MENDELEEV'S PERIODIC Groups of II I I Li II Be Lithium 6.94 IC Ca 20 19 Potassium Copper Rb 37 Rubidium 107.868 Ba 56 Cs 55 Cesium VI Gold Fr 87 VII [223] 121.75 72 Ta 73 Hf ko 178.49 Hafnium co 81 Ti Tantalum 180.948 82 Pb Thallium 200.59 Antimony 118.69 * t, 138.91 83 Bi Bismuth Lead 207.19 204.37 Ac 89 * Ku 104 Ra 88 Francium Tin 114.82 Mercury 196.967 51 Sb 50 Sn Indium 80 Hg Niobium 92.906 91.22 Lanthanum 137.34 79 Au Zirconium 49 In La 57 Barium 132.905 74.9216 Nb 41 Zr 40 Yttrium 112.40 Arsenic 72.59 88.906 48 Cd 33 As Germanium Y 39 Cadmium Silver 50.942 32 Ge 69.72 Strontium 47 Ag 31 Ga 23 Vanadium Titanium Gallium 87.62 30.9376 V 22 47.90 65.38 Sr 38 85.47 V Scandium 44.956 Zinc 63.546 28.086 Ti P Phosphorus Silicon Sc 21 30 Zn 14.0067 15 14 Si 26.9815 40.08 29 Cu 13 Al Calcium Nitrogen 12.01115 Magnesium Aluminium 24.305 N C Carbon 10.811 22.9898 39.098 IV B Boron 9.0122 Sodium 4 Beryllium Mg 12 Na 11 III V 208.980 105 C.3 Radium 226.0254 Actinium [227] c; [261] a Kurchatovium * LANTHANI Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium 140.12 140.907 144.24 [145] 150.35 151.96 157.25 ** ACTINI Th 90 Pa 91 Thorium 232.038 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium 231.0359 238.03 [237] [244] [243] Cm 96 Curium [247] TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Elements VI VIII VII H He Helium Hydrogen 4.00260 1.00797 Neon Fluorine Oxygen 15.9994 18.9984 S 17 CI 16 Sulphur 20.179 Ar 18 Argon Chlorine 32.064 39.948 35.453 Fe 26 Mn 25 24 Cr Ne 10 F Iron Manganese Chromium Ni 28 Cobalt Nickel 58.9332 55.847 54.9380 51.996 Co 27 58.71 Kr 36 35 Br 34 Se Bromine Selenium Ru 44 43 Tc Mo 42 Krypton Molybdenum Technetium 95.94 83.80 79.904 78.96 Ruthenium Rhodi urn 102.905 101.07 P91 52 Te Rh 45 Pd 46 Palladium 106.4 Xe 54 I 53 Iodine Tellurium 127.60 W 74 Xenon Os 76 Re 75 Tungsten 131.30 126.9045 Osmium Rhenium 186.2 183.85 Ir 85 At Polonium [209] Astatine 12101 Pt 78 Platinum Iridium 192.2 190.2 84 Po 77 196.09 Rn 86 Radon [222] DES Tb 65 Terbium 158.925 Dy 66 Ho 67 Dysprosium Holmium Er 68 Erbium Tm 69 Thulium 168.934 162.50 164.930 167.26 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 Yb 70 Lu 71 Ytterbium Lutetium 173.04 174.97 DES Bk 97 Berkelium Californium Einsteinium [2471 [2511 [2541 (No)102 Lr 103 Fermium Mendelevium(Nobelium)Lawrencium [2551 [2561 [2581 [2571 Problems in General Physics H E ilpop,oB 3A00,A411 no OBW,EVI 031,13111-CE maitaTeAbcrso Hays a* tvlocKsa I E lrodov Problems in General Physics Mir Publishers Moscow 28 Units of Physical Quantities Names and symbols of certain quantities A, ampere a.m.u., atomic mass unit B, bel b, barn C, coulomb cd, candela D, diopter dyn, dyne eV, electron-volt F, farad G, gauss g, gram Oe, oersted Q, ohm P, poise Pa pascal rad, radian S, siemens s, second sr, steradian St, stokes T, tesla V, volt W, watt Wb, weber H, henry h, hour Hz, hertz 7, joule K, kelvin 1, litre lm, lumen lx, lux m, metre min, minute mol, mole Mx, maxwell N, newton Decimal Prefixes Factor 1012 109 106 103 102 10 10-1 Name of prefix teragigamegakilohectodecadeci- Symbol Factor 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 T G M k h da d Name of prefix Symbol centimillimicronanopicofemtoatto- c m 11 n p f a SI and CGS Units Name of unit Physical quantity Length Time Velocity Acceleration Oscillation frequency Angular velocity Angular frequency Mass Density Force SI CGS m s m/s m/s2 Hz rad/s s -1 kg kg/m3 N cm s cm/s cm/s2 Hz rad/s s-1 g g/cm3 dyn Conversion factor SI unit/1 CGS unit 100 100 100 1 103 10-3 105 381 (Continued Name of unit Physical quantity SI CGS Conversion factor SI unit/1 CGS unit Pa dyn/cm2 10 g•cm/s 105 kg•m/s dyn•cm 107 N-m J erg 107 erg/s 107 W who erg/(s•cm2) 103 g•cm2 /s 107 kg•m2/s 107 g•cm2 kg•ma 10 P Pa•s K K 107 erg/K J/K 3.109 C CGSE unit 1/300 V CGSE unit CGSE unit 1/(3.104) V/m 12n•105 CGSE unit C.m2 3.1011 CGSE unit CAI 3.105 CGSE unit C/m2 9.1011 F cm 3.109 CGSE unit A Current 3.105 CGSE unit A/m2 Current density 1/(9.1041) CGSE unit 52 Resistance 1/(9.109) 52•m CGSE unit Resistivity 9.1011 CGSE unit S Conductance 104 T G Magnetic induction Mx 109 Wb Magnetic flux 4a•10-3 Oe A/m Magnetic field strength 103 CGSM unit A•m2 Magnetic moment 10-3 CGSM unit A/m Magnetization 109 cm H Inductance cd cd Luminous intensity I lm 1m Luminous flux lx Illumination lm/m2 Luminosity cd/m2 Brightness Note The CGS electric and magnetic units are given here in the Gaussian system Some Extrasystem Units =10-8 cm IA =3.11.107 s year 10-941 cm2 1b f 101.3 kPa atm = f 1.6.10-19 J 760 mm Hg eV 1.6.10-12 erg bar =-100 kPa (precisely) 1.66.10-24 g mm Hg = 133.3 Pa = a.m.u 931.4 MeV l•atm =101.3 J { Ci (curie)=3.70•1049 dis./S cal =4.18 Pressure, stress Momentum Moment of force Energy, work Power Energy flux density Angular momentum Moment of inertia Dynamic viscosity Temperature Heat capacity, entropy Electric charge Potential Electric field strength Electric induction Electric dipole moment Electric polarization Capacity 29 The Basic Formulas of Electrodynamics in the SI and Gaussian Systems SI Name Strength of the field of a point charge Strength of the field of a plane capacitor Potential of the field of a point charge E— Gaussian system q 43-re, r2 E = -8 08 E =- q IT= 43-teo — r 4xrcr a q r Relation between E and y Electric dipole p in field E Relation between P and E Relation between a', P, and E Definition of the vector D Relation between a and x Relation between D and E ( P i — (P2= S'Eici/ N=[pE], iv= _pE E=— Vc1), P= xe0E P= xE O f =Pn =xeoEn Q' =13 7i =xEn D=e0E-FP D=E+43TP 8=1+x e=1+4ax D =808E D=8E Gauss theorem for the vector D Capacitance of a capacitor Capacitance of a plane capacitor Energy of a system of charges Energy of a capacitor Energy density of electric field Ohm's law Joule's law § DndS=q (1 Dn elS=4aq Magnetic moment of a current carrying loop Magnetic dipole pm in the field B pm =/S C - gy C— EoaS ,C- d W=1/2 eS 4ad qi(Pi W CV2 /2 w= ED j=crE w= aE2 N= [pm13], D w— 1, = —8-37 Pm=7IS W = — pmB (Continued) Name SI Blot and Savart's law Induction of the field produced (a) by direct current (b) in the centre of a loop (c) in a solenoid Definition of the vector H I [dl, r] 7.3 dB— 4n o B— Gaussian system p,o 2/ — 4a r 4n D, vp = r I [dI, r] 1.3 2a7 c r 43t B= — nI c H= B-4nJ B = ponI H =B41.0 —J // /d/ =—L 4t / 1//d/=/ Relation between J and H c 2/ L.,=— B c r B= [to Circulation of the vector H in a constant field Relation between II and x Relation between B and H dB= C J-= XH p,=1+x p.= 1+ 4nx B= p,opH B = p,H Lorentz force F= q [vB] Ampere's law dF = I [dl, B] F= — [vB] c I dF = — [dl, B] Force of interaction of parallel currents Erni of induction Inductance Inductance of solenoid F p,0 21112 4n d dCb Wi= itL=c1)1I a the Energy of magnetic field produced by current Energy density of magnetic field L = gop,n2V W= L/2 BH w c F— 21112 c2 d c/(1) — c dt L= ca 1 I 5'i= L = 4ntin2 V w rr = c2 L/2 BH w= 8n (Concluded) Maxwell's equations in integral form Gaussian system SI Name (;1 DndS = E J pdV — nndS 13ndS = idl = (j n+ nn) dS V•D= p Maxwell's equations in differential form V X E= —13 V•B=0 V x H=j+D Velocity of an electromagnetic wave in a medium Relation between E and H in an electromagnetic wave Poynting vector v=1/1/ 801.1.041, E = I I 1/1-'1;1 S = [EH] DniiS = 471 pdV Eidl = 1371dS § BndS = 41t bn V•D=43-tp V x E= V•B= V X H 471 c- j+ v = c/V EEt El/e =H V IT S= 47 dS 30 Fundamental Constants Velocity of light in vacuum Gravitational constant Free fall acceleration (standard value) Avogadro constant Molar volume of ideal gas at stp Loschmidt's number Universal gas constant c = 2.998.108 m/s {6.67.10-11 m3/(kg•s2) 'V= 6.67.10-8 cm3/(g • s2) g= 9.807 m/s2 NA= 023 1023 M01-1 Vo = 22.4 1/mol _ 2.69.1029 III-3 n°— 2.69.1019 cm-3 8.314 J/(K•mol) 8.314.107 erg/mol 0.082 1.atm/ mol k= f 1.380.10-23 J/K 1.380.10-16 erg/K 10.965.106 C/kg•equiv F= 2.90.1014 CGSE/g•equiv { 1.602.10-19 C e= 4.803.10-19CGSE 0.911.10-39 kg size — {0.911.10-27 g 0.511 MeV e = { 1.76.1011C/kg 5.27-1017CGSE/g me f 1.672.10-27 kg mPr= 11.672.10-24 g e = f 0.959.108 C/kg mp 2.87.1014 CGSE/g 0=5.67.10-8W/(m2 •K4) b= 0.29 cm K 1.054.10-34, J • s h= / 1.054.10-" erg•s 0.659.10-14 eV •s R= { Boltzmann constant Faraday constant Elementary charge Electron rest mass Specific charge of electron Proton rest mass Specific charge of proton Stefan-Boltzmann constant Constant in Wien's displacement law Planck constant me4 R= § =2.07 10" s-1 Rydberg constant First Bohr radius Binding energy of electron in a hydrogen atom Compton wavelength of an electron Classical electron radius Bohr magneton Nuclear magneton R' = RI2nc = 1.097 105 cm-1 ri =h2Ime2= 0.529.10-8 cm E =me 512h2 = 13.56 eV =h/mc=3.86-10-11cm re =e2/mc2 =2.82.10-13 cm LB= µn eh 0.927.10-20 erg/G 2rnec= eh = 5.05.10-24 erg/G 2mpc (Concluded) Proton magnetic moment Neutron magnetic moment Atomic mass unit Permittivity of vacuum Permeability of vacuum = 2.7928 RN µ n =-1.913 [EN {1.660.10-24 g a.m.u.= 931.4 MeV e0 =0.885.10-il F/m 1/4:180 =9.102 m/F 140=- 1.257.10-6 H/m 110/4n=10-1H/m To the Reader Mir Publishers welcome your comments on the content, translation and design of this book We would also be pleased to receive any suggestions you care to make about our publications Our address is: Mir Publishers, Pervy Rizhsky Pereulok, I-110, GSP, Moscow, 129820, USSR OTHER MIR PUBLISHERS' PHYSICS TITLES Optics A MATVEEV, D.Sc (Phys.) This is the third volume in the series of textbooks written by the author for physics students at colleges and universities The first two books (Molecular Physics and Electricity and Magnetism) were published in 1985 and 1986 The material presented in this book is developed on the basis of the electromagnetic theory Fourier transformations have been used for monochromatic, nonmonochromatic and random radiation The description of traditional aspects is supplemented by a discussion of problems from the branches that have been developed intensively over the last 15-20 years.These include Fourier optics, Fourier analysis of random signals, matrix methods in geometric optics, holography, lasers, nonlinear phenomena, etc Contents Electromagnetic Waves Nonmonochromatic and Random Radiation Light Propagation in Isotropic Media Geometric Optics Interference Diffraction Fourier Optics Light Propagation in Anisotropic Media Dispersion Generation of Light Nonlinear Phenomena in Optics Textbook of Elementary Physics Vol I Mechanics, Heat, Molecular Physics Edited by G LANDSBERG, Mem USSR Acad Sc This is the English translation of the tenth revised and enlarged edition of one of the most popular textbooks on physics in the Soviet Union The distinguishing feature of this textbook is the detailed analysis of the physical aspects of the processes and phenomena occurring in nature and in engineering While preparing the present edition of the book, the authors have introduced the modern terminology and the latest system of units of measurement (SI units) Intended as a textbook for lecturers and students of preparatory faculties, high school and polytechnical students, as well as for those interested in self-education with a view to take entrance exams in physics at the university level Contents Mechanics: Kinematics Dynamics Statics Work and Energy Curvilinear Motion Motion in Noninertial Reference Systems and Inertial Forces Hydrostatics Aerostatics Hydro- and Aerodynamics Heat and Molecular Physics: Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids Work, Heat and the Law of Energy Conservation Molecular Physics Properties of Gases Properties of Liquids Properties of Solids and Transition from the Solid to Liquid State of Aggregation Elasticity and Strength Properties of Vapours Physics of Atmosphere Heat Engines Textbook of Elementary Physics Vol II Electricity and Magnetism Edited by G LANDSBERG, Mem USSR Acad Sc This is the English translation of the tenth revised and enlarged edition of one of the most popular textbooks on physics in the Soviet Union The distinguishing feature of this book is that it contains a detailed description of the physical aspects of the processes and phenomena occurring in nature and in everyday life While preparing the present edition of this book, the authors have introduced the modern terminology and the current system of units and measurements Intended as a textbook for lecturers and students of preparatory faculties, high-school and polytechnical students, as well as for those interested in self-education with a view to take entrance examinations in physics at the university level Contents Electric Charges Electric Field Direct Electric Current Thermal Effects of Current Passage of Current Through Electrolytes Chemical and Thermal Generators Passage of Current Through Metals, Gases and Semiconductors Magnetic Phenomena Magnetic Field Magnetic Field of Electric Currents Terrestrial Magnetic Field Forces Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field Electromagnetic Induction Magnetic Properties of Bodies Alternating Current Generators and Electromagnets Elementary Textbooks on Physics Vol III Oscillations and Waves Optics Atomic and Nuclear Physics Edited by Academician G LANDSBERG, Mem USSR Acad Sc This book completes the three-volume course on elementary physics which enjoys immense popularity among high-school students and teachers alike It has seen ten editions in Russian The last edition was thoroughly revised and updated under the supervision of Prof Savel'ev Contents Part Oscillations and Waves Basic Concepts Mechanical Vibrations Acoustic Vibrations Electric Oscillations Wave Phenomena Interference of Waves Electromagnetic Waves Part Geometrical Optics General Characteristics of Optical Phenomena Photometry and Light Engineering Basic Laws of Geometrical Optics Application of Reflection and Refraction of Light for Image Formation Optical Systems and Their Errors Optical Instruments Part Physical Optics Interference of Light Diffraction of Light Physical Principles of Optical Holography Polarization of Light and Transverse Nature of Light Waves Scale of Electromagnetic Waves Velocity of Light Dispersion of Light and Colours Spectra and Spectral Laws Effects of Light Part Atomic and Nuclear Physics Structure of Atoms Radioactivity Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Power Elementary Particles New Achievements in Elementary Particle Physics ELEMENTARY MASS PARTICLE SYMBOL* PTC Photon Y 0 co v ; 0 co Electron e- e+ 0,511 co Muon lc IL+ 105,66 206, 77 2,2.10-6 n+ n- 139,6 273,2 264,2 2,55.10-8 16 2.10 K+ IC 135,0 493,8 K° ko 498,0 974,5 548, 1074 { ESC me Neutrino Pions To { Kaons Eta meson BARYONS MEAN LIFE, s MeV 71 966,3 1,23.10-8 10-10_10-8 2,4.10-1° co Proton p i5 938,26 1836,1 Neutron n R 939,55 1838,6 1.10-3 Lambda hyperon A° A° 1115,4 2182,8 2,6.10-10 r i- 1189,4 2328 0,8.104° /- i+ 1197 2342 1,6.104° 20 io 1192 2333