i AIR EVACUATION IN WAR: THE ROLE OF RAAF NURSES UNDERTAKING AIR EVACUATION OF CASUALTIES BETWEEN 1943-1953 A research thesis submitted by Maxine Dahl, BAppSc (Nursing Sc), MNSt, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology 2009 ii iii ABSTRACT Air transportation of Australian casualties in World War II was initially carried out in air ambulances with an accompanying male medical orderly By late 1943 with the war effort concentrated in the Pacific, Allied military authorities realised that air transport was needed to move the increasing numbers of casualties over longer distances The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) became responsible for air evacuation of Australian casualties and established a formal medical air evacuation system with trained flight teams early in 1944 Specialised Medical Air Evacuation Transport Units (MAETUs) were established whose sole responsibility was undertaking air evacuations of Australian casualties from the forward operational areas back to definitive medical care Flight teams consisting of a RAAF nursing sister (registered nurse) and a medical orderly carried out the escort duties These personnel had been specially trained in Australia for their role Post-WWII, the RAAF Nursing Service was demobilised with a limited number of nurses being retained for the Interim Air Force Subsequently, those nurses were offered commissions in the Permanent Air Force Some of the nurses who remained were air evacuation trained and carried out air evacuations both in Australia and as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan With the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, Australia became responsible for the air evacuation of British Commonwealth casualties from Korea to Japan With a re-organisation of the Australian forces as part of the British Commonwealth forces, iv RAAF nurses were posted to undertake air evacuation from Korea and back to Australia from Iwakuni, Japan By 1952, a specialised casualty staging section was established in Seoul and staffed by RAAF nurses from Iwakuni on a rotation basis The development of the Australian air evacuation system and the role of the flight nurses are not well documented for the period 1943-1953 The aims of this research are three fold and include documenting the origins and development of the air evacuation system from 1943-1953; analysing and documenting the RAAF nurse’s role and exploring whether any influences or lessons remain valid today A traditional historical methodology of narrative and then analysis was used to inform the flight nurse’s role within the totality of the social system Evidence was based on primary data sources mainly held in Defence files, the Australian War Memorial or the National Archives of Australia Interviews with 12 ex-RAAF nurses from both WWII and the Korean War were conducted to provide information where there were gaps in the primary data and to enable exploration of the flight nurses’ role and their contributions in war of the air evacuation of casualties Finally, this thesis highlights two lessons that remain valid today The first is that interoperability of air evacuation systems with other nations is a force multiplier when resources are scarce or limited Second, the pre-flight assessment of patients was essential and ensured that there were no deaths in-flight v KEYWORDS - history medical air evacuation nursing military Royal Australian Air Force women in war vi vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT III  KEYWORDS V  TABLE OF CONTENTS VII  LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS X  LIST OF TABLES XII  LIST OF SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL XIII  LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XIV  RANKS xv  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST XVII  STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP XIX  CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 21  BACKGROUND 21  THE RESEARCH STUDY 26  SUMMARY 32  CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 34  AIR EVACUATION OF CASUALTIES 34  The Beginnings 34  Air Evacuation in WW II 39  Inter-war Years 47  The Korean War 48  RAAF NURSES IN AIR EVACUATION 50  SUMMARY 51  CHAPTER THREE STUDY METHOD 53  HISTORICAL METHOD 53  History as a Method 53  Related Issues in Writing History 59  THE RESEARCH STUDY 62  Data Collection 62  Sampling for Interviews 63  Limitations in Data Collection 64  Data Analysis 65  Ethical Considerations 67  SUMMARY 68  CHAPTER FOUR WOMEN, NURSES AND WAR 70  Army Origins 71  Australian Military Nursing Between the Wars 74  WWII Nursing 76  Australian Army Nursing 76  RAN Nursing 79  RAAF Nursing 81  Post WWII Military Nursing 87  COMMON FEATURES OF WOMEN IN THE AUSTRALIAN MILITARY 89  viii ENTERING THE WOMEN’S SERVICES 93  Employment During WW II 93  Opportunities for Women Post-WW II 98  SUMMARY 102  CHAPTER FIVE A RAAF MEDICAL AIR EVACUATION SYSTEM 104  Background 104  FORMING THE MEDICAL AIR EVACUATION SYSTEM 107  The Decision 107  Initial Training 113  ESTABLISHING NO MAETU 118  Forming the Unit 118  Equipment for Flights 120  THE WORK BEGINS 123  Routine for a Forward Flight 126  The Reality of Forward Evacuation 129  Evacuation Flights to Australia 137  Life in an Operational Unit 139  SUMMARY 142  CHAPTER SIX EXPANSION AND NEVER-ENDING WORK 144  EXPANSION OF AIR EVACUATION SYSTEM 144  Background 144  More Training 146  Relocation 149  RE-ORGANISATION AND EXPANSION OF MAETUS 154  AIR EVACUATION ACTIVITIES 157  No MAETU 157  No MAETU 159  Air Evacuation Section - Garbutt 161  Evacuation Sections – Brisbane Medical Unit 164  Cessation of Hostilities 165  SUMMARY 166  CHAPTER SEVEN BRINGING HOME THE BOYS 169  AIR EVACUATION PLAN 171  Advance Parties 173  BRINGING THE BOYS HOME 177  Singapore-based activities 177  Flying Activities from Morotai 182  Flying Activities From Lae 189  Mainland Air Evacuation Activities 190  CLOSING OF THE TWO MEDICAL AIR EVACUATION UNITS 192  SUMMARY 195  CHAPTER EIGHT POST-WAR DEVELOPMENTS 198  POST-WAR RAAF NURSING SERVICE 199  Demobilization and Recognition 199  British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) 202  Establishing the Peace-time Permanent Nursing Service 206  ix AIR EVACUATION TRAINING RECOMMENCES 207  SUMMARY 211  CHAPTER NINE AIR EVACUATION NEEDED FOR WAR 213  WAR AGAIN 215  The Beginning of the war 215  Re-organising for the War 219  MEDICAL AIR EVACUATION 223  Routine 223  CHANGES TO AIR EVACUATION SYSTEM 232  Flights to Australia 238  Flights to Changi 240  Other Air Evacuation Experiences 241  ISSUES FOR THE NURSES 244  SUMMARY 245  CHAPTER TEN REFLECTION ON THE FLIGHT NURSE’S ROLE 248  SHAPING NURSING IN AUSTRALIA 249  Virtue – Women and Nurses 249  WOMEN IN NURSING 251  Origins 251  Early 20th Century Nursing in Australia 253  WOMEN IN WAR 256  Women in the RAAF 260  DEVELOPING RAAF FLIGHT NURSES 261  Recruiting RAAF Nurses 261  Being a RAAF Nurse 262  Being a RAAF Flight Nurse 265  Remaining Feminine 270  Gender Differences 273  RECOGNITION FOR FLIGHT NURSES 275  SUMMARY 279  CHAPTER ELEVEN CONCLUSION 282  WHAT WAS FOUND 283  REFLECTION ON WHAT OCCURRED 284  Air Evacuation System 284  The Flight Nurse’s Role 287  SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS 289  BIBLIOGRAPHY 293  BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS OF RAAF FLIGHT NURSES INTERVIEWED 316     x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS Figure 4.1 Staff and patients in No RAAF General Hospital in 1944 86 Figure 4.2 Surgical ward in the Northern Territory– RAAF nurse 1944 87 Figure 4.3 Melbourne, Vic 16 November 1942 Leaders of the Womens Services 91 Figure 5.1 S/Ldr Winston Kiel and F/Lt Graeme Salter at Nadzab 1944 110 Figure 5.2 No MAETU Course in lecture room – 1944 115 Figure 5.3 Waiting to go on parade 117 Figure 5.4 Marching on Graduation Parade April 1944 117 Figure 5.5 No MAETU Course being inspected by AVM V Hurley, DGMS and Miss M Lang, Matron-in-Chief 118 Figure 5.6 Original drawings of nurse’s kit for air evacuation duties 122 Figure 5.7 Diagram of Air Evacuation Nurses’ kit 1944 122 Figure 5.8 No MAETU thermos belonging to Lucy Lane (nee Mackenzie) 123 Figure 5.9 Map of Areas covered by MAETU teams 124 Figure 5.10 S/Sr Bray loading patients 1944 127 Figure 5.11 S/Sr Bray in-flight 1944 128 Figure 5.12 Photograph of Nora Heysen painting of Sr Lucy Mackenzie 130 Figure 5.13 Drawing of patient restraints used in air evacuation 134 Figure 5.14 Priority Travel Card used by Sr M Wroe 139 Figure 5.15 Sterilizing supplies – Nadzab 1944 139 Figure 5.16 No I MAETU sisters collecting sterlized items – Nadzab 1944 140 Figure 5.17 Laundry Day, No MAETU, Nadzab 1944 141 Figure 6.1 Nurses of No MAETU Course 148 Figure 6.2 Sr Jean Menzies standing beside the No MAETU sign Lae 1945 152 Figure 6.3 Nurses’ tents at No MAETU in Lae 1945 152 Figure 6.4 Tess Du Moulin outside her tent at No MAETU, Lae 153 Figure 6.5 Nurses’ Recreation Hut, No MAETU, Lae 1945 153 Figures 6.6 & 6.7 Photographs of sketches by Nora Heysen of S/Sr Connie Cook and Sr Verdun Sheah 164 Figure 7.1 Map of Japanese Prison camps 1941-1945 170 Figure 7.2 Huts in Morotai 1945 183 Figure 7.3 S/Sr Nan McBean, Sr Nancy Read and Sr Audrey Gilbert arriving in Labuan 1945 184 Figure 7.4 Copy of drawing of nurses’ accommodation – Labuan 1945 185 Figure 7.5 Loading of patients at Garbutt into Dakota aircraft for evacuation 191 Figure 8.1 Map of Japan and BCOF Region 203 Figure 8.2 Sr Eunice Fiel in decompression chamber as part of air evacuation course 209 Figure 8.3 Sisters undertaking crash survival in Melbourne City Baths September 1950 210 Figure 8.4 Sisters on crash launch in Port Phillip Bay - September 1950 210 Figure 9.1 The Korean Peninsula and the four stages of the war 214 Figure 9.2 Hospital at Iwakuni, Japan 216 Figure 9.3 S/Sr Lucy Rule playing table tennis at Iwakuni 1951 219 Figure 9.4 Wedding picture of F/Lt Dave Hitchins and Sr Joan Mills 221 Figure 9.5 Medication Box of Sr Cathie Thompson (nee Daniels) in the Coolamon RSL Museum 223 Appendix 5.2 A T ( ' 1' ! l NI S H Jfl' );,' ( 'A3111J :n !R • - , ' he fa t es availa le ror the va uati y air o cQ" a t es o all serv ces in this t eatre of operatio s are - Hetu n transpo't aircroft Air ambulance aircr ft EVACUA'r,ON BY R:,rmUHNG 't'nANSPllH'r AT;;t:HA,�'r: (1) pr1n:ipleo ' he se o transport alrcra t r the eV cuat on o' s, o course, primarily ependent on the e tent t o mlen such air raft e r e 300 to bring uppl "':J t o the fOl'ard areas (a) casalt ies retu (b) th r factors gove ning the evacuation ing transport a rc a t are Varlat o c Bualt es by f 'Ne t er Air super! 01'1 ty 'tactical s tu&t1 •• (c) Air evacu3tion of cas t es will be prov ded for al Allied Services pr ar ly fro:n oero N"-,es to "h h a1r transport 1s � principal eans o su l Air evncu t on by trsn o 't aircraft fr locaties to (d) :,h'ch air transport is t n pri 1ci Hl ea o up ly w111 be at t e di8cr t1on o the respon ible ,Ur 'orce Clander ho will direct a r t to that area and de i e the prior1ties for s :1 e acuat on (2) cal a Res on b11i (8) ' 'ac ' rnnsport aircraft hich h ve en sent forward I ith su lies in tact cal opornt1ons till be ade ava11abl evacuation of casualties e ac at on (Le I Z ' he Service r uiring oi' evacuation I !ll e responsible for co lecting ca es o be evac ate und for providing shelter and medical trea t "t the point of planing It ill al o :nn e pro s at he po nt of dplaning '0' s lter, me ica ar6 and further evacuatl n of these patients aa requ red , The Wedlca Air ,vacuat on Unit o the H.A.A.!1 or U,S.A,A.P il rovide the nec ry ersonnel and eQ ent r the proper me a care o I tients in flight d 9ill function 8S the co-or nating agenc p ying the air trnnsport aircraft bet een the Services s nd t ervice requiring r e ac ation The final deeiJil t ta 11tY o� potlents 'or 91r evacua.ion will be the prerogative 'o f the {'.O o ' the Air vacu tion IInit t in the are of o rations) for (b) Non_Tactical air evacuation ( e fr the area o operation o aae areas) - s wil be � rfonned by he air ong he or G t port sorvice hi h prov des cDmllunications and su ply al raft ln h s a a o non-tact cal operat.ons 'this e acuatlon w l nonnal Id ove ed by the decision o the co ander o the a r transport vi e according to hls co t ts an the need or air ev c ti n Ui Hcated to h ! by t e e( ca Al' Evacua ion nits r th e u t on of eose s by trc�spo�t aircraft from ointa "here the cl1itie of the edic l aj- evncuation unlts are not a aila le, application '.111 e made to the ocal al tru SpO t rol office by t e Serv c requlr g the evacuat ons l'he air traneport control officer ill ccept such s acc rd ng to the pr10rit es Appendix 5.2 laid n to nn by the D ecto te Ul" ,,\�' 'J'!'!:"1sport for \7hic eaS S ere eV cua cd under e c 'C st c rovide medica eSco r ts if mlch :�I'C }ull'ed (3i ?r1 '('he �; (121 e ry t ! e a) Sic and IY01U ded being evacuated >:I1 h n th araae as an erg cy e&s re • ( ac ical 11' eceive fire t riority ope 'at onal vacuat1on) ill (b) Sic and wounded being e acuat d from > erat on l area t area '111 nomally re cei ve C1088 "4" priorities (r>,.'l.'r ratin ) baee Med ca personnel of ir evacuation 1tS \vho v de are 11 o ally receive cla88 "3" priority ILJ.A.' atin ) for return to th�dr or1 1na tation (c) n flight The Medical Air E acua ion ' l) or IJr.lts /�11 :,Hli ntn l n ad quate manifests, medic l and ststloti!1I1 '6:0ro:; o )l p ents "acuated, irrespectivB or their er c snd 11111 UJIlh:h co�des to the Serv ce conce ed EVACUATION BY A R ldlllT,.il;: Ar�' (1) Pl'i::dplc!l (a) R.A.A.P a l' ambulance a l'c 'c) : ; ldc: ro' the vacuation f S c d ounded ln s' b (;;;, "H' (as oP! O d o UIU3S e"'Dcuatlons for which he a r tra.spor � oraan18�tlon O des) nd T11l pr1mari y serve those area where l r t r o ' , i:: n t a 'egu a enn of supply bu ance nit9 sre :nurkl w ith (b) The a rcraft of R.A.A.F air a Red cross Md th eir se 18 overn d by the G neva Conv nt1on (2) l.cspoiUtl' (a) The oe tional contro by R.A.A.F Head-Quarter of 11· lbu1ance Un t e erc s d (b) one or more o the a rcra t a requirefl rA Una to t e to trans,oot lick nd wounded may be detcched !'ro;., the A r ,:nbulr:ce Unit 1n accordance ith instrlctions r m R.I.\.Y ttand_QUllrters (c) The air ambulances s o detached ill C110 nd er the d rec on he R.A.A.P Group or Area Iead unr era into Those ar a they :'c detached The 1ce n that ar a equiri the U:e or air of ambulance or Aea c (f.61/4) aircraft ,,111 6ke he1 'CQ e to the P.I�.O of the Group ce ed t rough their sen or ad 11n :Jtrat1 c edica o icer Appendix 6.1 AIR EVACUATION OF PATIENTS BY NO MAETU DATE 1944 August September October November December 1945 January February March April May1 June July August September2 October November December 1946 January3 HRS FLOWN PT HRS FLOWN NO OF PTS EVACUATED TOTAL SINCE COMMENCE 1627 2165 1088 895 1110 3,792 5,101 [4,880] 5,996 [5,775] 7,106 [6,885] 1000 hrs 53 mins 677 hrs 55 mins 1825 hrs 44 mins 1801 hrs 42 mins 2048 hrs 13 mins 676 hrs 772 hrs 31 mins 767 hrs 25 mins 1334 hrs 37 mins 1132 hrs 28 mins 1344 hrs mins 1106 hrs 50 mins 1322 hrs 30 mins 846 hrs 35 mins 665 hrs 50 mins 1051 hrs 40 mins n/a 603 hrs 29 mins 491 hrs 10 mins 569 hrs 40 mins 540 hrs 25 mins 440 hrs 342 hrs 25 mins 290 hrs 15 mins 475 hrs mins n/a 715 638 972 899 1788 1256 1192 1431 n/a 394+142 380+234 275+147 7,821 [7,600] 8,459 [8,238] 9,431 [9,210] 10,330 [10,109] 12,108 [11,897] 11,586 [13,153] 12,778 [14,335] 14,209 [15,766] n/a 14,745 [16,302] 15,359 [16,916] 15,781[17,338] n/a n/a n/a 15,781[17,338]4 Notes: No MAETU’s move to Lae was completed by May 1945 The unit was located near the RAAF Transport Squadrons that would be used to air evacuate the patients Unit History Sheets state that marked decrease in work and unable to accurately forecast workload of unit There was also a shortage of RAF and RAAF aircraft No statistical data available for September 1945 Noted in Unit History for January 1946 is that the unit was to disband and that a nucleus of staff (CO, x RAFFNS and x Medical Orderlies) was to be transferred to 40 OBU with effect 15 February 1946 No statistical data available The additions of the number of patients transported by No MAETU show discrepancies in the addition in some months The final figure of 17,338 patients was achieved by adding up the number of patients evacuated that were recorded in the Unit History Sheets References: National Archives of Australia; Serial No A9186, Control 429; RAAF Unit History Sheets – MEATU – March 1944-October 1945 National Archives of Australia; Serial No AA1969/100, Control Med Air Evac Trans Unit/13/4/Air; Unit History – Form “A50” [1MAETU] Appendix 6.2 AIR EVACUATION OF PATIENTS BY NO MAETU – MAY-AUGUST 1945 Routes of evacuation No of Trips Litter Pts Walking Pts Total Pts May 1945 Morotai – Brisbane 11 129 Morotai – Tadji 24 Morotai - Townsville 14 38 121 159 Labuan - Morotai 14 106 67 173 Tawi-Tawi - Morotai - 3 Morotai - Tadju 10 Morotai - Townsville 50 93 143 Morotai - Brisbane 30 85 115 31 189 255 444 Labuan - Morotai 15 44 82 126 Tarakan – Morotai 12 43 70 113 Balikpapan – Morotai 10 13 23 Tacloban – Morotai 1 - Morotai – Townsville 20 120 276 396 Morotai - Brisbane 21 59 80 57 239 500 739 Labuan – Morotai 16 38 197 235 Tarakan – Morotai 13 27 40 Balikpapan – Morotai 13 47 105 152 Morotai – Townsville 37 110 533 643 Morotai - Brisbane 10 19 72 218 871 1,089 Total 2,431 June 1945 July 1945 August 1945 Reference: National Archives of Australia; Series AA1969/100; Med Air Evac Trans Unit; folios titled Monthly Report No Medical Air Evacuation Transport Unit for May, June, July and August 1945 Appendix 7.1 AIR EVACUATION OF PATIENTS BY NO MAETU– SEPTEMBER 1945 SINGAPORE DETACHMENT FROM TO AUSTRALIAN OTHER TOTAL Singapore Australia 344 348 Bangkok Singapore 1,464 189 1,653 Pakembaroe Singapore 202 731 933 Palembang Singapore 41 586 627 Abat Singapore 28 345 373 Pedang Singapore - 223 223 Batavia Singapore 148 157 305 Phet Buri Singapore 692 698 Medan Singapore - 56 56 2,919 2,297 5,216 AUSTRALIAN OTHER TOTAL 623 623 TOTAL MOROTAI AREA FROM TO Kutching Labuan Labuan Morotai 145 146 Balikpapan Morotai 75 77 Tarakan Morotai 29 30 Singapore Morotai 42 46 Manila Morotai 20 - 20 Morotai Australia 1,026 - 1,026 TOTAL 2,562 [1,968] GRAND TOTAL EVACUATION NUMBERS 7,778 [7,184]1 Note: The numbers contained in the reference have been re-calculated and the correct number evacuated is in brackets behind the original totals Reference: National Archives of Australia; Series AA1969/100/401; Med Air Evac Trans Uniti/1803/2/Med; folios titled Monthly Report No Medical Air Evacuation Transport Unit for September - October 1945 Appendix 7.2 AIR EVACUATION OF PATIENTS BY NO MAETU – OCTOBER 1945 SINGAPORE DETACHMENT DATE COMMENTS October NUMBER EVACUATED 289 October 357 Den Pasar - October 268 October 339 6-10 October 881 11 October 28 12 October 91 TOTAL 2,253 Thailand - 253 Bangkok – 299 Australia - 40 Rangoon – Australia - 89 MOROTAI AREA FROM TO TOTAL Labuan Morotai 488 Balikpapan Morotai 271 Tarakan Morotai 42 Manila Morotai 38 Morotai Australia 1,158 TOTAL 1,997 TOTAL EVACUATION NUMBERS – OCTOBER 1945 = 4,250 Reference: National Archives of Australia; Series AA1969/100/401; Med Air Evac Trans Uniti/1803/2/Med; folios titled Monthly Report No Medical Air Evacuation Transport Unit for September - October 1945 Appendix 8.1 WOMEN SERVING IN BCOF – JUNE 1946610 DEPARTMENT OF D'FENCE opy of 0UTWA ROS Teleprinter Message SECJiTAY ASSISl.I ' 1.' SSC>'A' 'mm: 19/7/1946 )"IC No" ' M.1211 I requcete d J.C.O.S., to supply detail� Your CS.1450 'nle !'ol1o"i8 is copy of statement re'luired � o.w 14 days aso Al/:supplied today br Director 0" Sta'f uti e e , Beeins: he "0110"ine fiures in respect to Women' � Servicee in Japan, -vo been lceived from I,Q" B,C.O.F., i arc fowarded for informationl_ I, -Nurs ing S ervi c es , elerlonl�" other duties V/elfnre !lndin: O.AlIS , F ur!lns 55 18 Service "" I,,) NS (lm.) ''' "''' 'M" rit Hod ''', Rod Cro�s Civilian 'A- " , 10 , , CroS! , 45(a) , tI (nsal�taJlt� for "'", hoo Totls "jllia Totnl \"; ome n's Serv ices n, I �n�""�'ie" Zealnd" -J"""' Totnls -""- _� _ _ _ Z Tot"l 1"lomon's Australia: _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2(b Aust Red Cross /CA , A� A-i";S lbra1n,� s elVio_.' 34 60 I c''' ' O'1 Totals Austl ' a1b Tota "IJ:!on' s Services Hates: _ 17 e MP 3'1 Sevices - 45{a) " 73 " "" , in) The eIct e"'plo-"nt ot FI!i's 1s n ot knorn, but 1s believed to include a proportion for \Ic1tere Pltho1oeist AA�C Assistant Pathologist AA�C (ScientIfi c ) Fleure supplied by AF HQ's NOT include! in advice (0) (0) fla HQ BCOY, The ds;o al ,hlch ;resl tieura� obtainel is ot knowl, b u t they wore tOl'''d y HQ COP ne the Ilteet available flew'e) In 18th June, 1946 11/7/>146, 610 National Archives of Australia; A816; 52/301/247, Women’s Services in BCOF 611 u tlon L- Atkin�on .neIal rinciple" o a "'" r CU : ir e7ac\:stion Sr Cle"r : F/ gt IHl rd �lm: 101" Ocean S v val SBA E C E C) Lo t ro: E,�enti81 Facill ties l Fl ght : Fl1ght Levels L�dlng P tients to In u ies per Monite"t "s of Lecture: Caro "tIents In Fli t Lecture, Cr sh Pr edure P lm: Delort viv l 0unch Procedure ,101 R' lnson -ON} to I' Air Clsulltlos tretche !ecr , ors on & I ter Shoc Treot ont I 15 '1t: M fl.ctlc l; Dinghie r1l1 - Cl y lths FIlm: L d and L v In the JUngle s.5 r ct c.l: Flying t Lecture: M d 1csl &Su plio� Nee ed i Fl1ght, Inspection ot '"'0 cr sh 28th Aug\ s , ,",rd to ,'" " 1500 SE THRS D.30t US , t MON.20t A r AR lACU"l'ION t A t" KIt Fi : Austra.1an S-yIva] Fi m Fi DC3 A1rcr t: FIttings : F cIl1t1o" (on T c) cti $urvl l D.6th Prlctica.: Dl�10 R scue Dr ll- Pt Cook 1950 h; D monstrs t )n: DIngh e S ct Pt C o o k F/S t Ki lard • Le turo: Night ision oI t C ok : F/L.Atk nson : Ano h Run - 1s Sgt \"rch P"r c ute Horness FItting /Sgt i lord Lecture: An h : odi ol Pltn "s Cro Fil - F/L.Atk nson : F D, h o ct -o : RevisIon t!NIE oint Cook: Anoxt" Run Hal - nd Hat Lecture; $ I viv F/L Atki son h CLEARllC ES - - - -' -'-' -:" :, -: ,O = O : -, - -,, - -;:.O, O o:.: c : ,:"h O"; , :.=:t 'C, :ng;c,;Ot7 lZjt; ;L: FL ING A1HN\ I N l�O A rcra1"t 1510 din Aircra ' l�J Pot ent t in FL ING Re t n t L" ,orton X\MIN.TIOf COPY OF AIR EVACUATION SYLLABUS 1950611 Appendix 8.2 National Archives of Australia, A705; 208/74/165, Medical Training Unit – Syllabus 1950 NO Appendix 9.1 MEDICAL EVACUATION SUMMARY No 91 (COMPOSITE) WING 1951-1953 Korea to Japan Japan to Australia Japan to United Kingdom 1951 January February March April May June July August September October November December 125 217 450 440 374 550 459 589 371 711 717 513 37 38 16 40 21 21 18 17 19 25 31 73 61 84 112 82 72 52 15 16 34 41 66 1952 January February March April May June July August September October November December 479 358 397 386 437 478 475 430 294 287 266 258 42 13 12 12 12 13 21 18 26 12 17 55 19 32 30 16 20 12 44 38 16 27 52 1953 January February March April May June July August September October November December 353 146 130 228 329 367 314 246 159 142 113 174 21 28 21 16 19 35 33 23 25 11 14 17 64 24 19 53 44 50 63 49 29 13 24 29 TOTAL from January 1951 – December 1953 Korea to Japan Japan to Australia Japan to United Kingdom 12,762 728 1,530 Appendix MEDICAL AIR EVACUATION - FLIGHT PANNIER Figure Appendix 9.2 – Example of stocked Flight Pannier CONTENTS OF TYPICAL FLIGHT-PANNIER From left compartments contain: Magazines Barley sugar Gum Tomato juice Fruit juice Cups Paper Canvas Trash Bag (Round) Canvas Stretcher Extension Water Bottle Cotton Wool Kidney Dish Large Towels Surgical Straws Drinking (Plastic) Urinal Bed pan and Toilet Paper Straps Safety – Patient Mask Oxygen Towels Tea – Macintosh (Large) Swabs Sterile – containers Large Dressings – containers Bowls Hand and soap, face washer, hand towel Tins plasma Box of Kleenex Tissues Set of Restraining Straps Air Sickness Bags ) in lid compartments Manifest Board ) (Weight Pannier (Full) 51 lbs) Reference: RAAF Museum, Evacuation of Casualties in Korea, handmade book by S/Ldr D.A.S Morgan Appendix MEDICAL AIR EVACUATION - OTHER EQUIPMENT Blanket Bag (Weight with 10 blankets is 43.5 lbs) – may also carry litter straps, litter pillows etc Reference: RAAF Museum, Evacuation of Casualties in Korea, handmade book by S/Ldr D.A.S Morgan Appendix Cup-Box with lid closed and open Box carries 24 enamel cups For sometime, plastic cups were used in Korean flights but the flight sisters found patients preferred enamel mugs with handles (Weight of box with 20 cups – enamel is 21.25 lbs) Thermos Flask holds gallons (Weight 17.5 lbs) Reference: RAAF Museum, Evacuation of Casualties in Korea, handmade book by S/Ldr D.A.S Morgan - Ser ice Name & Initials lumber Rank Unit - Diagnosis l)From • LW • • • • • • • • • • • T_ • • • • - In-flight treatmgnt • • • •• 4E w _ _ · wo PAGE _ _ ••• Conditiun-t reatment �Route Stb I - _- - - - - - I I I - � - - - - - _ w_· - - - , , - , / - , , - i ,- ,- i , , I , I , , Appendix \ COPY OF RAAF MEDICAL AIR EVACUATION MANIFEST PART Reference: RAAF Museum, Evacuation of Casualties in Korea, handmade book by S/Ldr D.A.S Morgan ROYAL AUG!RALIAN AIR FORCE-DICAL AIR EV.A.CUATION ANIFEST (Part (1) OD (a) (b) British Litter ­ Walkin� • • • Australian • Canadian • • • N.Z • • • • • • • • Total \ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • l : '1 • • • • • • • • • • • t , , , , , , � (2) bCREENING �.O Certified that patients manifested have been examined and ara considered fit for air evacuation from • • • • to • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • DATE • Screening dedical Officer • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• '3) •••• and that flight sister has been given indicated briefing: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Appointme nt FLIGHT-REPRT �/C.No I From - Durati- 'ro on Hours Mu A lt �jeather Air Sickness Other Remarks I i I ; I FLIGT SISTR ATE • • • • •• • • • • • • • • Appendix I COPY OF RAAF MEDICAL AIR EVACUATION MANIFEST PART Reference: RAAF Museum, Evacuation of Casualties in Korea, handmade book by S/Ldr D.A.S Morgan , DICAL AIR EVACUATION uNIFEST -Part CE J OYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FOR (required completion by Screeping t Flight-Sister on 91 WIN G COPY ONY) " • � D�h 'I r' 'a·1 l;'lJld oi �I s.) _,_a.J Jr iP) N ber ( ) lan (1) Na"le a/ U l l.aJ.S ircra ,arV ca (J; ._ - Ty� Or I r : t (k) I (d' "'I u".1 itude ISht (0)' t in d' • - Diagnosis � i Con; i 10'- A c : (ll) �n ar ""al ness cl) Y , (n) I - •• J' J t.?.ts ' / ; 'he-r-e-O(, d 1'en '")ra li i"g d�T� � i ) ) D rat _ A _? - ! 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