Career Development Interventions 5th Edition Spence G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Publisher to insert cover image here Chapter 13 Career Development Interventions in Higher Education Developed by: Jennifer Del Corso Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Career Needs of Students in Higher Education • In 2011, slightly 21 million students were enrolled in postsecondary education in the United States • In October 2013m 65.9% of 2013 high school graduates enrolled in colleges and universities • College enrollment rates of Asians (79.1%) is highest compared to White (67.1%), Black (59.3%) and Hispanic (59.9%) • The unemployment rate for high school graduates not enrolled in college was 30.9% Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Changing Landscape of Higher EdEnrollment • Women made up 57% (about 12 million) of undergraduate student population in 2014, with just over million men enrolled (NCES) • International students are another group that represents a substantial percentage of those enrolled in higher education There were approximately 886,052 international students enrolled in higher education in the United States in 2014 • Ethnic minorities made up 32% of students in higher education in 2007 • In a recent survey of 90,000 college students (2012), 3% identified as gay/lesbian, 1.9% unsure, and 0.2% transgender Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Changing Landscape of Higher EdGraduation Rates • Only 19% of students enrolled in 4-year bachelor’s degrees at nonflagship colleges; 36% from flagship or very high research universities, graduate in four years (Complete College America, 2014) • Only 59% graduate in six years (NCES, 2014) despite 83.4% believing they will graduate in four yearsmismatch in expectations and a need for more preparation Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Changing Landscape of Higher Education • Survey results from the Higher Education Research Institute (2012) indicate that most first-year college students (87%) indicate that they chose to attend college to “get a better job” and 75% report that they chose to attend college “to make more money” • Project on Student Debt (Kingkade, 2014) reports that 69% of students graduating in 2013 from four-year colleges and universities had student-loan debt • Average debt levels for graduate seniors is $28,400 in 2013 • 11.8% of all 18 to 24 year olds enroll in community college Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved The Evolution of Career Development Interventions • Professor/advocate • Job placement • Employment agencies • Placement offices • Diverse services (no single type of counseling center or placement center) Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Five Major Approaches for Delivering Career Services • Macrocenter • Counseling orientation • General-level service • Career planning and placement • Minimal service Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Why College Students Seek Career Assistance • Learn more about themselves • Identify career goals • Become more certain of their career plans • Explore career options • Do educational planning • Learn job search skills Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Career Development Competencies in Adulthood • Personal Social Development • Educational Achievement and Lifelong learning • Career Management Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Personal Social Development • Career service providers can help students with the following personal development goals: 1) develop understanding of self and maintain a positive self-concept; 2) develop positive interpersonal skills, including respect for diversity, 3) integrate growth and change into your career development, and 4) balance personal, leisure, community, learner, family, and work roles Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Career Interventions in Higher Education (Crites’ Model) • Explore a variety of options • Crystallize a narrow range of specific options • Make a commitment to a choice and specify college major • Implement the choice of major Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Powell and Kirts Model • Proposes a systems approach to career services in higher education • Starts by providing an overview of services to new students • Continues by providing self-assessment • Then focuses on exposure as students engage actively in career exploration • Finally provides training in job search skills Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved The Florida State Model • A curricular career information service (CCIS) model with five modules, as follows:  Introduction to the service  Orientation to the decision-making process  Self-assessment  Career information  Matching of majors and jobs Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Sampson Model (2008) • Eight-step model which begins by evaluating and assessing career resources and services • Based on the initial assessment, career resources and services are adapted and revised to meet the students’ needs Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Career Services • Courses, workshops, and seminars structured group experiences on topics such as career decision making, career planning, and job search skills • Group counseling activities for students dealing with career indecision, career indecisiveness, and job search anxiety • Individual career counseling • Placement programs Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Career Services in Higher Education (Herr) • Infuse academic subject matter with information pertinent to career development • Provide coursework on career development • Use external resources such as internships) to provide career-related information, • Integrate placement and transfer processes in support of career planning Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Career Services in Higher Education (Herr) (Continued) • Offer opportunities for work-study/cooperative education • Provide decentralized counseling using academic departments • Provide seminars in residence halls, student unions, that focus on college life and career planning • Provide group counseling • Provide interactive, computer-based career guidance and information systems Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Goals of Career Interventions in Higher Education (Herr et al., 2004) • Provide assistance in the selection of a major • Provide self-assessment and self-analysis • Assist students to understand the world of work • Assist students to learn decision-making skills • Provide assistance with unique needs of subpopulations • Provide assistance with access to jobs Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Council for the Advancement of Standards (CAS) Guidelines • Essential components of career services       Leadership Organization and management Human resources Financial resources Technology Facilities and Equipment Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved CAS Standards continued • Legal Responsibilities • Equity and Access • Campus and External Relations • Diversity • Ethics • Assessment and evaluation Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Advantages of Centralized Services • More likely to have a critical mass of professional staff • Efficiencies and economies of scale in use of facilities and support staff • Vibrant, challenging environment because of heterogeneity of student population Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Disadvantages of Centralized Services • May be viewed by students as less personal due to size • May be located farther away from places where students spend most of their time Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Ten Imperatives for Career Services (Rayman, 1999) • 1: Acknowledge lifelong nature of career development and challenge students to take responsibility for their own career destiny • 2: Accept and embrace technology as an ally in service delivery • 3: Continue to refine and strengthen professional identity • 4: Acknowledge and accept that individual career counseling is at the core of our work Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Ten Imperatives for Career Services (Rayman, 1999) • 5: Forge relationships with other professionals and parents to achieve a “multiplier effect” • 6: Redouble efforts to meet needs of an increasingly diverse student body • 7: Maintain focus on quality career services while also filling relationship role with corporate America Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Ten Imperatives for Career Services (Rayman, 1999) • 8: Acknowledge that on-campus recruiting is a thing of the past and develop new approaches • 9: Resolve the nature of the university’s role with alumni, eliciting support rather than providing services to them • 10: Advocate effectively for resources to maintain and increase services and use existing resources efficiently Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved ... growth and change into your career development, and 4) balance personal, leisure, community, learner, family, and work roles Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn... groups Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris -Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2 013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Career Management • Career. .. societal needs, and economic conditions into their career plans Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Niles and JoAnn E Harris -Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2 013, 2009 by Pearson Education,