CHAPTER Connectors: Từ kết nối: Parallel structure: Cấu trúc đồààng dạng : Verb AND Verb BUT OR NOR Adverb Adverb Noun Noun Adjective adjective a and, but, or, nor Liên từ dùng để kết nối từ/cụm từ có chức ngữ pháp Các liên từ dùng theo cách and, but, or, so Những từ đứng trước sau liên từ phải có dạng ngữ pháp He willleave at six and arrive at nine V+ and + (V) Future Future That dress is beautiful but expensive -6- CHAPTER (adj) + but + (adj) He could work as a chemist or an enginneer (n) + or (n) Exercise 1: Bài tập(Correct the mistakes in parallel stucture in these sentences: ) Sửa lỗi cấu trúc đồng dạng câu sau: The book contained stories, poetic, and plays She needed some shoes that were inexpensively, hard-wearing, and attractive The paper contained mistakes in grammer, spelling, and stylistic In the mornings, he usually has some coffee, reads the newspaper, and will jog They not eat pork nor are they eating shellfish Most visitors to London or Paris spend their time visiting the museums and to shop The course was very interesting and practical but costs Check your verbs for tense and agree b) Not only… but also, as well as, both… and… Các thành ngữ có nghóa in addition to (thêm vào) Dạng ngữ pháp sau not only phải giống dạng ngữ pháp sau but also Mệnh đề not only phải đứng trước cụm từ lên hệ Mary is not only beautiful but also intelligent (adj) (adj) Bob not only studies but also works i (v) She types not only fast but also accurately (adv) (adv) Dạng ngữ pháp trứớc as well as phải giống dạng ngữ pháp theo sau nó: Mary is beautiful as well as intelligent (adj) (adj) Bob studies as well as works i (v) She types fast as well as accurately (adv) (adv) As well as dùng câu có hai chủ ngữ khác Trong trường hợp này, cụm từ có as well as phải tách hai dấu phẩy động từ phải hợp với chủ ngữ chính, chủ ngữ đứng gần Betty ,as well as her parents, is going out of town The nurses, as well as the doctor, are with the patient AND Dạng ngữ pháp sau both phải giống dạng đứng sau and: Mary is both beautiful and intelligent (adj) (adj) Bob both studies and works ii (v) She types both fast and accurately (adv) (adv) EXERCISE 2: BÀI TẬP Fill in the blanks with “not only… but also” or “as well as” or “both…and”: Điền vào chỗ trống “not only… but also” “as well as” “both…and”: It was cold and wet The new models are _more economical but also more attractive She ate the hamburger _ the hot dog He has _ the time and the money He not only directed the movie _acted in it The teachr checked the essay for grammar _ form She was _ hugry and tired when she returned from the hike He was an artist but also a scientist (2) Condition connectors: Từ kết nối điều kiện: -6- CHAPTER ` Các giới từ có nghóa dùng với cấu trúc nhau: Despite + Noun phrase in spite of Chúng đứng đầu câu: Despite the delay, we arrived on time We arrived on time despite the delay In spite of the delay, we arrived on time We arrived on time in spite of the delay Although, even though, though Các liên từ có nghóa với despite/in spite of, cấu trúc ngữ pháp khác: Although even though + Subject + Verb + complement Though Despite of Even though she had a bad cold, she went to class Although it was raining, we decided to go our She passed the test, though she had not studied last night Despite of it was raining, we decided to go our EXERCISE 3: BÀI TẬP 3: Choose the correct form from the parentheses: Chọn dạng ngoặc: (Despite/although) the history of the United States is not long, it is interesting (In spite of/even though) it was cloudy, the photos came out fine (Although/in spite of) John is only seventeen, he has entered college People are going to the movies again (although/despite) the high prices (Despite/though) he had a good night’s sleep, he felt tired (In spite of/even though) his poor English, he managed to communicate his problem very clearly Tuition fees were increased (despite/despite of) many objection from students (Although/in spite of) Mary had lived in New York all her life, she had never visited the Statue of Liberty (3) Purpose connectors: Từ kết nối mục đích So that RESULT CLAUSE In order that So that có nghóa in order that, hai có cấu trúc ngữ pháp theo sau; nhiên, in order that không dùng phổ biến so that So that theo sau mệnh đề mục đích bắt đầu mệnh đề kết với chủ ngữ động từ (Purpose clause) so that + subject + verb He is saving his money so that he can go on vacation She is studying hard so that she can graduate in june So that thường có cấu trúc sau kèm: Present tense _ so that …… could _ ……… might I am going to cash the check so that I can/may buy the groceries They went put into the street so that they could/might see the accident -6- Past tense so that _ ……can _ …… may _ CHAPTER Present tense _ so that ……will _ …… would _ We insulate houses so that they will be warm in winter and cool in the summer She put some antiseptic on her burn so that it wouldn’t get infected So that… will/would diễn đạt ý việc thực để kết mong muốn đạt đến EXERCISE 4: BÀI TẬP 4(Connect the ideas in the two sentences by using “so that”:) Nối ý hai câu cách dùng so that: Please turn the T.V down I want to hear what John is saying Mary is going on a diet She wants to fit into her old clothes again Joanne stayed at home last night She wanted to finish her book report He is learning Spanish He wants to make sure he will be able to speak it when he goes to Spain She telephoned him early in the morning She wanted to make sure she caught him before he left for work Susan always puts suntan lotion on when she stays in the sun she wants to make sure she does not burn He waited for an hour He wanted to speak to her Tom took an extra sweater with him He wanted to make sure he was not cold (4) Cause connectors: Từ kết nối nguyên nhân Because, because of due to từ kết nối nguyên nhân Because có chủ ngữ động từ theo sau: Past tense so that _ BECAUSE Subject + verb The flights were canceled because the weather conditions were bad Or Because the weather conditions were bad, the flights were canceled Because of động từ theo sau Thay vào danh từ cụm danh từ: BCAUSE OF Noun/noun phrase The flights were canceled because of bad weather conditions Because of bad weather conditions, the flights were canceled Due to có dạng ngữ pháp giống because of kèm Due to dùng văn viết tiếng Anh trònh trọng thường theo sau the fact that + chủ ngữ + động từ: The flights were canceled due to bad weather conditions The flights were canceled due to the fact that the weather conditions were bad EXERCISE 5: BÀI TẬP 5(Fill in the blanks with either “because” or “because of”:) Điền vào chỗ trống because because of: We arrived late _the bad traffic He could not play in the game his foot injury She did not buy it the price was too high -it is a national holiday, there will be no class tomorrow We could not sleep last night the noise next door the storm warnings, we did not go out last night They went to the beach it is cooler there She had to study her exam next week EXERCISE :Complete the sentences Use the correct connectives : Mrs Quyen bought corn , potatoes _ cabbages at the market (and / or ) -6- CHAPTER I ‘d love to play volleyball I have to complete an assignment (and / but ) Nam got wet _ he forgot his umbrella (so / because ) Hoa failed her math test. ,she has to the test again ( However /Therefore ) Do you want Vietnamese tea _ milk tea ? (and / or ) It ‘s raining , _I can’t go to the beach (so /however ) Ba ‘s hobbies are playing football collecting stamps.(and / or ) Na is very tired _ ,she has to finish her homework before she goes to bed.(However / Therefore ) MORE EXERCISES : EXERCISE Correct the mistake in each sentence : He likes art, history, and listening to music ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Swimming, to ride horse, and dancing are his favourite pastimes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… He is tall, dark and looks handsome ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… They wanted to paint the living room, laying a new carpet, and to buy a new sofa ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… He had finished the game, took a shower, and had eaten lunch by the time I got to his house ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… The Romans conquered, colonizied, and governs much of the world ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… That verb form is not active BUT in the passive form ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Taking the bus can be AS costly AS to take a plane ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… He wanted to borrow a car OR renting one while his car was being repaired ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 10 To eat in a restaurant is more fun THAN cooking at home ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 11 ALTHOUGH he liked to eat good food, he did not like paying high prices for it ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… EXERCISE : Correct the mistake in each sentence : When they were in Mexico, they saw museums, ruins, and folk dancing ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… He is young, intelligent, and has charm ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… She likes to read, to travel, and dancing ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… They came out of the building hurriedly, hailed a cab, and jump into it ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… -6- CHAPTER …………………………………………………………………………………… Her husband had bought a house, found a job, and chose a school for the children before she arrived ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… We enjoyed the varied cuisine and going to the eccellent theater in New York ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… That soup should not be served hot, but at a cold temperature ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Renting an apartment can be as expensive as to buy a house ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… He did not like to swim or skiing ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Going on vacation is more fun than to work in the summer ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 11 When he was a college student, he learned to play tennis, to golf, and swimming ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 12 We enjoyed the perfect weather and seeing fjords in Norway ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Before he died, he had sold his house, wrote a will, and set up a trust fund ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 14 After years of dealing with the public, she developed great charm, wit and confident ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 15 He could not decide whether to get a job or studying ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Although he was quick to critize, he was slow praising his students ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 17 Jogging is more vigorous exercise than to play golf ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 18.My wife took my bags to my room, opened the door, and puts them at the foot of the bed ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… EXERCISES 3: Join these sentences using the provided word in bracket: He was very busy.He came to see us.(although) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 2)He didn’t learn his lession.He got a bad mark.(because) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 3)He works very hard at English.He often gets good marks in it (so) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… -6- CHAPTER 4)The book was very interesting He read it from cover to cover.(so…that…) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 5)Tom didn’t go to the meeting.He was ill.(since) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 6)It was a hard exercise.We couldn’t it (such…that) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 7)She is clever.She can everything by herself.(enough to) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 8)The play was short.They enjoyed it.(however) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 9)He is clever.He is hard working ,too.(not only…but also ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 10)They brought the boy to the hospital.They wanted to cure his deafness.(in order to) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 11)The laser beam is very miraculous.It is widely used for the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers.(so…that) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 12)The patient followed his doctor ‘s advice.He wanted to be well soon.(so that) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 13)My grandmother is so weak She can’t lift thebox.(too…to) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 14)Some labor-saving appliances are convenient.Housewivies can use them.(enough for) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… *EXERCISES 4: Rewrite the sentences as directed : 1)Because you work with people constantly ,you must have good judgement and tact (Use Because of instead of Because) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… 2)That pharmacist has killed thechild because of his carelessness in filling the prescription .(Use Because instead of Because of) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… 3)He stayed at home.He didn’t go to the movies (Use instead of to combine these sentences) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… 4)Mai doesn’t want to watch TV.Lan doesn’t want to watch TV either (Join these with Neither…nor…) -6- CHAPTER ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… 5)Lin speaks English clearly.She speaks English fluently (Connect these with Not only…but also) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 6)It rained so heavily that they had to delay the flight.(Use Such….that) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… 7)That was such an easy exercise that every pupil could it.(Use so…that) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………… 8)Although the weather was bad,the pilot landed the land safely .(Use In spite of instead of Although) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………… 9)He went out in spite of the rain .(Use Although instead of In spite of) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………… *EXERCISES 5: topic (SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION) : Rewrite these sentences ,using the words given,keeping the same meaning to the original ones 1/She and I had never seen there before -Neither she My sister is not very intelligent and I am not intelligent -Neither my sister 3/ We haven’t got a dishwasher and we haven’t got a micro –oven -We have got neither………………………………………….nor……………………………………………………… 4/Lan doesn’t like oranges and Hoa doesn’t either -Neither Lan 5/He remembered, and so did she -He didn’t 6/He was given a gifl So were you ( Join into one sentence, using” as well as”) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 7/My sister has already got married So has my brother.( Join ino one sentence, using”both… and”) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………… 8/She hasn’t done her homework I haven’t done my homework.( Join into one sentence, using”Neither…nor”) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………… 9/ I came here because I wanted the English course I came here because of…………………………………………………………………… 10/ They worked very hard in spite of their old age Although………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… -6- CHAPTER 11/ Although his knowledge of English is still poor , Nam gets along very well in discussion In spite of…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………… 12/He came to class late yesterday because his car was broken Because of _ 13/Although he lives in London for years, he writes in German In spite of 14/Because of the cold weather, we stayed at home Because the 15/He passed the exam in spite of his laziness Although 16/ He didn’t go to school because of his illness Because he _ 17/Because of his love for teaching, David would continue this teaching career.( Use “because” instead of “because of”) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………… 18/ She was seriously ill but she enjoyed life very much Although…………………………………………………………………………………………… …… 19/ The flight was delayed because of the bad weather Because the weather……………………………………… ……………………………………………… 20/ Cars cause pollution, but people still want them Although……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… 21/ The flight was delayed because of the bad weather Because the weather……………………………………… ……………………………………………… 22/ Cars cause pollution, but people still want them Although……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… 23) The production is too small to satisfy the need of our city The production is so…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………… 24) The man was too tired to say a word The man was so…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………… 25) This tea is too hot for him to drink The tea is so…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………… 26) He spoke too quickly for anyone to understand He spoke so ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… -6-