowledgement iii Abstract iv List of tables, figures viii PART A- INTRODUCTION I. Rationale for the study ……………………………… 2 II. Scope of the study 4 III. Objectives of the study 4 IV. Significance of the study 5 V. Research methodology 6 VI. Organization of the study 7 PART B- DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL PRELIMINARIES I. Overview of previous studies 8 II. Theoretical preliminaries 10 1.Speech acts 10 1.1 Definition 10 1.2 Classification 11 1.3 Expressing a worry as a speech act 13 2. Politeness and politeness principles in communication 14 2.1 Definition of politeness 14 iii 2.2 Positive and negative politeness 14 2.3 Politeness principles 14 3. Directness and indirectness in communication 15 3.1 Directness and indirectness 15 3.2 Some socio-cultural factors affecting the choice of directness and indirectness in communication 16 4. Politeness and directness/indirectness in expressing a worry in American English and Vietnamese 17 III. The context of what is in relation to the study 18 1. Reality show 18 2.The Voice- a successful reality show 19 2.1 Overview 19 2.2 Format description 20 2.3 Judging panel 21 CHAPTER II: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION I. Findings 23 II. Discussion 30 III. Concluding remarks about major cross-cultural similarities and differences 38 PART C- CONCLUSION I. Summary of findings 41 II. Implications 42 iv 1. Implication for teaching and learning a foreign language and culture 43 1.1 Implications for teachers of language 43 1.2 Implications for learners of language 44 2. Implications for translation and interpretation 44 III. Limitations of the study 45 IV. Suggestions for further studies 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES Appendix 1: Utterances of American contestants in The Voice US Appendix 2: Utterances of Vietnamese contestants in The Voice Vietnam LIST OF TABLES, PICTURES AND FIGURES v PICTURES PAGE Picture 2.1: Kaplan’s diagram about way of thinking Picture 2.2: The international “The Voice” logo Picture 2.3: Coaches of The Voice US season 1 Picture 2.4: Coaches of The Voice Vietnam season 1 15 20 21 22 FIGURES PAGE Figure 3.1: Use of worry expressing strategies by American contestants in The Voice US Figure 3.2: Use of worry expressing strategies by Vietnamese contestants in The Voice Vietnam 32 34 TABLES PAGE Table 3.1: Use of worry expressing strategies by contestants in two reality show: The Voice US and The Voice Vietnam Table 3.2: Use of worry expressing strategies by American contestants in The Voice US 31 31 vi Table 3.3: Use of worry expressing strategies by Vietnam contestants in The Voice Vietnam Table 3.4: Use of strategy 1 by American Writing transformation Writing 1: 1. Her success went beyond her expectation. Never 2. Tony is very charming, but I wouldn’nt trust him. Charming 3. I left without dsaying goodbye as I didn’t want to disturb the meeting. Rather than 4. If there is an emergency, ring this number. In case 5. The thieft must have come in through the window. The thieft almost 6. Driving at that spees is dangerous although you are an experienced driver or not. However 7. Its lack of irregular verbs makes Esperanto to a unique language. Unlike 8. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs . Jones. Nowhere 9. The play is so popular that the theatre is likely to be full every night. Such is 10. Experts think that all dogs evolved from wolves. All dogs Answers: 1. Never had she expected she was so successful. // such success. 2. Charming as//though Tony// he is // may be, I wouldn’t trust him// Tony. 3. Rather than disturb the meeting, I left without saying goodbye. 4. In case of emergency, ring this number. 5. The thieft almost certainly came in through the window. 6. However experinced a driver you are// you are as a driver, driving at that speed is dangerous. 7. Unlike other languages, Esperanto has no irregular verbs. 8. Nowhere will// can you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs Jones. 9. Such is the popularity of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night. 10. All dogs are thought ( by experts) to have evolved from wolves. Writing 2: 1. Our picnic was cancelled because it rained heavily last Sunday. If 2. They couldn’t deceive customers although they used attractive advertidement. Whatever 3. Because the chemicals were properly combined, the prescription has brought about the expected result. Because of 1 4. Newspapers report that hundreds of people died in the eartquake last week. Hundreds of people 5. I dislike it when people criticise me unfairly. I object 6. Years ago women were too busy to take part in social activities. Years ago women didn’t 7. “ The Times” was first printed 200 years ago. It is 8. John outran the others in the race. John was 9. Although he was tired, he managed to finish the marathon race. In spite of 10. I must have my suit cleaned before the interview. My suit needs Answers: 1. If it hadn’t rained heavily last Sunday, our picnic woudn’t have been cancelled. 2. Whatever attractive advertisement they used, they couldn’t deceive customers. 3. Because of the proper combination of the chemicals, the prescription has brought about the expected result. 4. Hundreds of people were reported to have died in the earthquake last week. 5. I object to people criticising me unfairly. 6. Years ago women didn’t have ( enough) free time to take part in social activities. 7. It is 200 years since “The Times” was first printed. 8. John was the fastest runner in the race. 9. In spite of his tiredness, he managed to finish the marathon race. 10.My suit needs cleaning before the interview. Writing 3: 1. You wouldn’t find any more affectionate animal anywhere in the world. No 2. Liz said unforgivable things to her father at the dinner party. What 3. The realisation that I had been swindled came much later. Only 4. It is fairly unlikely that he will be convicted of the offence. There 5. You won’t find out if they are open if you don’t phone them. Without 6. The rain brought about the cancellation of the tennis match. The tennis match 7. The reason why he applied for a job abroad was to earn more money. With a 8. The fog is heavier than usual tonight. There 2 9. The fete will take place on Sunday, come rain or shine. Whether 10. Failing promt payment, The goods must be returned by you. You must either Answers: 1.Nowhere in the world would you find a more affectionate animal. 2. What Liz said to her father at the party was unforgivable. 3. Only much later did I realize that I had been Swindled. 4. There is little likehood of his being convicted of the offence. 5. Without phoning Cách viết bảng chữ tiếng Nhật đẹp Cách viết bảng chữ tiếng Nhật đẹp câu hỏi mà hầu hết bạn học tiếng Nhật tự đặt cho Bởi lẻ, với bảng chữ cái, không học cách nhận biết bảng chữ mà luyện ngòi bút để có nét chữ đẹp Khi học viết chữ cái, bạn lưu ý điều sau nha: Cách viết bảng chữ tiếng Nhật đẹp Viết gói gọn ô chữ Mỗi chữ gói gọn ô Nhớ phải viết ký tự lọt vào ô Cách viết giúp bạn viết đẹp chữ giai đoạn bắt đầu học viết tiếng Nhật Tất nhiên viết chữ thực tế ô vuông, người ta viết theo hàng hai chữ có khoảng cách định Nếu viết hai chữ sát khó đọc Cách viết bảng chữ tiếng Nhật Cầm bút thẳng đứng không nghiêng Cần biết chữ Kana (bao gồm Hiragana Katakana) chữ Kanji có nét đẹp tay viết bút viết phối hợp nhịp nhàng Nghĩa bạn phải cầm bút thẳng đứng, không nghiêng Tuy nhiên, số người thường trang trí vòng xoắn để tạo nét hoa văn cho kiểu chữ tùy theo óc thẩm mỹ cá nhân Tuy vậy, Nhật, bạn nên viết theo nét chữ thẳng không xiên Cách viết bảng chữ tiếng Nhật Hiragana Viết trật tự nét Phải ý trật tự nét viết hướng nét viết Chúng xác định mũi tên số Về nguyên tắc trật tự nét hướng từ trái qua phải từ xuống, có số nét không tuân thủ Ngoài ra, nét ngang viết trước nét dọc Cách viết bảng chữ tiếng Nhật Katakana Hãy tận dụng thời gian bạn để luyện viết ngày Đừng bỏ qua bước nhé, nên sử dụng để có thói quen trình bày lối viết chữ phát triển tốt Trước tiên trang bị cho sách tập viết chữ Nhật, đồ theo chữ mẫu nhiều lần Phải viết xác nét hướng Sau viết chữ vào ô trống sách, muốn viết nhiều trang bị thêm tập Bạn phải kiên nhẫn khéo léo thục CÁCH NÓI VÀ VIẾT “KHÔNG CÓ CHI “TRONG TIẾNG ANH Trong xã hội công nghiệp hóa, đại hóa nay, tiếng Anh trở thành ngôn ngữ quốc tế chuẩn mực cho người đế hội nhập với giới, với cộng đồng quốc tế Nhằm trang bị cho bạn kiến thức tiếng anh đặc biệt giao tiếp, hôm Efc.edu.vn xin gửi đến học bổ ích ngày hôm nhằm để đáp lại lời ơn : Cách nói viết chi tiếng Anh Để nói “không có chi” tiếng Anh, có cách nói sau: You’re welcome • • Phiên âm : /juə ‘welkəm/ Cách dùng : “You’re welcome” dùng để đáp lại lời cảm ơn Don’t mention it • • Phiên âm : /dɔnt ‘men∫n it/ Cách dùng :” Don’t mention it” dùng để đáp lại lời cảm ơn Not at all • • Phiên âm : /nɔt ət ɔ:l/ Cách dùng :”Not at all” dùng để đáp lại lời cảm ơn hay hình thức thể lòng biết ơn  ... Trong Tan Street, Thanh Xuan district, Ha Noi (Số nhà 26 ngõ 190 Lê Trọng TấnThanh Xuân - Hà Nội) Ghi nhớ hướng dẫn việc viết địa tiếng Anh chuẩn đơn giản với bạn Thử bắt tay vào luyện viết địa. .. trường xung quanh không? - Do you live with your family? = Bạn có sống với gia đình bạn không? - How many people live there? = Có người sống với bạn? 2.2 Từ vựng thường dùng viết địa tiếng Anh - Addressee: