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Sentence Correction là phần học nhanh tiến bộ nhất trong các bài tập của GMAT. Bản thân người biên soạn nhận thấy, trong số các nội dung về SC, Ron (giảng viên của Manhattan) có cách giải thích chuẩn mực nhất, nên đã cố công cóp nhặt những tuyên bố của Ron rải rác trong các trang forum, giúp người đọc tiết kiệm rất nhiều thời gian.
TỔNG HỢP CÁC CÂU SC KHÓ TRONG GMAT OFFICIAL MATERIALS NGƯỜI GIẢI THÍCH: RON (MANHATTAN) NGƯỜI TỔNG HỢP + NHẬN XÉT: ĐÕ QUANG TOẢN (710) 39 According to scholars, the earliest writing was probably not a direct rendering of speech, but was more likely to begin as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language (comparison problem) (A) was more likely to begin as (B) more than likely began as (C) more than likely beginning from (D) it was more than likely begun from (E) it was more likely that it began Trong câu này, chủ ngữ phần sau câu bị đi: the earliest writing was probably not a direct rendering of speech, but more than likely the earliest writing began as… and merged Vì phần sau có “and merged” phải began phần gạch chân A + C + D out! E: it ambiguous B 40 In 1995 Richard Stallman, a well-known critic of the patent system, testified in Patent Office hearings that, to test the system, a colleague of his had managed to win a patent for one of Kirchhoff’s laws, an observation about electric current first made in 1845 and now included in virtually every textbook of elementary physics (A) laws, an observation about electric current first made in 1845 and (B) laws, which was an observation about electric current first made in 1845 and it is (C) laws, namely, it was an observation about electric current first made in 1845 and (D) laws, an observation about electric current first made in 1845, it is (E) laws that was an observation about electric current, first made in 1845, and is APPOSITVE MODIFIER A B: and it is… run on sentence (no comma presented) + “was” should be “were” C: namely? Also, a run on sentence D: run on sentence E: sounds like current was made in 1845; “that” refers to “laws” “was” is wrong 42 The Supreme Court has ruled that public universities can collect student activity fees even with students’ objections to particular activities, so long as the groups they give money to will be chosen without regard to their views (A) with students’ objections to particular activities, so long as the groups they give money to will be (B) if they have objections to particular activities and the groups that are given the money are (C) if they object to particular activities, but the groups that the money is given to have to be (D) from students who object to particular activities, so long as the groups given money are (E) though students have an objection to particular activities, but the groups that are given the money be https://e-gmat.com/articles/?p=1207 A: they – their must share antecedent illogical meaning B+C: fees have objections? – ridiculous; C: to at the end of the modifier – really? Crazy Preparation exam 1: Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress a statue of the goddess Athena and that this robe depicted scenes of a battle between Zeus, Athena's father, and giants A Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress B Based on records from ancient Athens, young Athenian women had collaborated to weave a new woolen robe with which to dress C According to records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress D Records from ancient Athens indicate that each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe with which they dressed E Records from ancient Athens indicate each year young Athenian women had collaborated to weave a new woolen robe for dressing A + B: “based on” để modify “women” không phù hợp phụ nữ nào… dựa vào records đc > A&B out C: robe that they used to dress… họ dung áo choàng để thực việc mặc áo Hơn nữa, dù có “ra vẻ” // cấu trúc: …that X and that Y câu này, that mô tả đặc tính the robe, câu sau lại mô tả thực khác hiểu: the robe that they used to dress + the robe that this robe depicted… E: (&B) had collaborated qkht không phù hợp để diễn tả hành động lặp lặp lại khứ D: indicate that young women abc and that this robe xyz Preparation exam 1: In archaeology, there must be a balance between explanation of the value and workings of archaeology, revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and to promote respect for archaeological sites A between explanation of the value and workings of archaeology, revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and to promote B among explaining the value and workings of archaeology, revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and promoting C between explaining the value and workings of archaeology, revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and when promoting D among explaining the value and workings of archaeology, the revelation of the mysteries of past and present cultures, and to promote E between explaining archaeologys value and workings, in the revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and in promoting 1st split: among v.s between look back at the meaning: balance has laterals: explaining…, revealing…., and promoting… among A + C + E: out D: explaining, the revelation, to promote: not parallel B: perfect HOW TO SEE THE BIG PICTURE? https://www.manhattanprep.com/gmat/blog/2015/08/17/how-totackle-every-single-gmat-problem-seriously-part-3-2/ GO TO THIS LINK AND READ First, Glance at the problem What does that even mean for SC? There’s so much text! Don’t read the sentence yet Here’s where to glance: Start with the word before the underline and the first underlined word Then glance down the first word themselves or two of each answer choice Some words are markers all by: if you see the word and, you know something is going on with parallelism Other clues make themselves known when you compare differences in the answers, and there’s always one difference at the beginning of each answer choice You may not always know what the difference signifies, but if you train well, you can learn to spot clues on a First Glance something like 70% to 80% of the time Preparation exam 1: As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing the bee to sustain a fatal injury A As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing B As the heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes C The honeybee’s stinger, heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted, results in the fact that the act of stinging causes D The heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, and results in the act of stinging causing E The honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes X Result in Y only correct if X is an ACTION A + C + D are out A: This has no reference Hơn nữa, cấu trúc prep + Noun + V_ing prep refer tới Noun Lý do: Prep + N + V-ing V-ing đóng vai trò modifier kể thiếu cụm câu make sense The stinger (?) results in the act of stinging nonsense I have a photo of my cousin playing football ok bỏ cụm playing football ok B: As đầu câu khiến câu trở thành run-on out Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than it did during the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture to 1950 (comparison problem) A Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than it did during the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture B Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than that during 10,000 years, from when agriculture began C The growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000 exceeds that which has been for 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture D The growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000 exceeds what it has been for 10,000 years, from when agriculture began E The growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000 exceeded what it did for 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture B: from when? C + D: has been không phù hợp để tả tượng xảy trước thời điểm 1950 E: the growth exceeded what it did: sai! Phải what it was the growth did what? It did nothing, silly Also, “it” D&E: ambiguous A is correct The government of country X is more stable than that of country Y Can't use "it" (which would have to refer to the government of country X) Hence "that", which is a tool specifically engineered to refer to "the government" WITHOUT the modifier That's the whole reason why it exists Thật lăn tăn câu A so sánh cách mơ hồ: the economy grew more than it did more gì? Đang so sánh tiêu chí gì? Faster hay more beautifully??? FUCK you GMAC! This time, Ron is on my side: In fact, I think the usage of "more" without a following noun, adjective, or adverb will be highly suspicious in most circumstances In other words, if you see something like "X is more than Y", versus alternatives such as "X is higher than Y" or "X is greater than Y", you should in general be able to trust the latter Read more about comparing things in GMAT here http://www.manhattanprep.com/gmat/blog/2012/10/25/comparing-things-in-gmatprep-sentencecorrection-2/ Most of the purported health benefits of tea comes from antioxidants - compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that inhibit the formation of plaque along the body’s blood vessels A comes from antioxidants - compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that B comes from antioxidants - compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they C come from antioxidants - compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and D come from antioxidants - compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C and that E come from antioxidants - compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they YOU ARE FUCKING SILLY, TOAN! 1st split: look at the 1st underlined word come/comes A: comes B: comes C + D + E left Since they listed out many factors check parallel! C: Compounds also found in X, Y, Z, and inhibit (v) WRONG! D: compounds that are found in XYZ, and that inhibit parallel! E: Compounds also found … and they… not parallel Also, after a dash (-), no independent clause The single-family house constructed by the Yana, a Native American people who lived in what is now northern california, was conical in shape, its framework of poles overlaid with slabs of bark, either cedar or pine, and banked with dirt to a height of three to four feet a banked with dirt to a height of b banked with dirt as high as that of c banked them with dirt to a height of d was banked with dirt as high as e was banked with dirt as high as that of “as high as” không với khoảng giá trị mà với giá trị cố định: the pole is as high as 3ft ok Đáp án: A Ban đầu lăn tăn lại dấu (,) (;) để tách câu có ý độc lập Nhưng thực chất đoạn từ its… tới hết câu, appositive modifier (absolute modifier) KINH KHỦNG Eg: She frowns upon him, her arms crossed Eg: Roberta listened to her daughter, tears forming in her eyes The health benefits of tea have been the subject of much research; in addition to its possibilities for preventing and inhibiting some forms of cancer, the brewed leaves of Camellia sinensis may also play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke A in addition to its possibilities for preventing and inhibiting B in addition to its possibilities to prevent or inhibit C besides the possibility that it prevents and inhibits D besides the possible preventing and inhibiting of E besides possibly preventing or inhibiting Sau phần gạch chân mô tả “the brewed leaves of camellia ” Plural it, its bị loại T_T A+B+C Possibility: có cách dùng: ~ of Noun ~ that Noun verb A+B dùng sai D: “and” không phù hợp, mô tả V-ing possibly tốt E: correct Neither… nor… things If more than 2: Neither… nor nor… nor… I like neither Japan nor Korea nor China OG - verbal review In 1979 lack of rain reduced India's rice production to about 41 million tons, nearly 25 percent less than those of the 1978 harvest (comparison problem) (A) less than those of the 1978 harvest (B) less than the 1978 harvest (C) less than 1978 (D) fewer than 1978 (E) fewer than that of India's 1978 harvest Ngầm hiểu so sánh 1979 harvest 1978 harvest A: refer to 41mil tons redundant C+D: 1978 năm, không so sánh đc với 1979 harvest D + E: fewer không phù hợp để so sánh harvest Không thể so sánh “tons” đc Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the movies - less than those killed by bee stings (comparison problem) a movies less than those b movies fewer than have been c movies, which is less than those d movies, a number lower than the people e movies, fewer than the ones people… fewer than… xác A + C: oute D: so sánh a number với the people?!!?! lower than the number of people who have been killed by bee stings ok E: the ones precedent + have been killed không // với killed Rising inventories, when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth (A) when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead (B) when not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, possibly leads (C) when they were unaccompanied by corresponding sales increases, can lead (D) if not accompanied by correspondingly increased sales, possibly leads (E) if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead A: when ko phù hợp, “unaccompanied” at best awkward, correspondingly: ambiguous B: inventories…leads S-V agreement was broken C: were… can lead verb tense D: giống B E: correct 18 Warning that computers in the United States are not secure, the National Academy of Sciences has urged the nation to revamp computer security procedures, institute new emergency response teams, creating a special nongovernment organization to take charge of computer security planning (A) creating a special nongovernment organization to take (B) creating a special nongovernment organization that takes (C) creating a special nongovernment organization for taking (D) and create a special nongovernment organization for taking (E) and create a special nongovernment organization to take A: Urged the nation… to revamp…, institue…., expected: and + V A+B+C: Out! Between E&D: D is awkward 28 In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species dioxin induces the production of enzymes that are the organism’s trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it (A) trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it (B) trying that it metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant (C) attempt to try to metabolize, or render harmless, such a chemical irritant (D) attempt to try and metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritating it (E) attempt to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant In A: it is ambiguous B: it singular, but metabolize, render are in plural form C+D: redundant E: correct ** Irritant: (n) chất kích ứng, chất kích thích 29 Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else (A) Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering (B) Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ended shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber (C) Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and that ends shortly before Emily’s death in 1886 and outnumbering (D) Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother, ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, and outnumbering As sources of electrical power, windmills now account for only about 2,500 megawatts nationwide, but production is almost expected to double by the end of the year, which would provide enough electricity for 1.3 million households A almost expected to double by the end of the year, which would provide B almost expected that it will double by the end of the year, thus providing C expected that it will almost double by the end of the year to provide D expected almost to double by the end of the year and thus to provide E expected almost to double by the end of the year, which would thus be providing A+B: almost expected? Really? A+E: which modifies year? B+C: it can only refer back to production production is expected that production will double? C: ‘that” introduces new clause the previous clause is incompleted: production is expected… Not one of the potential investors is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were not to be concluded (*) A is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were B is expected to make an offer for buying First Interstate Bank until they sign a merger agreement including a provision for penalties if the deal was C is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement be signed by them with a provision for penalties if the deal were D are expected to make an offer for buying First Interstate Bank until it signs a merger agreement with a provision for penalties included if the deal was E are expected to be making an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until they sign a merger agreement including a provision for penalties if the deal were Very tricky one D+E: are B: if… was… C: by them is ambigous and wordy; sounds like the provision is not inside of the agreement A: “that” here is ok That refers to agreement, but if we placed it near agreement, “is signed” would have to move towards the end of the sentence hard to follow (exception of the touchhas rule) A long-term study of some 1,000 physicians indicates that the more coffee these doctors drank, the more they had a likelihood of coronary disease (A) more they had a likelihood of coronary disease (B) more was their likelihood of having coronary disease (C) more they would have a likelihood to have coronary disease (D) greater was their likelihood of having coronary disease (E) greater was coronary disease likely A: “they” had the doctors “possess” the likelihood? Illogical More should not be used to describe “likelihood” “greater” should the trick 'likelihood' means 'the probability of a specified outcome' Thus, it's imprecise to say they had a likelihood/probability of coronary disease The correct usage should be "likelihood of having coronary disease' B+C: more is wrong E: greater likely is wrong should be “more likely” * if you are dealing with a word that literally describes a numerical quantity (number, rate, height, length, volume, population, etc.), then you should use “greater” The population of Colombia is greater than that of Argentina > correct The population of Colombia is more than that of Argentina > incorrect * if you are dealing with a word that describes some abstract characteristic of something (power, influence, effect, etc.), then you can use “a/an + greater” or "more" (the latter WITHOUT 'a/an') John's father has had a greater influence on the development of his personality than has his mother > correct The Prime Minister has more power than the King, even though the latter is the country's titular leader > correct * if you are dealing with a word that describes things that you can actually count, then you should use “more” I have more sports jerseys than anyone else I know > correct * if you are dealing with an uncountable noun that is NOT a numerical quantity, then you should use “more” there is more furniture in this store than in the other one > correct Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of a dry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date when it is known that humans made stone tools (A) when it is known that humans made (B) at which it is known that humans had made (C) at which humans are known to have made (D) that humans are known to be making (E) of humans who were known to make D: date that… - wrong modifier E: distort the logical meaning A+B: imply that the fact (that humans made stone tools) was known at that date (distort the meaning) in the correct answer, the "at which" is followed by a clause whose subject is "humans", and which describes the actual action that took place at that date therefore, i think the idea is that this clause more accurately describes the chronology of the events: i.e., the toolmaking happened at that date, and the fact is known now since 'to V' is not a verb, it doesn't have a tense of its own rather, it is relative to the timeframe of the main sentence • 'to V' = SAME timeframe as main sentence • 'to have V-ed' = EARLIER than the main sentence (A) when it is known that humans made (B) at which it is known that humans had made these sentences are talking about when something became known we SHOULD be talking about when people made tools! (as in C) According to analysts, an alliance between three major personal computer companies and most of the nation’s largest local telephone companies would enable customers to receive Internet data over regular telephone lines with speeds much higher than is currently possible A with speeds much higher than is B with speeds that are much higher than are C at much higher speeds as are D at much higher speeds than that E at speeds much higher than are A+B: you get data AT speeds, not “with speeds” C: higher… as? D: that refers to speeds – wrong Heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved from the previous year, only look less appetizing than their round and red supermarket cousins, often green and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises, but are more flavorful (A) cousins, often green and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises, but are (B) cousins, often green and striped, or with plenty of bumps and bruises, although (C) cousins, often green and striped, or they have plenty of bumps and bruises, although they are (D) cousins; they are often green and striped, or with plenty of bumps and bruises, although (E) cousins; they are often green and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises, but they are A+B+C: wrong placement of modifier It should be near heirloom potatoes D: or with… not // with previous clause; although should always be followed by a clause After several years of rapid growth, the health care company became one of the largest health care providers in the metropolitan area, while it then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its payment to doctors and hospitals A while it then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its payment to B while it then proved unable to handle the increase in business and fell months behind in its payment to C but then it proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its paying D but then proving unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in paying E but then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in paying A+B: while can use to show the contrast, but should use to contrast between simultinous things C: in its paying is wrong – in this context, gerund is not accurate since we have “payment” Gerund here may act as an adj modifying doctors C reads: the compay falls behind its doctors E: proving not // Under high pressure and intense heat, graphite, the most stable form of pure carbon, changes into the substance commonly referred to as diamond and remaining this way whether or not the heat and pressure are removed (A) remaining this way whether or not (B) remaining like that even as (C) remaining as such whether or not (D) remains in this way although (E) remains thus even when A+B+C: not // D: “in this way” is wrong since because no "way" has been described in fact, no adverb is present at all to be properly parallel to "in this way" (an adverbial construction); diamond is most certainly not a "way" of doing anything D: “Although” shows the contrast between facts This sentence shows hypothetic condition (pressure are removed) not correct Unearthed in China, fossils of feathered dinosaurs offer the most dramatic evidence yet discovered of the close evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and birds A offer the most dramatic evidence yet discovered of the close evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and birds B offer evidence more dramatic than what has yet been discovered of the close evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and birds C offer more dramatic evidence of the close evolutionary relationship than any yet discovered between dinosaurs and birds D have offered the most dramatic evidence of the close evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and birds that have yet been discovered E have offered more dramatic evidence than any that has yet been discovered of the close evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and birds B+C+E: -What has yet been discovered- should naturally exclude the discovery under issue, so that a comparison could be made Here it is not You must add the word – other- and state - than what other has yet been discovered – (this discovery is one of the bunch cannot say: it is more dramatic than itself MOST should be better) D: have yet been discovered wrongfully modify “dinosaurs and birds) Nobody knows exactly how many languages there are in the world, partly because of the difficulty of distinguishing between a language and the sub-languages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to count typically have found about five thousand A and the sub-languages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to count typically have found B and the sub-languages or dialects within them, with those who have tried counting typically finding C and the sub-languages or dialects within it, but those who have tried counting it typically find D or the sub-languages or dialects within them, but those who tried to count them typically found E or the sub-languages or dialects within them, with those who have tried to count typically finding D+E: between… or… - out! B: between a language and dialects within them??? What are them? C: second “it” is crazy – since it is singular, you still have to count, Toan? Not worth considering Discussion of greenhouse effects has usually focused on whether the Earth would warm and by how much, but climatologists have indicated all along that the most obvious effects, and those that would have the largest impact on people, would be extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess A the most obvious effects, and those that would have the largest impact on people, would be extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess B the effects that are the most obvious ones, extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess, would be those impacting the most on people C those effects to have the largest impact on people, extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess, are what are the most obvious effects D extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess, the most obvious effects, that they would have the largest impact on people E extremes of temperature, precipitation, and storminess, which are the most obvious effects, are those to impact the most on people B: wordy; impacting… on people = wrong Have an impact on s.o/ impact s.o are both ok B changes the meaning significantly C: extremes of should be appositive modifier modifying “effects”, but in this sentence, it seems like extremes… is modifying people “are what are” = crazy D: “they” refers to what? There are so many plural nouns before it Removing the fluff, the sentence reads: climatologists indicate that extremes that they would have… redundant E: which cannot refer to a list of nouns Impact on people is wrong A Harvard anthropologist has proposed that using fire to cook food could be dated back to almost two million years and that it could explain hominid features like having a large brain and small teeth A using fire to cook food could be dated back to almost two million years and that it could explain hominid features like having B the use of fire to cook food could date back almost two million years and could explain such hominid features as C cooking food with fire could date back to almost two million Years, explaining hominid features like D fire used to cook food could date back almost two million years ,explaining hominid features such as having E fire used for cooking food could be dated back to almost two million years and explain hominid features like D+E: Fire could be dated back? Can we track down the fire? Even if we can track It down, fire cannot explain hominid features The use of fire can, though A+C+E: like cannot introduce examples The army cutworm moth is a critical source of fat for many of Yellowstone National Park’s grizzly bears; they overturn rocks to find them and consuming as many as 40,000 apiece in a single day A bears; they overturn rocks to find them and consuming as many as B bears; overturning rocks to find the insects, consuming up to C bears, overturning rocks to find them and they consume as many as D bears, and they overturn rocks to find them and consume up to E bears, which overturn rocks to find the insects, consuming as many as Traffic safety officials predict that drivers will be equally likely to exceed the proposed speed limit as the current one A equally likely to exceed the proposed speed limit as B equally likely to exceed the proposed speed limit as they are C equally likely that they will exceed the proposed speed limit as D as likely that they will exceed the proposed speed limit as E as likely to exceed the proposed speed limit as they are A+B+C: equally… as… - incorrect D: “will” showed up in the sentence duplicate: drivers will be as likely that they will exceed the new as they are the current Providing initial evidence that airports are a larger source of pollution than they were once believed to be,environmentalists in Chicago report that the total amount of pollutant emitted annually by vehicles at O'hare International Airport is twice as that which is being emitted annually by all motor vehicles in the Chicago metropolitan area A.as that which is being emitted annually by all B.as much annually as is emitted by the C.as much compared to what is annually emitted y all D.that emitted annually by all E.that emitted annually compared to the A: that which – redundant; being emitted is wordy B: annually is wrongfully placed in this order redundant issue C: a comparison starts with “as” should end with “as”, not “compared to” E: wrong comparison: emission with vehicles, wrong placement of annually Scientists claim that the discovery of the first authenticated mammal bones in amber could provide important clues of determining, in addition to how, when mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies A: of determining, in addition to how, when mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies B:in the determination of how and when the islands of the West Indies were colonized by mammals C:to determine how mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies and when they did D:for determining when the islands of the West Indies were colonized by mammals and how they were E:for determining how and when mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies C+D: very ambiguous “they” + did/were did what? Were what? A: clues of determining – wrong; “in addition to how” – wrong Between B&E: E is better with active voice, more concise The remarkable similarity of Thule artifacts throughout a vast region can,in part,be explained as a very rapid movement of people from one end of North America to the other A The remarkable similarity of Thule artifacts throughout a vast region can, in part, be explained as B Thule artifacts being remarkably similar throughout a vast region, one explanation is C That Thule artifacts are remarkably similar throughout a vast region is, in part, explainable as D One explanation for the remarkable similarity of Thule artifacts throughout a vast region is that there was E Throughout a vast region Thule artifacts are remarkably similar, with one explanation for this being Most of Portugal’s 250,000 university students boycotted classes in a one-day strike to protest a law that requires them to contribute $330 a year toward the cost of higher education, previously paying $7 per year A year toward the cost of higher education, previously paying $7 per year B year toward the cost of higher education, for which was previously paid $7 per year C year, compared to the previously $7 per year, toward the cost of higher education D year toward the cost of higher education, instead of the $7 per year required previously E year as opposed to the $7 per year required previously for the cost of higher education A: Previously paying modifies “students”, not the entire clause it was placed incorrectly B: “for which was previously paid” makes no sense! Who paid? C: the Previously $7 per year? “previously” modifies a noun? - out E: not clear for what $330 a year is contributed Section 301 of the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act enables the United States Trade Representative to single out a country as an unfair trader, begin trade negotiations with that country, and, if the negotiations not conclude by the United States government's being satisfied, to imposesanctions A by the United States government's being satisfied, to impose B by the United States government's satisfaction, impose C with the United States government's being satisfied, imposing D to the United States government's satisfaction, impose E to the United States government's satisfaction, imposing Idiom: something to someone’s satisfaction D is correct Scientists have recently discovered that the ultrathin, layered construction of a butterfly’s wings, the same as the one making some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence, are enabling the insect to control how much heat energy is absorbed by its wings and how much is reflected away A wings, the same as the one making some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenonof iridescence, are enabling B wings, which is the same one that makes some butterflies shimmer via thephenomenon of ridescence, that also enables C wings is the same as the one that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of ridescence, enabling D wings—the same construction that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence—also enables E wings—of the same construction that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence—also enable A+E: SV not agree B: fragment C: no comma before “is” meaning: someone discovers that Ultrathin, the construction ( ) is () not valid construction Also, “, enabling”… cannot logically modify preceding clause The three women, liberal activists who strongly support legislation in favor of civil rights and environmental protection, have consistently received labor's unqualifying support a have consistently received labor's unqualifying support b are consistetly receiving the unqualifying support of labor c have consistently received the unqualified support of labor d receive consistent and unqualified support by labor e are receiving consistent and unqualified support by labor A+B: unqualifying DOES NOT EXIST it’s not an adjective should be gerund the support is unqualifying sth? Nonsense – out D+E: support by labor is wrong By merging its two publishing division, the company will increase their share of the country's $21 billion book market from percent to 10 percent, a market ranging from obscure textbooks to massmarket paperbacks A their share of the country's $21 billion b ook market from percent to 10 percent, a market ranging B from percent to 10 percent its share of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges C to 10 percent from percent in their share of the $21 billion book market in the country, a market ranging D in its share, from percent to 10 percent, of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges E to 10 percent from percent its share of the country's $21 billion book market, which ranges B: which in this sentence refers to “country” – the closest eligible noun incorrect A recent review of pay scales indicates that CEO’s now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times in 1980 A that CEO’s now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times B that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that compares to 42 times C that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio D CEO’s who now earn on average 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio E CEO’s now earning an average of 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, compared to the ratio of 42 times Take away: CEO’s = CEOs Don’t question! D+E: the review cannot indicate CEOs It can only indicate something (fact) A: “a ratio of 42 times” is redundant, should be “42 times” This expression is also ambiguous: 42 times what? B: a ratio that compares to = wrong As compared to/with is the idiom 42 times what? You cannot hang “times” like this To meet the rapid rising market demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish twice as fast as their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising them on special diet (A) their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment (B) their natural growth rate, their feed allotment cut (C) growing them naturally, cutting their feed allotment (D) they grow naturally, cutting their feed allotment (E) they grow naturally, with their feed allotment cut A+B: There are two pieces here, and they should be interchangeable (grammatically) Right now, this says "suppliers are growing fish twice as fast as their natural growth rate" That's a verb "are growing" compared to a noun "their natural growth rate" You can't that By the way, A rate cannot be “FAST” C: you can’t grow fish naturally (nobody needs help growing naturally) E: not // The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus valley in the fifth century B.C, bringing the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern Indian alphabets A) the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and B) the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the C) with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the D) with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and E) with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and the Compared with southern New England's more developed beaches, Maine seems like they have not dramatically changed in the past few centuries A Maine seems like they have not B Maine's seem not to have C Maine beaches seems like it has not D the beaches of Maine have not “seem”, not exactly “have not changed” E Maine seems as if it has Many of today’s mathematicians use computers to test cases that are either too time-consuming or involve too many variables to test manually, allowing the exploration of theoretical issues that were impossible to test a generation ago A/ are either too time-consuming or involve too many variables to test manually, allowing the exploration of B/ either take too much time or involve too many variables to be tested manually; allowing the mathematicians to explore C/ would either take too much time or involve too many variables to test manually, allowing them to explore D/ would either be too time-consuming or would involve too many variables to test manually; this capability allows the mathematicians to explore E/ take too much time or variables to test manually; this capability allows the mathematicians to explore Note: E – MUCH can only modify “time”, while “variables” is countable, “many” should the trick Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September, slightly less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter (A) less than they did (B) less than it did (C) less than they were (D) lower than (E) lower than they were The relevant amount is not the "employment costs" but the percent by which the costs rose I think "less than" more clearly conveys the idea that employment costs rose 2.8% in the year ending in September, while employment costs rose