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The long story of democracy, from ancient Greece to the twentyfirst century, including: How democracy was born and developed in the ancient world and the many different forms that it took The long centuries of democratic eclipse from Byzantium to the Renaissance The arguments against democracy over the centuries The rebirth of democracy in seventeenth century England, revolutionary France, and the United States How democracy has been constantly reconstituted and reinvented ever since
S Democracy Democracy A Life S Paul Cartledge 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America © Paul Cartledge 2016 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Cartledge, Paul, author Title: Democracy : a life / Paul Cartledge Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, 2016 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2015034058 | ISBN 978–0–19–983745–8 (hardback) | ISBN 978–0–19–049432–2 | ISBN 978–0–19–983746–5 Subjects: LCSH: Democracy—Greece—History—To 1500 | Greece—Politics and government—To 146 b.c | Democracy—History | BISAC: HISTORY / Ancient / Greece Classification: LCC JC75.D36 C38 2016 | DDC 321.80938—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015034058 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed by Sheridan, USA To Josh Ober in friendship and with admiration And to the memory of ‘Freeborn’ John Lilburne (b c 1615, d 1657) S Contents List of Illustrations List of Maps xi xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xxi Timeline xxiii Prologue Lost in Translation? Modern and Contemporary Appropriations of Democracy I ACT I Chapter 1 Sources, Ancient and Modern Chapter 2 The Emergence of the Polis, Politics, and 13 the Political: Modern and Contemporary Appropriations of Democracy II 35 ACT II 47 Chapter 3 The Emergence of Greek Democracy Chapter 4 The Emergence of Greek Democracy I: Archaic Greece II: Athens 508/7 49 61 Chapter 5 The Emergence of Greek Democracy III: Athens 507–451/0 77 Chapter 6 Greek Democratic Theory? 91 Chapter 7 Athenian Democracy in Practice c. 450–335 105 vii Contents Chapter 8 Athenian Democracy: Culture and Society c. 450–335 Chapter 9 Greek Democracy in Credit and Crisis I: The Fifth Century Chapter 10 123 145 Athenian Democracy in Court: The Trials of Demos, Socrates, and Ctesiphon 169 ACT III 183 Chapter 11 Greek Democracy in Credit and Crisis II: The Golden Age of Greek Democracy (c 375–350) and Its Critics Chapter 12 Athenian Democracy at Work in the ‘Age of Lycurgus’ Chapter 13 185 203 The Strange Death of Classical Greek Democracy: A Retrospect 219 ACT IV 229 Chapter 14 Hellenistic Democracy? Democracy in Deficit c 323–86 bce 231 Chapter 15 The Roman Republic: A Sort of Chapter 16 Democracy Denied: The Roman and Early Democracy? 247 Byzantine Empires Chapter 17 265 Democracy Eclipsed: Late Antiquity, the European Middle Ages, and the Renaissance 275 ACT V 281 Chapter 18 Democracy Revived: England in the Seventeenth Century and France in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries Chapter 19 283 Democracy Reinvented: The United States in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries and Tocqueville’s America viii 293 Contents Chapter 20 Democracy Tamed: Nineteenth-Century Great Britain 299 Epilogue Democracy Now: Retrospect and Prospects 305 Notes and References 315 Bibliography and Further Reading 333 Index 363 ix Index Demetrius of Phaleron, 109, 242 democracy See also Athens, democracy; demokratia; Greek democracy; Hellenistic democracy c.323–86 bce; modern democracy direct ancient, 91, 293–4 modern, 306, 307 representative, 306 Grote and, 303 Mill and, 303 Paine and, 301 social democracy, 301 Democracy Ancient and Modern (lectures, Finley), 307–8 Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 296–7 Democratic Party, 295–6, 298 Democratic-Republican Party, 295 Democritus, 33, 96 demokratia, 3 coinage of term as rule of the poor masses, 82 as disguised form of tyranny, 100 first appearance of the word, 74, 92–3, 220 4th-century orator-politicians and, 97 four types of according to Aristotle, 17 Hellenistic use of term, 244–5 misuse of term in Byzantine Empire, 274 as rule of the poor for Aristotle, 102 subdivision by Aristotle, 102 Thebes as, 195 types of, 145 used for any type of constitutional republican government, 265 Demonax, 156, 322 Demophantus, 237 demos ambiguous meaning of, 3 Cleisthenes and, 65 empowerment of, 55 enhanced by Pericles’ citizenship law, 89–90 and navy, 82 populus distinguished from, 257 power in the courts, 117 Demos (Athenian citizen) identity of, 172 trial of, 119, 171, 172–4 Demos (People), personification of, 205, 324 Demosthenes, 33, 175, 203 and 339 rapprochement of Athens and Thebes, 207 appropriation of Theoric Fund for military purposes, 206 counter-indictment speeches on Peiraeus, 142 death of, 217 defence of Ctesiphon, 121, 181, 216 disfranchised citizen, 107–8 Hyperides and, 216–17 on nature of democracy, 92 and Peace of Philocrates, 207 political debut, 206 proposed award to, 23 rivalry with Aeschines, 180, 207, 216 speeches, 17 statue in Agora, 244 Demosthenes (general), 115 Demosthenic Corpus, 140–1 De Regimine Principum (Ptolemy of Lucca), 277 De re publica (Cicero), 262 Desmoulins, Camille, 290, 291 Detienne, Marcel, 35 diaspora, Greek, 38 in the Odyssey, 40 Dicaearchus of Messana, 255 Diderot, Denis, 290 Didyma, 235 Diggers, 284–5 Dikasteria See People’s Courts Diodorus on overthrow of Syracusan tyrant, 151 on reduction of citizenship, 217 on Taras, 156 Dionysius I of Syracuse, 140–1, 152 Dionysus, worship of, 129 Dionysus Eleuthereus, 127 Discourses (Machiavelli), 279 Domitian, 270, 271 drama See theater; tragedy Dreros inscription, 37, 44 Droysen, Johann-Gustav apocalyptic vision, 232 use of term Hellenistic to designate period, 231–3 369 Index Dunn, John, 291 Ecclesia See Assembly (Ecclesia) Ecclesiazusae (Aristophanes), 34, 113, 135, 224 economics, Lycurgus and, 210–11 Edinburgh Review, 303 egalitarianism in Athenian democracy, 116 in poets of Archaic Greece, 51–2 in Putney Debates, 285 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (Marx), 292 Eikon Basilike (attr Charles I), 285 Eleusinian Mysteries, 57, 125, 130–1 Demetrius of Macedon and, 243 Eleusis sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone, 57 as statelet, 166, 167, 193 Eleven, the, 166 eligibility in spectrum of demokratia to oligarchia, 102 Elis democracy, 55, 155 in Peloponnesian League, 154 responsibility for Olympia and Olympic Games, 191 Spartan punitive expeditions against, 191 Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers, 290 England See also Great Britain Glorious Revolution of 1688, 286–7 Magna Carta, 277, 278 Restoration of 1660, 286 revival of democracy in seventeenth century, 283–7 English Civil War in 1642 (Days of Shaking), 283 Enlightenment, French, 288 Epaminondas, 195 Ephebeia (Ephebate), 212–13, 242 ephebes, 212 Ephebic Oath, 107, 213 Ephesus, 233 Ephialtes, 85–6 Raaflaub on, 74 reforms of, 24, 110, 318 impact on Areopagus, 85–6, 209 Ephors (Sparta), 188, 192 Epicrates, 212 Epigraphical Museum (Athens), 27 epigraphy on process of polis-formation, 38 study by Vanderpool, 27 from third quarter of the fourth century bce, 17 Episkopoi (Superintendents), 26 Epistatai (Miletus), 236 Epitaphios (Hyperides), 97 Eponymous Archon Cleisthenes as, 57, 64 list, 58, 317 pledge, 137 equality and democracy, 99–100 Erasistratus, 172–4 Erechtheis tribe casualty list, 88 Erechtheum, 127, 186 Eretria, 55 Persian devastation of, 79, 153 Erythrae, 317 Athenian intervention in internal affairs of, 26–7 decree on principle of anti-oligarchic tyrant-slaying, 236–7 decree on relations between Athens and, 147 in Delian League, 25 Hellenistic democracy, 236–7 Regulations of, 25, 28 Essay on Milton (Macaulay), 285 essay on the ‘Athenian politeia’ (misattr Xenophon), 97–8 Euboea, Athenian settlers on, 78 Euboulus, 114 as financial technocrat, 210, 225 mentor of Demosthenes, 206 Eucrates, 21, 23 See also Law of Eucrates (336) Eudemus, 214 Eumenides (Aeschylus), 85, 121 eunomia, 55, 95, 188–9 achieved in Sparta, 44 Euphemus, 157 Euphron of Sicyon, 243 Euripides See Suppliant Women Eusebius of Caesarea, 274 eutopias of Aristotle, 101 Excellency of a Free State, The (Nedham), 285 370 Index Exiles Decree, 234 Expérience Plébéienne, L’ Une histoire discontinue de la liberté politique (Breaugh), 6 sumptuary legislation regarding, 242 future of democracy optimism, 307–11 pessimism about, 305–7 federalism, Hellenistic, 238 Federalist Papers, 293 festivals, religious, 125 festivals in Athens, 125 See also Great Dionysia festival; Great Panathenaea funded by liturgy, 205 Peisistratid family and, 56, 125 finance, public in Argos, 198–9 in Athens, 210–11, 225 liturgy system, 205, 214, 225, 242 Roman Senate and, 256 Finley, Moses, 307–8 on Athenian demagogues, 115 Goody and legacy of, 36 on Greek Sicily, 151 Fishkin, James, 5, 311 Five Thousand regime, 158, 163–4, 221 Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, 250 foreign policy Athens, 24–5, 159–60 Demosthenes, 206 use of Delian League in power-politics, 147 Roman Republic, 256, 257 Sparta, 155 Four Hundred, rule of the, 53, 55, 68–9, 162–3, 221 suspension of writ against unconstitutional proposals, 222 France revival of democracy, 287–92 Revolution, 290 freedom of speech in Achaean League, 239 Athenian terms for, 129 Frogs (Aristophanes), 130 funeral oration, 142 democratic theory in, 97 speech attributed to Pericles by Thucydides, 33, 97, 136, 221 funerals, 142 grave markers, 142–3 games, prizes at, 125 gene, 66 Genealogies (Hecataeus), 63 Gerousia (Sparta), 165, 188 Gibbon, Edward on Augustus as subtle tyrant, 270 on Burke, 299 Gillies, John, 302 globalization, democratization of, 310 Goldsmith, Oliver, 302 Goody, Jack, 2 on Greeks’ alphabetic script as inherently democratic, 20 on legacy of Finley, 36 Gorgias (Plato), 98 Gorgidas, 195 Gracchus, Gaius, 257 Gracchus, Tiberius, 256 Graeco-Persian Wars beginning, 49 Herodotus on, 63 Great Britain See also England Chartists, 301 nineteenth century, 298, 299–304 Great Dionysia festival, 125 funded by liturgy, 205 Peisistratus and, 63 procession, 130 reinvention as festival of democracy, 54 theater at, 31, 56, 127–9 Great Panathenaea, 56, 125–6 funded by liturgy, 205 prizes, 122 Great Rhetra (Sparta), 42–3, 123, 188, 324 Greece definition of Archaic Age, 49–50 democracies in (See Greek democracy) map, 10–11 Greek democracy, 20 See also Athens, democracy archaic Greece, 49–60 Athens 508/7, 61–75 371 Index Greek democracy (cont) Athens 507–451/0, 77–90 as corrupted mode of governance according to Aristotle, 19 death of classical, 219–27 Delian League and extension of, 147 golden age c.375-350, 185–292 Marx and, 292 modern application of, 310–11 multiple forms of, 219 in Samos, 148 Greek Legacy, The (Finley, ed.), 36 Grote, George, 36, 301–3, 307 influence on Finley, 308 rehabilitation of Sophists, 115 Grote, John, 302 habeas corpus, 278 Hamilton, Alexander, 293 Hannibal Barca, 249–50 Hansen, Mogens Herman, 36, 307, 308–9 approving of Marcus Schmidt, 310 on city-state cultures, 38–9 research, 37 Harmodius, 32, 58, 82, 83 Harpalus Affair, 216–17 Harrington, James, 285 Harris, William, 21 Hassan, Mehdi, 313 Hecataeus, 63 Heliaea, 53–4 See also People’s Courts left untouched by Cleisthenes, 70 religious oath of jurors, 131 transfer of powers from Areopagus, 86 Hellenica (Xenophon), 193, 253 Hellenic War, 217 Hellenistic democracy c.323–86 bce, 231–45 Hellenistic period as transitional era, 231 Hellenistic World map, 218 Hellenotamiae See Stewards of the Greeks Helots, 124, 239, 240 Thucydides on, 321 Henry III (England), 278 Heraclea, 55 Hermocrates, 151 Hero (Menander), 242 Herodotus, 33, 309–10 See also Histories (Herodotus) on battle of Marathon, 79 on civil war, 19 on Cleisthenes, 64–5, 74 and Hecataeus, 63 influence on Polybius, 253 inspiration for pro-democracy speech in Persian Debate, 96 on Mardonius, 152 on military victories after Cleisthenes, 78 on Naxos, 153 on Peisistratid family dynasty, 57 on Spartan role in Athens’ liberation for the Peisistratid tyranny, 59 in Thouria, 157 use of isonomia, 161 Hesiod, 40–1 Hipparchus, 32, 58 Hippias refugee at Lampsacus, 59, 77 silver coinage, 31, 58 and Solonian reforms, 57–8 Tyrannicides and, 32 Hippodamus, 141 Histories (Herodotus), 63 ‘Persian debate,’ 93–6 political theory in, 93, 94 and word demokratia, 92 Histories (Tacitus), 270 History (Polybius), 253 translation by Hobbes, 286 History (Thucydides), translation by Hobbes, 286 History of Greece (Grote), 115, 302 Hobbes, Thomas, 286 Holbach, Baron d’, 290 Holland, Tom, 153 Homer on mortal justice, 39 political thought in, 51 tribes in, 66 homoioi as term for Spartan citizens, 44 hoplites, 109 army organized in tribal regiments, 68 372 Index necessary wealth for equipment, 75, 103, 162 training of ephebes as, 213 transformation of nature of politics, 41 Hyperbolus, 72, 120 Hyperides, 216–17 Epitaphios, 97 on numbers of slaves, 138 speeches, 17 Jackson, Andrew, 295–6, 298 Jaucourt, Louis de, 290 Jay, John, 293 Jefferson, Thomas, 294 and Declaration of Independence, 294–5 Jeffery, L. H., 54 Jewish Antiquities (Josephus), 265 John (King of England), 278 Jones, A. H. M on absence of Greek democratic theory, 92 on Hellenistic democracy, 231 Jones, William, 301 Josephus, 265 Journey Around the World (Hecataeus), 63 Julius Caesar, 265, 268 jurors in Athenian courts, 117 See also People’s Courts (Athens) annual selection of 6,000 citizens by lot, 170, 224 pay for, 87, 117–18, 169 religious oath, 131 justice, Homer on mortal, 39 justice system in democratic Athens, 169–70 in spectrum of demokratia to oligarchia, 102 Justinian (Byzantine Emperor), 274 Juvenal, 266 Iasus, 235 Iceland, 310 iconography and democracy in Athens, 31–2 ideology in Roman politics, 262 Iliad (Homer), 39 imperialism, ancient versus modern, 91–2 impiety Alcibiades and, 131, 176 legal procedure, 177 Socrates and, 117, 118, 176 individualism, Tocqueville on limits of, 297 International Petition of Digital Rights, 332 Ion, 66 Ionian Revolt (499–494), 79 preliminaries to outbreak of, 153 Iron Generation, 40 Iron Law of Oligarchy, 307, 309 Isagoras, 65 Isakhan, Benjamin, 2, 3, 35 isegoria, 78, 114, 129 Isocrates, 202 Areopagiticus, 202, 206 documentary evidence on Athenian democracy, 17 on the Peiraeus, 142 use of politeia, 123 isokratia, 75, 78 isonomia Birgalias on, 55, 317 Cleisthenes’ system as, 32, 75 Thucydides’ use of, 161 Tyrannicides and introduction of, 32 use in Persian Debate, 94–5 isonomia politike, 161 isopolity between Argos and Corinth, 150, 198 between Athens and Samos, 148–9 Isthmian Games, 56, 125 King’s Peace (Peace of Antalcidas) (386), 190–1, 204 Thebes in, 194–5 Knights (Aristophanes), 140, 160, 174 on Cleon, 119 kratos, ambiguous meaning, 3 Lambropoulos, Vassilis, 54 Landsgemeinde, Swiss, direct democracy in, 307 Larsen, Jakob, 238 Latin as Renaissance scholarly lingua franca, 279 Law of Eucrates on Tyranny (336), 18, 21, 22, 24, 105, 106, 316 both a law and a decree, 121 explicit mention of Areopagus in, 121, 209 373 Index Law on the Imperium of Vespasian, 270–1 Laws (Plato), 200, 201–2 ideal city in, 99 opposed to trireme style of warfare, 141 laws versus decrees, 21, 106, 121, 223 League of Corinth, 208 Leocrates, prosecution of, 215–16 Leosthenes, 217 Leuctra, battle of (371), 194, 195 Thebes’ victory over Sparta, 204 Levellers (Agitators), 284–5 Levellers’ Debates See Putney Debates Lévêque, Pierre, 74 Leviathan (Hobbes), 286 Lewis, David, 73 liberty, two concepts of, 292 Life of Lycurgus (Plutarch), 42 Lilburne, John, 284 Lincoln, Abraham, 296 Gettysburg Address, 297–8 Lipara, 55 Lips, Joost (Justus Lipsius), 280 literacy, democracy and alphabetic, 20, 71 literacy of Athenians, 21 and ostracism votes, 71 litigators, 140 litigiousness of Athenians, 139–40 Little Panathenaea, 214 liturgy system of public financing, 205 change to voluntary donations, 214, 225 ended under Demetrius of Phaleron, 242 Lives (Plutarch), 271–2 Locke, John, 287 influence on US Founders, 294 Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 279 lottery for offices, 81, 86 of juror-judges, 170 in Persian Debate’s isonomia, 95 Lyceum, 14, 92, 186 Lycon, 176 Lycortas, 249, 250 Lycurgus, 42, 202, 203, 209–10 and Athenian finances, 210–11 civic religion, 214–15 economics and, 210–11 equivalent of chief finance minister, 225 Law on Tyranny, 106 moral rearmament, 212–13 at Plato’s Academy, 209, 325 speeches, 17 Lycurgus (Spartan), 212 Lysander, 164, 165, 192 Lysias, 165 funeral oration attributed to, 97, 319 Lysicrates, 215 Lysimacheia, 234 Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 136 Lytton, E. Bulwer, 302 Ma, John, 237 Macaulay, T. B., 285 Macedon annexed by Rome, 252 Athens and, 205 Macedonian War, Second, 250 Macedonian War, Third, 251 Machiavelli, 279–80 Madison, James, 293, 294 Magna Carta, 277, 278 Mantinea, 154, 155, 192 political break-up by Sparta, 193 Mantinea, second battle of (362), 205 maps of Athenian Empire, 133 of Attica, 60 of Greece, 10–11 of Greek colonization, 48 of Hellenistic World, 218 Marathon, battle of, 79 Mardonius, 94, 152 Marsilius of Padua, 277 Marx, Karl, 292 on Aristotle, 18 Communist Manifesto, 301 Mass and Elite in Classical Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology and the Power of the People (Ober), 309 Mausolus of Caria, 198 Social War and, 206 Megalopolis, 238–9 destruction by Cleomenes, 240, 249 Megara, 41–2, 44–5, 55, 317 boundary dispute with Athens, 132 ostracism in, 73 374 Index Meixidemus of Myrrhinous, 320 Meletus, 176 Memorabilia (Xenophon), 100–1 Menander, 242 Messene, 239 Methymna, 149 in Second Athenian League, 196 metics, 139 Michels, Robert, 307, 309 middling constitutional state as Aristotelian ideal, 103 Miletus democracy, 235, 236 destruction, 79 ostracism, 73 military See also hoplites; navy, Athenian Cleisthenes’ organization of Athenians, 68 ostracism and, 72 Mill, John Stuart, 303 on death of Socrates, 179 defence of Grote, 303 influence on Finley, 308 Millar, Fergus, 247, 258–9 Millar thesis, 258–9 Miltiades, 80–1 Milton, John, 285, 286 Mitford, William, 302 mixed constitution theory, 163 ancient, 289 Aristotle, 255 Polybius, 254, 255, 258 Thucydides, 221, 225, 255 modern, 289 mobility, social, 109 mob in Rome, 261 modern democracy American post-revolutionary experience, 298 Burke’s critique of, 299 critics of, 97–8 divide between ancient and modern, 4 Encyclopédie on, 290 equality and, 100 liberal, 303, 306 Lincoln on, 298 oratorical defences, 319 participatory, 111 reinvention of democracy Tocqueville, 296–8 United States, 293–6 as representative, 91 re-use of word democratic in United States, 295 revival of democracy in England, 283–7 in France, 287–92 Sen on origin of, 6–7 social democracy, 301 use of word by Montesquieu, 288–9 Tocqueville, 296 modes of thinking abstract, 62 new rational, 61 Moisiodax, Iosepos, 290 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron, 288–9, 293 Moralia (Plutarch), 272 Mummius, Lucius, 252 Murray, Gilbert, 319 muthos, 62 Mytilene, 55, 196 revolt by oligarchy against Athens, 149 Nabis of Sparta, 240, 251 Naples (Neapolis), 155 natural philosophers, 62–3 natural world, rational explanation of, 61–2 navy, Athenian, 81 See also triremes demos and, 82 provision of ships and crews by Samos, 148 Naxos, 55, 153–4 Nedham, Marchamont, 285 Nemean Games, 56 Nero (Roman Emperor), 270 Nesiotes, 32 Nicias, 72, 138, 152 Nicias, Peace of (421), 191 Nicomachus, 139 revision of laws, 164 Numantia (Spain), 253 Oath of ephebes See Ephebic Oath Oath of Plataea See Plataea Oath oaths on Acharnae stele, 29–30 375 Index Ober, Josiah, 36, 307, 309 on reforms of Cleisthenes, 74 Oceana (Harrington), 285 Odyssey (Homer), 39 offices, elective, 116 legal restrictions to eligibility, 69 ‘Of the Liberty of the Ancients compared to that of the Moderns’ (Constant), 291 okhlokratia (mob rule), 258 Older Parthenon, 80 oligarchia, 102 oligarchy Aristotle on, 102 democracy distinguished from, 17 equality and, 100 in Persian Debate, 95–6 support by Roman Republic of Greek, 257 Olympic Games, 56, 125 managed by Elis, 155, 191 Olynthus, 206–7 On Liberty (Mill), 303 ‘On Truth’ (Antiphon), 173 Oresteia trilogy (Aeschylus), 85, 198 Oropus, 132 ostracism, 67, 70–2, 81, 223 of Cimon, 159 Grote on, 302 original aim, 73 of Pericles, 159 problems with, 72 return of, 221 of Themistocles, 84 ostraka (potsherds), 67, 70 outopias of Plato, 101 Paine, Thomas, 287, 297, 300, 300–1 Panathenaea See Great Panathenaea; Little Panathenaea Papandreou, George M., 306 parrhesia as freedom of speech, 129 Parthenon, 186 as ideological statement, 32 lack of dedicated altar, 126–7 possible representation of Panathenaic procession on, 126 Pasion, 139 Paul of Tarsus, 232, 274–5 Pausanias banished from Sparta, 192 exile in Mantinea, 192–3 restoration of Athenian democracy, 105, 166 Pauw, Cornelius de, 290 pay, political, in scheme of Schmidt, 310 pay, public political, 87 for attending the Ecclesia, 106, 110, 113, 211, 223, 224 for Councillors, 87, 111 for jury service, 117–18, 169, 318 lack of funds for, 205 timing of introduction, 318 peafowl, 173–4 Peiraeus, 141 Peisander, 174, 324 Peisistratid family, 57–8 and festivals, 125 overthrow of, 65 Peisistratus, 56 and City Dionysia, 63 and cult of Demeter, 57 Megacles and, 64 Pelopidas, 195 Peloponnesian League, 154, 190 Megara in, 132 Peloponnesian War, 132, 157–8 Argos during, 198 causes of, 160–1 Mantinea during, 192 Thebes and Boeotian state in, 194 People’s Charter movement, 301 People’s Courts (Athens), 86, 117, 140, 169 no equivalent in Rome, 262 People’s jury courts in Rome, 256 Pericles, 33, 84, 87, 120 admired by Thucydides, 158 Athenian finances and, 210 death of, 110 democracy and, 105 dissension with Cimon, 159 financing of tragedies, 82 foreign policy, 159 funeral oration attributed to, 33, 97, 136, 221 in Memorabilia, 100–1 and payment of per diem to judges-jurors, 87 siege of Samos, 148 376 Index treatment of, 115–16 Persepolis tribute relief, 80 Perseus of Macedon, 251 Persia Asiatic poleis and, 152 Peloponnesian League in resistance to invasion of 480/79, 154 Spartan relationship with, 189, 190 Persian campaign, 154 started by Philip II, 232–3 taken over by Alexander the Great, 233 Persian Debate, 93–6 Persians (Aeschylus), 82–3, 95 phallocracy, Athens, 135, 321 Philip II of Macedon, 198, 203 Amphipolis taken over by, 206 annihilation of Olynthus, 207 Demosthenes’s foreign policy and, 206 head of Greek alliance against Persia, 30 hostage in Thebes, 205 murder of, 232 Thebes and, 195–6 victory at Chaeronea, 106 Philip V of Macedon, 250 Philippides, 243 Philites, 237 Philocrates, Peace of, 207 Philopoemen of Megalopolis, 251 Philosophical Radicals, 301 Phleious, 193–4, 324 Phocion, 115, 241 Phoenicians, cult-space of at Athens, 211 Phormion, 115, 139 Phratries, 107 Phrourarch (Garrison Commander), 26 Phylarchus of Athens, 253 Plataea, battle of, 29–30, 154 Plataea Oath, 30, 107, 213 Plato See also Academy of Plato; Laws; Republic (Plato) ideal city, 201 opposition to democracy, 92, 98, 199–200 on Protagoras, 96–7 on Socrates, 176 teacher and mentor of Aristotle, 14 on trial of Socrates, 175 as utopian thinker, 101 Plutarch, 271–2 Life of Lycurgus, 42 on reduction of citizenship, 217 Pnyx enlargement of seating area, 224 meeting place of the Ecclesia, 69, 112–13 policymakers, professional versus amateur decision-makers in scheme of Schmidt, 310 polis, 37 Aristotle on, 15 as community or commonwealth, 124 database of poleis gathered by Aristotle’s students, 15–16 first use of term in political sense, 44 in Homer, 39 rise of, 38 Rome as kind of, 248 Theognis on, 44–5 translation into English, 37–8 as citizen-state, 15 Vlassopoulos on, 35, 315 politai first usage of, 44 Greek word for citizens, 37 politeia of Aristotle, 200 meanings of, 123 of Plato, 200–1 of Rome, 254 analysis by Polybius, 255 Politeia (On Justice) (Plato) See Republic (Plato) Politica (Lips), 280 politics defining, 36–7 murder in Roman Republican, 261 women and, 134 Politics (Aristotle), 4, 15, 17–20, 101 on causes of civil strife and war, 19 chauvinism, 34 on Cleisthenes, 64 definition of citizen, 107 differences of opinion with Plato, 200 on influence of mode of warfare on nature of politics, 41 organization in books, 186–7 377 Index Politics (Aristotle) (Cont) on Spartan regime, 187 on status of women, 134 written for students of Lyceum, 186 Politics in the Ancient World (Finley), 36 politides, women as, 135 politika, 15 Polity of the Spartans (Aristotle), 42 Polybius, 238–9 See also History (Polybius) as Achaean League’s Cavalry Commander, 251 compared to Thucydides and Aristotle, 104 on democratic component in Roman Republic, 247 eulogy of Philopoemen, 251 on growth of Roman Republic beyond Italy, 248–9 as hostage in Rome, 251 on how to write history, 253–4 mixed constitution theory, 221, 254 overestimation of power of the Roman Populus, 257, 258 patriotism, 249 return to Megalopolis, 251–2 popolo in Italian city-states, 276 populus See Roman People Poroi (Xenophon), 206 potestas, meaning of, 268 poverty versus wealth distinguishing democracy from oligarchy, 17 Power 2000, 5 Precepts for Statecraft (Advice on Public Life) (Plutarch), 272 Principate, 270 Principe, Il (Machiavelli), 279 Prisoners’ Right to Vote, 311 property as qualification for voting, 259 rights of Athenian women, 136 and voting eligibility in Roman Republic, 257 Protagoras, 33 inspiration for pro-democracy speech in Persian Debate, 96 writing code of laws for Thouria, 156 psephismata, 106 Pseudo-Xenophon (Old Oligarch) conferring of sobriquet, 319 indictment of democracy, 160 Ptolemies, 234 Ptolemy II, 243 Ptolemy III, 241 Ptolemy of Lucca, 277 Punic Wars First (264–241), 249 Second (218–201), 249–50 Third, 252 punishments/penalties, 118–19 Putney Debates, 284 Pyrilampes, 172, 173 Pythian Games, 56, 125 Quadruple alliance, 194 Argos in, 189 and King’s Peace, 204 quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns (battle of the books), 289–90 Raaflaub, Kurt, 74 Radical Democracy (Lummins), 312 Rainborough, Thomas, 285 Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth, The (Milton), 286 Recherches philosophiques sur les Grecs (de Pauw), 290 Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 300 Reform Act (1832), 301 reforms of Cleisthenes, 24, 59, 61, 64–6 Boule, 110 on citizenship, 87–8 creating a demokratia in Athens, 220 scholarly interpretation of, 73–5 reforms of Ephialtes, 24, 85, 110, 318 impact on Areopagus, 85–6, 209 reforms of Solon, 52–4 Peisistratid family dynasty and, 57 Regulations of Erythrae, 25, 28 religion in Athens demes and, 28 participation of Athenian women, 135–6 permanent non-Greek religious cults, 211, 325 debate on democracy and, 312 378 Index Paine on, 300–1 polis and, 124–5 Polybius on use by Rome, 257–8 in Sparta, 189 Renaissance, 279–80 Representative Government (Mill), 303 republic etymology of, 247 as popular government in Florence, 279 Republic (Plato), 200 compared to Rome by Polybius, 257 hierarchy of political systems, 201 ideal city in, 98–9 Republican Party, 296 Res Gestae (Augustus), 267–8, 269 responsibility of offices, 95, 110 to the demos, 102, 225 respublica, 247 Rhegium, 156 Rhodes Hellenistic democratic constitution, 238 in Second Athenian League, 196 Rhodes, Peter, 241 right to speak at Assembly, 114 rights Locke on individual, 287 political versus human, 311 Rights of Man (Paine), 300 Roberts, Jennifer Tolbert, 33–4 Robespierre, Maximilien, 288, 290, 291 Robinson, Eric, 55 on number of poleis with popular government, 146, 152 Roman Empire, 265–74 Roman People importance in Republic, 256 Millar on potentia of, 259 plebs Romana, 266 power of, 262 Roman Republic, 247–63 democratic component in, 255–6 electoral bribery and corruption, 260 influence on US Founders, 293 instability of Late Republic, 258–9 Middle Republic constitution, 254 Millar democracy thesis, 258–63 rejection and avoidance of a king, 247, 256 Rome chronology of monarchy and Republic, 247, 248 civil wars of 68-69, 270 Enlightenment and, 288 monarchy and Early Republic, 248 Renaissance rediscovery of, 279 rise to universal domination, 250 Temple of Mars Ultor, 269 rotation in scheme of Schmidt, 310 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques ancient Greek democracy and, 289 inspiration of French revolutionaries, 291 Ruins, The A Survey of the Revolutions of Empires (Volney), 292 rulers, lifetime worship as gods, 243 Rumbold, Richard, 285 Sacred Orgas, 131–2 sacrifices, religious at Panathenaea, 214 role in deme in administration of, 28 Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de, 290 Ste Croix, G. E M. de, 75 Salamis, Athenian settlers in, 78 Salamis, battle of, 81 Aeschylus’s Persians on, 83 role of triremes, 133 Sallust, 257, 262 Samos, Athenian relations with, 147–9 Satyrium, 156 Saunders, A. N W., 226 Schmidt, Marcus, 310 Schumpeter, Joseph, 308 Scipio Africanus, 250 Scipio, Younger See Younger Scipio Second Athenian League, 197–8, 204–5, 324 founding of, 196–7 Second Sophistic movement, 272 Secret History of Democracy, The (Isakhan and Stockwell, eds.), 35 Seisachtheia (Shaking-off of Burdens), 53 Seleucids, 234 and democracy, 235–6 Sellasia, battle of (222), 241 Sen, Amartya, 2, 6–7, 35 379 Index Senate (Roman), 256 Shilleto, Richard, 302 Sicilian expedition (415), 221 Sicily, democratic poleis in, 150 Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph, 301 slaves and slavery in Athens Aristotle on, 17, 137, 138 hierarchy, 139 numbers, 138 public, 139 burials, 143 Greek civilization and, 226, 321 in the United States, 295, 296 social contract, 287 Social War (357–355), 132, 198, 206 Socrates, 166–7 Grote on, 302–3 Plato on, 176 trial of, 118, 129, 167, 171, 175–80, 204 Xenophon on, 176 Solon Ath Pol on, 317 poems and reforms of, 52–4 sortition in scheme of Schmidt, 310 Sparta, 42, 239–41 in Achaean League, 251 Agis IV programme of economic transformation, 239–40 banned from 421 Olympic Games by Elis, 191 compared to Rome by Polybius, 257 economic reforms versus democracy, 240 Ephorate, 188 foreign policy, 155 Gerousia, 165, 188 imposition of extreme oligarchy on Thebes, 195 inequality between poor and rich, 239 Isagoras and, 65 Krypteia, 320 link between politics and hoplite phalanx warfare, 41 opposition to rise of democracy, 154–5 political regime, 187–9 relationship with Persia, 189 religion, 125 and restoration of Athenian democracy, 105 siege of Phleious, 193 spread of democracy as reaction to, 185 status of women, 134 terminal defeat at Sellasia, 241 Thucydides on, 123–4 war on Athens in 432/1, 159–60 speeches, 17 See also funeral oration in Herodotus, 93 lawcourt, 170–1 by Antiphon, 173 in texts of Greek historians, 93 Speech to the Electors of Bristol at the Conclusion of the Poll (Burke), 299 Spinoza, Baruch, 290 SPQR (Senatus PopulusQue Romanus), 256 Standards Decree, 31, 316 stasis Aristotle on, 101, 158, 200 as civil war, 158 endemic in Greek polis-world, 226 mixed constitution as way as preventing, 225 Plato on, 200 Thucydides on, 158 within the polis, 19 Stewards of the Greeks (Hellenotamiae), 116 Stockwell, Stephen, 2, 3, 35 Stone, I. F., 179 Strabo, 238 Stratocles, 243 Suetonius, 268–9 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 244 Suppliant Women (Aeschylus), 74, 84–5 Suppliant Women (Euripides), quoted by Milton, 285 Synoptic Gospels, 275 Syracuse Classical democracy in, 150 Greek founding, 155 ostracism in, 73 overthrow of tyrant Thrasybulus, 150–1 resistance to Athens’ assault, 151–2 Tacitus on Augustus, 267, 270 Jefferson and, 295 Lips on, 280 on Principate, 270–1 380 Index on Roman Republic, 258 talking-shop of Parliament, 283 Taras, 155–6 Teegarden, David, 237, 238 Tegea, 155, 192, 234 teledemocracy, 310 tetradrachm, 23 Thales of Miletus, 61–2 influence on Herodotus, 63 theater See also tragedy comedy, 129 democracy and, 82–3 Great Dionysia festival and, 56, 127–8 used for Panathenaea, 215 theatron (theater of Dionysus), 54 Thebes, 78, 194 annihilation by Alexander, 233 ascendancy over mainland Greece, 205 compared to Rome by Polybius, 257 democracy, 195 destruction by Philip II, 208 imposition of extreme oligarchy by Sparta, 195 in Quadruple alliance, 194 rapprochement with Athens, 207 revolt from Sparta, 189 in Second Athenian League, 196, 204, 324 Theft of History, The (Goody), 36 Themistocles Aeschylus’s Persians and, 83 Athenian navy, 81 ostracism, 84 Theognis of Megara, 42, 44–5 foreshadowed by Solon, 52 Theogony (Hesiod), 41 theory, democratic, 91–104 Theramenes execution, 165 in regimes of the Four Hundred and the Five Thousand, 164 Thermopylae, battle of, 81 Thespis, 63 thetes, 109 They Can’t Represent Us! Reinventing Democracy from Greece to Occupy (Sitrin and Azellini), 311–12 Thirlwall, Connop, 302, 303 Thirty Tyrants, 105, 120, 165, 225 abolition of writ against unconstitutional proposals, 222 Thompson, Edward, 300 Thoricus stele, 27 Thouria (Thurii), 156–7 Thrasyboulus, 204 Thrasybulus of Syracuse, 150 Thucydides on 508 Spartan/Peloponnesian expedition against Athens, 78 on Antiphon, 119 on Athenian support of other democracies, 149 on Athenian suppression of Naxian revolt, 153–4 on Camarina, 157 on Chios, 196 on Cleon, 115, 160 on demes, 108 on events of 411, 162 on Harmodius and Aristogeiton, 32 influence on Polybius, 253–4 on mixture of democracy and oligarchy, 103.255 on murder of Hipparchus, 58–9 on numbers of slaves, 138 on Peisistratid family dynasty, 57 on Peloponnesian War, 158 causes, 160 on Pericles, 116, 159, 221 on resilience of democracy, 164 on resistance of Syracuse to Athens, 150 on revolt of Naxos, 153–4 on rule of the Five Thousand, 163–4 on rule of the Four Hundred, 163 on Spartan role in Athens’ liberation from the Peisistratid tyranny, 59 speeches in, 93 on stasis in Corcyra, 19, 158, 161 use of isonomia, 161 use of politeia, 123–4 Thucydides or Grote (Shilleto), 302 Tiberius, 269 Timaeus of Tauromenium, 253 Timarchus, 181 Titus, 270 381 Index Tocqueville, Alexis de, 293 To Rome (Aelius), 273 torture in defence of freedom and democracy, 306 tragedy democratic function, 129 invention, 63 Lycurgus and recognition of, 215 tragoidia, 54 tribes (phulai), 66 appointing supervisors of ephebes, 213 reorganized by Cleisthenes, 66 Tribonian, 274 Tribunes of the Plebs, 256 Augustus as holder of Tribunician power, 266, 267 Tripolitikos (Dicaearchus of Messana), 255 triremes equipment and command as liturgy, 205 financing of, 141–2 public money for, 111 reconstruction of, 133 rowing as school of democracy, 141 trittyes, 67, 212 Twelve Caesars (Suetonius), 271 Two Treatises of Civil Government (Locke), 287 Tyche as goddess, 254 Roman bronze, 235 tyche (chance/fortune), Polybius’s belief in, 254 Tyrannicides See also Aristogeiton; Harmodius cult of the, 23, 32, 82 statues, 32, 83 tyranny according to Cromwell, 285 anti-tyrant and pro-tyrant-slaying legislation, 237 Athenian law against, 18 demokratia as disguised form of, 100 Solon’s warning against, 56 tyrants, 42 See also Thirty Tyrants in Sicily, 151 Tyrtaeus, 44, 212 use of term polites, 123 Ulpian, 274 Union of Corinth and Argos, 190 United States, 293–6 unity, Hellenic, 226 Unthinking the Greek Polis (Vlassopoulos), 35 utopianism, 101, 319 Van Buren, Martin, 296 Vanderpool, Eugene, 27 Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 61 on invention of tragic drama, 63–4 Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus), 270 Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, 63 on reforms of Cleisthenes, 74 Vlassopoulos, Kostas, 35, 315 vocabulary, political, 36 Volney, C. F., 292 Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 289, 290 voting in Athens counting of individual votes, 53 secret judicial votes, 70 by show of hands in Ecclesia, 70 direct popular in scheme of Schmidt, 310 group vote system in Roman Republic, 256–7, 260–1 in Sparta, 188 War Archon, 68 war victims, tribal casualty lists of, 142 Was Athens a Democracy? (Hansen), 308–9 Wasps (Aristophanes), 119, 140 on courtroom behavior, 172 on jurors, 118 water clock, 171 water commissioner, 116, 225 Watt, Ian, 20 weddings, Athenian, 128, 137 Welsh Chartists, 301 Winstanley, Gerrard, 284 women Athenian, 133–4 religious roles, 135–6 deprived of political privileges in ancient Hellas, 37 poor, 137 Women Attending the Assembly (Aristophanes) See Ecclesiazusae (Aristophanes) Works and Days (Hesiod), 40–1 382 Index writ, public, 119 writ against unconstitutional proposals, 106, 120, 180–1, 221–2 on siege of Phleious, 193 on Socrates, 176 on Spartan regime, 187 on Sparta’s violation of King’s Peace, 195 on trial of Socrates, 175 Xerxes amphibious attack of, 81 Tyrannicides statues and, 32 Xanthippus, 80, 87 Xenophanes of Colophon on meaning of marine fossils, 63 natural theology of, 62 Xenophon, 97, 164 See also Hellenica (Xenophon) on Agesilaus and Phleious, 194 on democracy, 100–1 on division of Mantinea by Sparta, 193 on end of democracy in Athens, 165 Younger Scipio annihilation of Carthage, 252 death, 253 Polybius mentor of, 251 383 ... acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Cartledge, Paul, author Title: Democracy : a life / Paul Cartledge Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, 2016...S Democracy Democracy A Life S Paul Cartledge 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford... Athenian Democracy at Work in the ‘Age of Lycurgus’ Chapter 13 185 203 The Strange Death of Classical Greek Democracy: A Retrospect 219 ACT IV 229 Chapter 14 Hellenistic Democracy? Democracy