UYN VN THY TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI - NGUYN VN THY K THUT HểA HC NGHIấN CU TNG HP NHIấN LIU SINH HC ( ALKYL ESTE) T M Bề, S DNG XC TC NaOH/Zeolit NaX LUN VN THC S K THUT K THUT HểA HC KHểA 2010B LI CAM OAN Tụi cam oan, bn lun Thc s ny l cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu tụi trc tip thc hin trờn c s nghiờn cu lý thuyt, phng phỏp thc nghim v c s hng dn khoa hc ca GS.TS inh Th Ng; cỏc s liu, kt qu nờu lun l trung thc v cha c cụng b bt k cụng trỡnh khoa hc no khỏc./ Tỏc gi lun Nguyn Vn Thu MC LC TRANG PH BèA .1 LI CAM OAN MC LC DANH MC CC K HIU, CC CH VIT TT .5 DANH MC CC HèNH V, TH .6 DANH MC CC CC BNG M U 10 1.1 NHIấN LIU HểA THCH 12 1.1.1 Nhiờn liu húa thch ngy cng cn kit .12 1.1.2 Hu qu ca vic s dng nhiờn liu húa thch 13 1.2 NHIấN LIU SINH HC 14 1.3 BIODIESEL .16 1.3.1 C s ca quỏ trỡnh trao i este 16 1.3.2 Tỏc nhõn tham gia phn ng trao i este, metanol hay etanol 17 1.3.3 Tớnh cht ca nhiờn liu biodiesel 18 1.3.4 Tỡnh hỡnh sn xut biodiesel trờn th gii .26 1.4 NGUYấN LIU TNG HP BIODIESEL 27 1.4.1 Du m ng thc vt ang c s dng hin .27 1.4.2 M cỏ thi 29 1.4.3 Du n thi 30 1.4.4 M bũ thi .32 1.5 CC PHNG PHP SN XUT BIODIESEL 33 1.5.1 Phng phỏp trao i este dựng xỳc tỏc baz ng th 33 1.5.2 Phng phỏp trao i este dựng xỳc tỏc axớt ng th 34 1.5.3 Phng phỏp trao i este dựng xỳc tỏc d th .37 1.5.4 Phng phỏp trao i este dựng xỳc tỏc enzym 40 1.5.5 Phng phỏp siờu ti hn 43 1.5.6 Phng phỏp trao i este di s h tr ca vi súng 45 1.5.7 Phng phỏp trao i este di s h tr ca súng siờu õm 47 CHNG II: THC NGHIM V CC PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 49 2.1 TNG HP V C TRNG XC TC 49 2.1.1 Tng hp xỳc tỏc 49 2.1.2 Cỏc phng phỏp phõn tớch c trng ca xỳc tỏc 50 2.2 TNG HP BIODIESEL T M Bề .59 2.2.1 Xỏc nh cỏc tớnh cht húa lý ca nguyờn liu v sn phm 59 2.2.2 X lý v tinh ch m bũ 65 2.2.3 Tng hp biodiesel t m bũ 68 2.2.4 Xỏc nh cỏc ch tiờu ca sn phm biodiesel .72 CHNG III KT QU V THO LUN 75 3.1 TNH TON HIU SUT BIODIESEL 75 3.2 KT QU TNG HP V C TRNG XC TC 77 3.2.1 Tng hp xỳc tỏc cho phn ng trao i este 77 3.2.2 c trng cỏc tớnh cht húa lý ca xỳc tỏc 79 3.2.3 Mt s tớnh cht c trng ca xỳc tỏc 15% NaOH/NaX .86 3.3 TNG HP BIODIESEL T M Bề .87 3.3.1 X lý nguyờn liu u vo 87 3.3.2 nh hng ca cỏc iu kin tng hp xỳc tỏc n hiu sut to etyl este 91 3.3.3 nh hng ca cỏc iu kin phn ng n quỏ trỡnh tng hp etyl este theo phng phỏp liờn tc .95 3.3.4 Kt qu quỏ trỡnh tỏch pha thu glyxerin 100 3.3.5 ỏnh giỏ cht lng ca biodiesel ó tng hp c 101 KT LUN 108 DANH MC CC K HIU, CC CH VIT TT API Vin du m M ASTM Tiờu chun ca hip hi th nghim v vt liu M BET Phng phỏp ng nhit hp ph - nh hp ph N2 CN Ch s xetan CP Nhit c BSCL ng bng sụng Cu Long DIN Tiờu chun ca c EN Tiờu chun ca Chõu u GC-MS Phng phỏp sc kớ ph IR Ph hp th hng ngoi ISO Tiu chun quc t IUPAC Danh phỏp quc t PP Nhit núng chy SEM Phng phỏp kớnh hin vi in t quột TCVN Tiờu chun Vit Nam TEM Phng phỏp kớnh hin vi in t truyn qua THF Tetrahydrofuran UFO Du ó qua chiờn rỏn WCO Du n thi XRD Phng phỏp nhiu x tia X DANH MC CC HèNH V, TH Hỡnh 1.1 Nhng ngun nng lng chớnh khai thỏc c trờn ton th gii vo nm 2010 [6] .12 Hỡnh 1.2 D bỏo v sn lng khai thỏc du ton cu da trờn sn lng hin ti.13 Hỡnh 1.3 Phn ng trao i este gia triglyxerit v ru 16 Hỡnh 1.4 Phõn b cỏc ngun nguyờn liu dựng sn xut biodiesel trờn ton th gii 29 Hỡnh 2.1 Nguyờn lý o bn c hc .53 Hỡnh 2.2 S tia ti v tia phn x trờn tinh th 54 Hỡnh 2.3 Cỏc dng ng ng nhit hp ph - nh hp ph theo phõn loi IUPAC 58 Hỡnh 2.4 S thit b lc cht c hc m bũ 66 Hỡnh 2.5 S x lý m bũ thi bng phng phỏp sc hi nc 67 Hỡnh 2.6 S tng hp biodiesel theo phng phỏp liờn tc 68 Hỡnh 2.7 S thit b chng chõn khụng .72 Hỡnh 3.1 Sc ký ca biodiesel tng hp t m bũ 76 Hỡnh 3.2 Ph hng ngoi ca zeolit NaX t cao lanh 79 Hỡnh 3.3 Gin nhiu x tia X ca zeolit NaX .80 Hỡnh 3.4 nh SEM ca zeolit NaX .81 Hỡnh 3.5 nh TEM ca zeolit NaX 81 Hỡnh 3.6 Ph hng ngoi ca zeolit NaX v xỳc tỏc NaOH/NaX vi cỏc nng NaOH khỏc 82 Hỡnh 3.7 Gin nhiu x tia X ca cỏc mu xỳc tỏc .84 Hỡnh 3.8 nh SEM ca xỳc tỏc NaOH/NaX 85 Hỡnh 3.9 nh hng ca nhit hi nc n ch s axit 89 Hỡnh 3.10 nh hng ca thi gian sc hi nc n ch s axit 90 Hỡnh 3.11 nh hng ca hm lng NaOH 92 Hỡnh 3.12 nh hng ca nhit sy xỳc tỏc 93 Hỡnh 3.13 nh hng ca hm lng thy tinh lng .94 Hỡnh 3.14 nh hng ca t l mol etanol/m bũ 96 Hỡnh 3.15 nh hng ca chiu cao lp xỳc tỏc .97 Hỡnh 3.16 nh hng ca thi gian phn ng .98 Hỡnh 3.17 nh hng ca lu lng dũng qua ct 99 Hỡnh 3.18 nh hng ca nhit phn ng 100 Hỡnh 3.19 Ph IR ca biodiesel t m bũ 102 Hỡnh 3.20 Sc kớ ca biodiesel thu c t m bũ thi 103 Hỡnh 3.21 Khi ph ca etyl stearic (octadecanoic) cú sn phm so sỏnh vi ph chun ca etyl stearic th vin ph 104 DANH MC CC CC BNG Bng 1.1 Phõn loi cỏc loi nhiờn liu sinh hc .15 Bng 1.2 Cỏc phng phỏp chớnh sn xut metanol v etanol cho quỏ trỡnh tng hp biodiesel .18 Bng 1.3 Mt vi tớnh cht ca loi metyl este khỏc 19 Bng 1.4 nht, lng riờng v nhit chp chỏy ca loi metyl este 19 Bng 1.5 So sỏnh tớnh cht húa hc v nhit tr ca biodiesel v diesel khoỏng 21 Bng 1.6 Tiờu chun k thut cho biodiesel, B100, (ASTM 6751-2008) 22 Bng 1.7 Tiờu chun ca Chõu u cho biodiesel (EN 14214) 23 Bng 1.8 Cỏc ch tiờu cht lng ca diesel sinh hc B100 TCVN 7717: 2007 24 Bng 1.9 Ch tiờu cht lng ca biodiesel B5 - TCVN 8064 : 2009 .25 Bng 1.10 Nhng u v nhc im ca phng phỏp trao i este s dng xỳc tỏc baz ng th 34 Bng 1.11 Nhng u v nhc im ca phng phỏp trao i este s dng xỳc tỏc axit ng th 35 Bng 1.12 Cỏc loi xỳc tỏc axit v baz ng th c dựng cho phn ng trao i este [23] 36 Bng 1.13 So sỏnh xỳc tỏc ng th v xỳc tỏc d th phn ng trao i este 37 Bng 1.14 Cỏc loi xỳc tỏc d th ang c dựng cho phn ng trao i este .38 Bng 1.15 So sỏnh cỏc loi xỳc tỏc enzym khỏc ang c nghiờn cu v ng dng 41 Bng 1.16 Cỏc iu kin thc hin phn ng siờu ti hn .44 Bng 1.17 Trao i este s dng vi súng 46 Bng 1.18 Phn ng trao i este cú s h tr ca vi súng .48 Bng 2.1 Ch th Hammett v khong pH i mu 51 Bng 2.2 Lng mu th thay i theo ch s axit d kin 60 Bng 2.3 Lng mu th thay i theo ch s it d kin .63 Bng 3.1 Kt qu GC-MS ca biodiesel t m bũ 76 Bng 3.2 Din tớch b mt riờng ca xỳc tỏc SBET (m2/g) 86 Bng 3.3 Mt s tớnh cht c trng ca xỳc tỏc 15% NaOH/NaX 87 Bng 3.4 Cỏc tớnh cht c trng ca m bũ nguyờn liu 87 Bng 3.5 nh hng ca nhit hi nc n ch s axit 88 Bng 3.6 nh hng ca thi gian sc hi nc n ch s axit 89 Bng 3.7 Cỏc ch s c bn ca m bũ thi trc v sau x lý 90 Bng 3.8 nh hng ca hm lng NaOH 92 Bng 3.9 nh hng ca nhit sy xỳc tỏc 93 Bng 3.10 nh hng ca hm lng thy tinh lng 94 Bng 3.11 nh hng ca t l mol etanol/m bũ 96 Bng 3.12 nh hng ca chiu cao lp xỳc tỏc 97 Bng 3.13 nh hng ca thi gian phn ng 98 Bng 3.14 nh hng ca lu lng dũng qua ct 99 Bng 3.15 nh hng ca nhit phn ng 100 Bng 3.16 Kho sỏt quỏ trỡnh thu hi glyxerin s dng cỏc cht tr lng khỏc nhau.101 Bng 3.17 Thnh phn v t l ca cỏc axit bộo cú sn phm 105 Bng 3.18 Tớnh cht ca biodisel t m bũ so sỏnh vi diesel khoỏng .106 M U Vi tc cụng nghip húa, hin i húa din nhanh chúng, ngi ngy cng s dng nhiu nng lng cho cỏc hot ng kinh t ca mỡnh Mt nhng dng nng lng úng vai trũ ch o l nhiờn liu húa thch Theo d oỏn ca cỏc chuyờn gia nng lng, tr lng ny s cn kit, i vi than ỏ ch cũn 218 nm, vi du m l 41 nm v 63 nm vi khớ t nhiờn [6] Do ú vic cn thit phi lm l hiu c khng hong nng lng xy trờn ton th gii v chỳng ta cn chuyn sang nhng ngun nng lng khỏc n nh hn ú cú biodiesel Cỏc cụng ngh sn xut biodiesel vi quy mụ cụng nghip hin ch yu s dng cỏc loi du nguyờn liu nh du nnh, du ht ci, du c, nhng loi nguyờn liu ny cú tr lng ln nhng cú nhiu nhc im nh giỏ thnh cao, nh hng n an ninh lng thc Trong ú, hng ngy hng gi ngnh cụng nghip git m trờn ton th gii thi mt lng ln m ng vt thi Ch tớnh riờng trờn a bn thnh ph H Ni lng m bũ thi vo khong 50.000 tn /nm S m thi ny thng c tớch tr lõu ngy gõy mựi hụi thi, to iu kin cho s phỏt trin ca cỏc mm bnh Nu em chụn lp thỡ s gõy hi cho mụi trng c bit l ngun nc õy chớnh l ngun nguyờn liu rt tt tng hp biodiesel dựng xỳc tỏc d th th h mi Trong lun ny chỳng tụi ó t c nhng im mi nh sau: (i) Thay vỡ s dng nhng loi nguyờn liu t tin v nh hng n an ninh lng thc Chỳng tụi ó s dng ngun nguyờn liu l m bũ thi t cỏc lũ m ti H Ni sn xut biodiesel iu ny ó cựng mt lỳc gii quyt c hai ln: x lý c mt lng ln m bũ thi gõy ụ nhim mụi trng ang trụi ni trờn th trng v to mt loi nhiờn liu xanh i t ngun nguyờn liu r tin, b i v sn cú ú l ý ngha khoa hc, kinh t v nhõn ca cụng trỡnh (ii) Thay vỡ s dng cỏc loi xỳc tỏc ng th vi nhiu nhc im nh khú lc tỏch hn hp sau phn ng, lng nc thi gõy ụ nhim mụi trng, 10 phn ng 75 oC, thi gian phn ng gi Bng 3.14 nh hng ca lu lng dũng qua ct Hiệu suất biodiesel (%) Lu lng dũng qua ct (ml/phỳt) Hiu sut biodiesel (%) 50,4 10 70,3 15 90,8 20 85,1 25 80,7 90 80 70 60 50 10 15 20 25 Lu lợng dòng (ml/phút) Hỡnh 3.17 nh hng ca lu lng dũng qua ct Khi lu lng dũng qua ct tng t 15 ml/phỳt, hiu sut to biodiesel tng nhanh chúng Quỏ trỡnh bm hn hp qua ct úng vai trũ to ng lc cho quỏ trỡnh khuy trn c hc, tng s tip xỳc gia cỏc cht phn ng v b mt xỳc tỏc ú hiu sut phn ng tng mnh T 15 25 ml/phỳt, hiu sut phn ng li gim nh Lu lng dũng l hm ca thi gian lu, lu lng dũng cng ln, thi gian lu cng nh Tc l thi gian tip xỳc ca cỏc cht vi b mt xỳc tỏc gim dn, nh vy lu lng quỏ ln s lm gim hiu sut T kt qu thu c hỡnh 3.17 Chn lu lng dũng qua ct ti u l 15 ml/phỳt 3.3.3.5 nh hng ca nhit phn ng n hiu sut to biodiesel Tin hnh phn ng khong nhit 65 85oC Cỏc iu kin khỏc khụng i: 300 g m bũ, 195 g cn tuyt i (t l mol 1:12), chiu cao lp xỳc tỏc 500 mm, tc khuy trn 600 v/phỳt, lu lng hn hp phn ng i qua ct 15 ml/phỳt v thi gian phn ng gi 99 Bng 3.15 nh hng ca nhit phn ng Nhit phn ng (%) Hiu sut biodiesel (%) 65 80,5 70 85,3 75 90,8 80 80,5 85 70,1 Hiệu suất biodiesel (%) 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 65 70 75 80 85 Nhiệt độ phản ứng (oC) Hỡnh 3.18 nh hng ca nhit phn ng Kt qu thu c t hỡnh 3.18 cho thy, nhit quỏ 78oC hiu sut phn ng gim t ngt, lỳc ú etanol sụi, bay hi mnh lm gim lng tỏc nhõn ny S tip sỳc gia cỏc cht phn ng cng gim mnh, ú hiu sut gim t ngt ó chn nhit phn ng l 75 oC 3.3.4 Kt qu quỏ trỡnh tỏch pha thu glyxerin Nh ó cp trờn, hn hp sau phn ng to mt hn hp ng nht, rt khú tỏch pha thu hi glyxerin Thụng thng nu khụng cú tỏc ng t bờn ngoi, quỏ trỡnh lng tỏch thng mt 24 48 gi thỡ quỏ trỡnh tỏch pha mi xy hon ton Nh vy rt tiờu tn thi gian tinh ch sn phm Sỏng kin ca ti l s dng cỏc loi cht tr lng thỳc y quỏ trỡnh tỏch pha Cú loi cht tr lng c s dung: glyxerin, polyetylenglycol, thy tinh lng Cỏc cht tr lng c chn l cỏc hp cht cú t trng ln s kộo theo lng etanol d, glyxerin hỡnh thnh quỏ trỡnh phn ng, lng m bũ d lp ny nm di v lp etyl 100 este nm trờn Lp di c chng thu hi etanol v tỏch loi glyxerin Kt qu kho sỏt trờn cht tr lng c a bng 3.16 S dng cht tr lng l glyxerin cú tớnh u vit, glyxerin chớnh l sn phm sinh sau phn ng trao i este nờn rt tin li Glyxerin l cu t quý cú nhiu ng dng ngnh húa dc, m phm, thc phm nờn vic thu hi cht ny s em li hiu qu kinh t cao Qua quỏ trỡnh kho sỏt nhn thy lng glyxerin ti u l 30% lng so vi lng ca m bũ tham gia phn ng Bng 3.16 Kho sỏt quỏ trỡnh thu hi glyxerin s dng cỏc cht tr lng khỏc Glyxerin Polyetylenglycol Thy tinh lng Hm lng (%) 30 30 30 Thi gian tỏch pha (phỳt) 120 - Sau a thờm glyxein vo hn hp phõn tỏch lp tc thnh hai pha rừ rt - Sau chng, lng m bũ d v glyxerin phõn thnh hai pha, c chit d dng - Hn hp khú phõn tỏch pha, ó phõn tỏch khú nhn bit c b mt phõn chia pha - Trong quỏ trỡnh chng tỏch nhit cao, polietylenglycol l hp cht kộm bn nhit nờn b phõn hy, hn hp sau chng b chỏy en - Quỏ trỡnh phõn pha khỏ nhanh, d nhn bit b mt phõn chia pha Kh nng lụi cun kộm - Trong quỏ trỡnh chng, thy tinh lng cú nc, nờn nc bay hi li cỏc tinh th di ỏy bỡnh chng Lng glyxerin thu c ớt 85 Cht tr lng Hin tng Hiu sut thu hi glyxerin (%) 25 3.3.5 ỏnh giỏ cht lng ca biodiesel ó tng hp c 3.3.5.1 Ph hng ngoi ca biodiesel m bũ xỏc nhn cú etyl este to thnh, ó s dng phng phỏp hng ngoi (IR) 101 Trờn hỡnh 3.19 l ph IR ca etyl este t m bũ ó tng hp Da vo ph hỡnh 3.19 ta thy, sn phm cú gc etyl (- CH3 ng vi tn s 2924,6 cm-1, - CH2 - ng vi tn s 2853,9 cm-1), chc este ( C = O ng vi tn s 1739,4 cm-1, C O ng vi tn s 1178,7 cm-1) iu ny chng t ó cú etyl este c to thnh Hỡnh 3.19 Ph IR ca biodiesel t m bũ 3.3.5.2 Sc kớ ca sn phm biodiesel m bũ 102 Hỡnh 3.20 Sc kớ ca biodiesel thu c t m bũ thi 103 Hỡnh 3.21 Khi ph ca etyl stearic (octadecanoic) cú sn phm so sỏnh vi ph chun ca etyl stearic th vin ph 104 Bng 3.17 Thnh phn v t l ca cỏc axit bộo cú sn phm SST tR S cacbon Tờn thụng dng Cụng thc 11,760 13,056 14,151 14,487 15,807 16,783 C14:0 C15:0 C16:1 C16:0 C17:0 C18:3 C18:2 Miristic Pentadecanoic Palmitoleic Palmitic Heptadecanoic Linolenic Linoleic C14H28O2 C15H30O2 C16H30O2 C18H32O2 C17H34O2 C18H30O2 C18H32O2 Thnh phn (%) 1,395 0,823 1,339 24,860 2,146 1,063 16,920 C18:1 Oleic (cis isomer) C18H34O2 27,034 10 11 12 17,022 17,303 19,931 C18:1 C18:0 C20:0 C22:0 Elaidic (trans isomer) C18H34O2 Stearic C18H36O2 Arachidic C20H40O2 Behenic C22H44O2 Hm lng axit bộo no Hm lng axit bộo khụng no 6,033 34,795 0,511 64,530 35,470 Du nnh so sỏnh 0,1 0,1 10,6 13,2 1,8 7,6 51,5 56,2 22,9 22,4 (cis+trans) 3,9 4,2 0,3 0,3 11,3 13,9 80,2 92,5 Maxit Meste 228 242 254 256 270 278 280 256 270 282 284 298 306 308 282 310 282 284 312 326 312 312 340 354 Maxit beo (g/mol) = (thnh phn %ì Macid) = 287,5 (g/mol); Mmo bo (g/mol) = 3.( Maxit beo) + Mglycerin 3.(Mnc) = 900,5 (g/mol); Metyl este (g/mol) = (thnh phn %ì Meste) = 301,6 (g/mol) 105 3.3.5.3 Ch tiờu cht lng ca biodiesel m bũ ó tng hp c Bng 3.18 Tớnh cht ca biodisel t m bũ so sỏnh vi diesel khoỏng Tớnh cht T trng ti 15.5 oC Phng Biodiesel Tiờu chun phỏp th m bũ cho biodiesel D 1298 o Nhit chp chỏy ( C) D 92 nht ng hc(40 o- D 445 0,8772 Diesel 0,844 156,7 93 40,7 5,3 1,9-6,0 2,7 96,5 - C, mm /s) Hm lng este (% Pr lng) EN 97,4 14103d o Nhit núng chy ( C) o Nhit c ( C) - 15,9 D 2500 14 o D 97 12 o D 86 Nhit ụng c ( C) Khong chng ct ( C) o -11,7 Nhit u ( C) 307,1 135,7 10% 325,7 176,0 50% 331,0 270,7 90% 343,0 Nhit cui (oC) 344,4 Ch ch xetan theo J 313 360 max 363,1 400,9 60,3 47 0,4 0,80 max 47,15 phng phỏp tớnh Ch s axit (mg KOH/g) D 664 Ch s iot (g I2/100 g) Pr EN 14111 41,5 Nhit tr (kJ/kg) D 240 Hm lng nc D 95 120 max 40,29 430 500 max 4,2 4,4 (mg/kg) Hm lng kim loi kim (mg/kg) n nh oxy húa ti o 110 C (gi) 106 500 nht dựng xỏc nh sc cn dũng chy ca nhiờn liu v cng dựng xỏc nh hiu sut to biodisel t nguyờn liu thụ Nh ó cp trờn, etyl este t m bũ cú cha cỏc phõn t axit bộo trung hũa vi hm lng cao ú nht ca biodiesel (5.3 mm2/s) tinh khit khỏ cao so vi nht gii hn cho nhiờn liu diesel t du khoỏng Ch s axit nm gii hn cho biodiesel thng phm di 0,8 mg KOH/g Ch s iot thay i khong t 41.2 to 41.8 g I2/100 g v giỏ tr ny cho thy m bũ cú hm lng cỏc axit bộo no cao ú cng l nhc im ca m bũ c s dng lm nguyờn liu sn xut biodisel nhng vựng cú khớ hu lnh Nhng ó chuyn húa thnh biodiesel v c pha trn vi diesel khoỏng thỡ ny cú th khc phc c Hm lng este tng cú sn phm t 97,4% v hm lng etanol d thay i khong 0,1 0,3 % (giỏ tr trung bỡnh t 0,16%) C hai kt qu cho thy cht lng ca biodiesel tng hp c m bo cht lng s dng cho ng c T s liu thu bng 3.18 Cú th thy c vi biodiesel t m bũ cú nhit chp chỏy cao hn so vi diesel khoỏng Diesel khoỏng cú nhit chp chỏy t 40,7 biodiesel l 156.7 C T ú nhn thy biodiesel s an ton hn bo qun, tn cha so vi diesel khoỏng Nhit ụng c c trng cho tớnh cht ca biodiesel c dựng iu kin nhit thp v c bit quan trng vi iu kin ti Vit Nam vỡ khớ hu vựng khỏ chờnh lch Vớ d, ti Nam nhit trung bỡnh nm vo khong 30 oC, khớ ú ti Bc nhit ụng cú th gim n o C Cỏc axit bộo no cú nhit ụng c cao hn cỏc axit bộo khụng no Biodiesel c tng hp t du m cú hm lng axit bộo no cao s cú nhit ụng c cao hn Mi nc u cú quy nh mt gii hn v nhit ụng c ca nhiờn liu theo v theo vựng B100 ó tng hp c cú nhit ụng c cao t 12oC 107 KT LUN Zeolit NaX c tng hp vi cỏc iu kin ti u v c kho sỏt bng cỏc phng phỏp húa lý hin i, kt qu cho thy zeolit NaX cú y nhng tớnh cht ca zeolit thng mi Xỳc tỏc d th NaOH/NaX c tng hp vi hm lng tm NaOH ti u l 15% Xỳc tỏc sau to viờn cú d th tt, bn c hc v hot tớnh cao phn ng trao i este M bũ thi c x lý tỏch cht c hc, mu mựi v hm lng axit bộo t bng phng phỏp sc hi nc nhit cao vi iu kin ti u: nhit sc hi nc 175 oC, thi gian sc hi nc 1,5 gi Tng hp biodiesel trờn s phn ng pha lng liờn tc vi cỏc iu kin ti u 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PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU 49 2.1 TỔNG HỢP VÀ ĐẶC TRƯNG XÚC TÁC 49 2.1.1 Tổng hợp xúc tác 49 2.1.2 Các phương pháp phân tích đặc trưng xúc tác 50 2.2 TỔNG HỢP BIODIESEL TỪ MỠ BÒ... thứ vật mỡ động vật vật, biodiesel, khí tổng hợp sinh học, khí sinh học Nhiên liệu sinh học Phụ hệ thứ hai phẩm nông lâm Cồn sinh học, dầu sinh nghiệp rơm rạ, gỗ, chất học, DMF sinh học, hydro... sinh học hệ thứ loại nhiên liệu sinh học tổng hợp từ nguồn lương thực mía đường, tinh bột, dầu mỡ động thực vật sử dụng phương pháp truyền thống Nguyên liệu để sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học hệ