Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Introducing Functional Grammar Introducing Functional Grammar, third edition, provides a user-friendly overview of the theoretical and practical aspects of the systemic functional grammar (SFG) model No prior knowledge of formal linguistics is required as the book provides: • An opening chapter on the purpose of linguistic analysis, which outlines the differences between the two major approaches to grammar – functional and formal • An overview of the SFG model – what it is and how it works • Advice and practice on identifying elements of language structure such as clauses and clause constituents • Numerous examples of text analysis using the categories introduced, and discussion about what the analysis shows • Exercises to test comprehension, along with answers for guidance The third edition is updated throughout, and is based closely on the fourth edition of Halliday and Matthiessen’s Introduction to Functional Grammar A glossary of terms, more exercises and an additional chapter are available on the companion website at: www.routledge.com/cw/thompson Introducing Functional Grammar remains the essential entry guide to Hallidayan functional grammar, for undergraduate and postgraduate students of language and linguistics Geoff Thompson is Honorary Senior Fellow at the School of English, University of Liverpool, UK www.Ebook777.com Related titles include: Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar, Fourth Edition M A K Halliday and C M I M Matthiessen ISBN 978 415 826 280 (hbk) ISBN 978 444 146 608 (pbk) The Functional Analysis of English, Third Edition Meriel Bloor and Thomas Bloor ISBN 978 415 825 931 (hbk) ISBN 978 444 156 652 (pbk) Introducing Functional Grammar Third edition Geoff Thompson Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com First published in Great Britain 1996 Second edition published 2004 by Hodder Education Third edition published 2014 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1996, 2004, 2014 Geoff Thompson The right of Geoff Thompson to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Thompson, Geoff, 1947Introducing functional grammar / Geoff Thompson 3rd ed pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index Functionalism (Linguistics) I Title P147.T48 2013 415 dc23 2013006800 ISBN: 978-0-415-82630-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-4441-5267-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-43147-4 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby www.Ebook777.com Contents Foreword Acknowledgements ix xi The purposes of linguistic analysis 1.1 Starting points 1.1.1 Going in through form 1.1.2 Going in through meaning 1.2 Language, context and function: a preliminary exploration Exercise 1 11 12 Identifying clauses and clause constituents 2.1 Breaking up the sentence – and labelling the parts 2.1.1 Recognizing constituents 2.1.2 Structural and functional labels 2.2 Ranks Exercises 14 14 15 18 21 26 An overview of Functional Grammar 3.1 Three kinds of meaning 3.1.1 The three metafunctions 3.1.2 Three kinds of function in the clause 3.1.3 Three kinds of structure in the clause 3.1.4 Showing the options: systems networks 3.1.5 A fourth metafunction 3.2 Register and genre 3.2.1 Register (and the corpus) 3.2.2 Genre Exercises 28 28 30 32 34 35 38 39 40 42 44 Interacting: the interpersonal metafunction 4.1 Introduction 45 45 v Contents 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 vi Roles of addressers and audience Mood 4.3.1 The structure of the Mood 4.3.2 Identifying Subject and Finite 4.3.3 Meanings of Subject and Finite 4.3.4 Mood in non-declarative clauses 4.3.5 Mood in text 4.3.6 The Residue 4.3.7 Modal Adjuncts Modality 4.4.1 Modality and polarity 4.4.2 Types of modality 4.4.3 Modal commitment 4.4.4 Modal responsibility 4.4.5 Modality in text Appraisal Interaction and negotiation Interaction through text Exercises Representing the world: the experiential metafunction 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Transitivity: processes and participants 5.2.1 Material processes 5.2.2 Mental processes 5.2.3 Relational processes 5.2.4 Verbal processes 5.2.5 Other types of processes 5.2.6 Other participant roles 5.2.7 Circumstances 5.2.8 Transitivity in text 5.3 More complex aspects of transitivity 5.3.1 More on material processes 5.3.2 More on mental processes 5.3.3 More on relational processes 5.3.4 Processes in verbal group complexes 5.3.5 Participants in causation 5.4 Transitivity patterns in text 5.4.1 Analysing transitivity in clauses and in text 5.4.2 Comparing transitivity choices in different registers 5.5 Ergativity Exercises 46 50 50 51 53 56 60 62 65 68 68 70 72 73 77 79 84 85 88 91 91 94 95 97 101 105 109 111 114 117 119 120 121 122 128 129 131 131 133 139 142 Contents Organizing the message: the textual metafunction – Theme 6.1 Introduction: making messages fit together 6.2 Theme 6.3 Identifying Theme 6.3.1 Theme in declarative clauses 6.3.2 Theme in non-declarative clauses 6.4 Special thematic structures 6.4.1 Thematic equatives 6.4.2 Predicated Theme 6.4.3 Thematized comment 6.4.4 Preposed Theme 6.4.5 Passive clauses and Theme 6.5 Theme in clause complexes 6.6 Multiple Theme 6.6.1 Conjunctions in Theme 6.6.2 Conjunctive and modal Adjuncts in Theme 6.6.3 Textual, interpersonal and experiential elements in Theme 6.6.4 Interrogatives as multiple Themes 6.7 Some issues in Theme analysis 6.7.1 Existential ‘there’ in Theme 6.7.2 Interpolations in Theme 6.7.3 Preposed attributives 6.7.4 Theme in reported clauses 6.7.5 Theme and interpersonal grammatical metaphor 6.8 Theme in text 6.8.1 An illustration of Theme in text 6.8.2 Other ways of exploring thematic choices 6.8.3 Theme in different registers 6.9 A final note on identifying Theme Exercises Clauses in combination 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Units of analysis 7.3 Types of relations between clauses 7.3.1 Logical dependency relations 7.3.2 Logico-semantic relations 7.4 Expansion 7.4.1 Elaborating 145 145 147 148 148 150 153 153 155 156 158 158 159 161 161 162 163 165 165 165 166 167 167 168 171 172 174 177 180 181 185 185 186 187 188 193 194 194 vii Contents 7.5 7.6 7.4.2 Extending 7.4.3 Enhancing 7.4.4 Internal and external expansion Projection 7.5.1 Quotes and reports 7.5.2 Facts 7.5.3 Projection in text Clause complexing 7.6.1 An overview 7.6.2 Clause complexing and register Exercises 196 198 200 201 202 205 207 208 208 210 212 Organizing the message: the textual metafunction – cohesion 8.1 Cohesion and coherence 8.2 Reference and ellipsis 8.2.1 Reference 8.2.2 Ellipsis 8.3 Conjunction 8.4 Cohesion and register Exercises 215 215 216 217 220 225 228 232 Grammatical metaphor 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Grammatical metaphor 9.3 Experiential and logical metaphors 9.4 Interpersonal metaphors 9.5 Textual metaphor 9.6 A cautionary note Exercises 233 233 234 238 246 251 252 252 10 Implications and applications of Functional Grammar 10.1 Three-dimensional analysis of texts 10.2 A summary review of Functional Grammar 10.3 Using Functional Grammar 10.4 Closing 255 255 262 264 266 Answers to exercises Further reading References Index 267 297 302 307 viii Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Foreword This book arises directly from my experiences in introducing Functional Grammar to a number of different groups of students, teachers and researchers Like any model that attempts to offer a global view of how language works, Functional Grammar is complex, and students may be understandably daunted not only by the seemingly abstruse explanations but simply by the amount of new terminology What I have tried to is to set out the approach from the point of view of readers who are not familiar with this way of looking at language, and who may, indeed, have little background in linguistic analysis generally This involves describing the theoretical and practical aspects of the Functional Grammar model in as accessible a way as possible; but it also involves trying to make clear the reasons why the model is as it is, at all levels – from why a functional approach is adopted to why one particular analysis of a wording is preferable to another Throughout, the book tries to help readers to see that, on the whole, Functional Grammar explanations in fact correspond to things that they already know intuitively about language, and that the ‘jargon’ is merely necessary in order to systematize this knowledge The constant aim is, without underestimating the initial difficulties, to encourage readers to realize that the fundamental assumptions of the model have an appealing simplicity and an intuitive validity Once that step is achieved, it becomes easier to cope with the inevitable complexity of the details, and to see beyond the terminology to the important and useful insights offered by the approach The debt owed, at each stage of the conception and execution of this edition, to Michael Halliday’s work – especially his Introduction to Functional Grammar (1985, second edition 1994, third edition with Christian Matthiessen 2004, fourth edition with Christian Matthiessen 2013) – will be obvious, even if it has not been feasible to signal explicitly all the points which are taken from that source The book is consciously modelled on the Introduction, covering much of the same ground, though not necessarily in the same order or from exactly the same perspective Many of the major revisions in this third edition are designed to reflect the changes in the fourth edition of IFG; others, particularly the choice of texts to analyse, derive from my own teaching of the subject and the ways in which my understanding of the concepts has developed One way in which the present book can be used – which reflects its origins in the courses that I have taught – is as a preparation for reading Halliday’s work It can also be read as an independent introduction to the approach; but I hope that in either case it will ix www.Ebook777.com References Berry, M 1975: Introduction to systemic linguistics, volume 1: Structures and systems London: Batsford (reprinted by the Department of English Studies, University of Nottingham, 1989) Berry, M 1987: Is teacher an unanalysed concept? In Halliday, M.A.K., and Fawcett, R (eds), New developments in systemic linguistics, volume 1: Theory and description London: Pinter, 41–63 Berry, M 1995: Thematic options and success in writing In Ghadessy, M (ed.), Thematic development in English texts London & New York: Pinter, 55–84 Berry, M 1996: What is Theme? A(nother) personal view In Fawcett, R., Berry, M., Butler, C and Huang, G.W (eds), Meaning and form: systemic functional interpretations Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1–64 Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S and Finegan, E 1999: Longman grammar of spoken and written English London: Longman Birch, D and O’Toole, M 1988: Functions of style London: Pinter Bloor, T and Bloor, M 2013: The functional analysis of English: a Hallidayan approach (3rd edition) London: Routledge Butt, D., Fahey, R., Feez, S., Spinks, S and Yallop, C 2000: Using functional grammar: an explorer’s guide (2nd edition) Sydney NSW: NCELTR, Macquarie University Butt, D., Lukin, A and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M 2004: Grammar: the first covert operation of war Discourse and Society, 15: 267–290 Chomsky, N 2002: On nature and language (eds A Belletti and L Rizzi) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Christie, F 1999: Pedagogy and the shaping of consciousness: linguistic and social processes London: Continuum Christie, F and Martin J.R 1997: Genre and institutions: social processes in the workplace and school London: Cassell Coffin, C., North, S and Donohue, J 2009: Exploring grammar: from formal to functional London: Routledge Collins Cobuild English Grammar 1990: London: Collins Davidse, K 1992: Transitivity/ergativity: the Janus-headed grammar of actions and events In Davies, M and Ravelli, L (eds), Advances in systemic linguistics: recent theory and practice London: Pinter, 105–135 Davies, E 1979: On the semantics of syntax: mood and condition in English London: Croom Helm Davies, F.I 1997: Marked Theme as a heuristic for analysing text-type, text and genre In Piqué, T and Viera, D.J (eds), Applied languages: theory and practices in ESP Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 45–80 Downing, A 1991: An alternative approach to Theme: a systemic–functional perspective Word 42: 119–143 302 References Downing, A and Locke, P 2002: A university course in English grammar (2nd edition) London: Routledge Drury, H 1991: The use of systemic linguistics to describe student summaries at university level In Ventola E (ed.), Functional and systemic linguistics: approaches and uses Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 431–456 Eggins, S 2004: An introduction to systemic functional linguistics (2nd edition) London: Continuum Eggins, S and Slade, D 1997: Analysing casual conversation London: Cassell Fawcett, R.P 1988: What makes a ‘good’ system network good? In Benson, J.D and Greaves, W.S (eds), Systemic functional approaches to discourse Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1–28 Fawcett, R.P 2008: Invitation to systemic functional linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar: an extension and simplification of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (3rd edition) London: Equinox Fawcett, R.P., and Huang, G.W 1995: A functional analysis of the enhanced theme construction in English Interface: Journal of Applied Linguistics 10: 113–144 Fox, B.A 1987: Discourse structure and anaphora: written and conversational English Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Francis, G 1989: Thematic selection and distribution in written discourse Word 40: 201–221 Francis, G 1994: Labelling discourse: an aspect of nominal-group lexical cohesion In Coulthard, M (ed.), Advances in written text analysis London: Routledge, 83–101 Francis, G and Kramer-Dahl, A 1992: Grammaticalizing the medical case history In Toolan, M (ed.), Language, text and context London: Routledge, 56–90 Fries, P.H 1981: On the status of theme in English: arguments from discourse Forum Linguisticum 6: 1-38 (reprinted in Petöfi, J S and Sözer, E (eds) 1983: Micro and macro connexity of texts, Hamburg: Helmut Buske, 116–152) Fries, P.H 1992: Lexico-grammatical patterns and the interpretation of texts Discourse Processes 15: 73–91 Fries, P.H 1994: On Theme, Rheme and discourse goals In Coulthard, M (ed.), Advances in written text analysis London: Routledge, 229–249 Fries, P.H 1995: Themes, methods of development, and texts In Hasan, R and Fries P.H (eds), On subject and theme: from the perspective of functions in discourse Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 317–359 Ghadessy, M (ed.) 1995: Thematic development in English texts London and New York: Pinter Haiman, J and Thompson, S.A (eds) 1989: Clause combining in grammar and discourse Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Halliday, M.A.K 1967–8: Notes on transitivity and theme in English, parts 1–3, Journal of Linguistics 3: 37–87, 199–244, 4: 179–215 Halliday, M.A.K 1970: Language structure and language function In Lyons, J (ed.), New horizons in linguistics Harmondsworth: Penguin, 140–165 Halliday, M.A.K 1976: System and function in language (ed G Kress) Oxford: Oxford University Press Halliday, M.A.K 1985a: An introduction to functional grammar (1st edition) London: Edward Arnold Halliday, M.A.K 1985b: Spoken and written language Geelong, Vic.: Deakin University Press (republished by Oxford University Press, 1989) Halliday, M.A.K 1988: On the language of physical science In Ghadessy, M (ed.), Registers of written English London: Pinter, 162–178 Halliday, M.A.K 1992: How you mean? In Davies, M and Ravelli, L (eds), Advances in systemic linguistics: recent theory and practice London: Pinter, 20–35 Halliday, M.A.K 1994: An introduction to functional grammar (2nd edition) London: Edward Arnold Halliday, M.A.K 1998: On the grammar of pain Functions of Language 5: 1–32 Halliday, M.A.K 2000–2009: Collected works, volumes 1–10 (edited by J.J Webster) London: Continuum 303 References Halliday, M.A.K and Hasan, R 1976: Cohesion in English London: Longman Halliday, M.A.K and Hasan, R 1985: Language, context and text: aspects of language in a socialsemiotic perspective Geelong, Vic.: Deakin University Press (republished by Oxford University Press, 1989) Halliday, M.A.K and James, Z 1993: A quantitative study of polarity and primary tense in the English finite clause In Sinclair, J.M., Hoey, M.P and Fox, G (eds), Techniques of description: spoken and written discourse (A festschrift for Malcolm Coulthard) London and New York: Routledge, 32–66 Halliday, M.A.K and Martin, J.R 1993: Writing science: literacy and discursive power London: Falmer Press Halliday, M.A.K and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M 1999: Construing experience through meaning: a language-based approach to cognition London and New York: Cassell Halliday, M.A.K and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M 2004: An introduction to functional grammar (3rd edition) London: Hodder Arnold Halliday, M.A.K and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M 2014: Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar (4th edition) London: Routledge Hasan, R 1985: Linguistics, language and verbal art Geelong, Vic.: Deakin University Press (republished by Oxford University Press, 1989) Hasan, R 1987: The grammarian’s dream: lexis as most delicate grammar In Halliday, M.A.K and Fawcett R (eds), New developments in systemic linguistics, volume 1: Theory and description London: Pinter, 184–211 Hasan, R 2009: Semantic variation: meaning in society and in sociolinguistics (volume of the collected works of Ruqaiya Hasan, edited by J Webster) London: Equinox Hasan, R and Martin, J.R (eds) 1989: Language development: learning language, learning culture Norwood, NJ: Ablex Hasan, R., Matthiessen, C.M.I.M and Webster, J.J (eds) 2005: Continuing discourse on language: a functional perspective London: Equinox Hasan, R and Perrett, G 1995: Learning to function with the other tongue In Odlin, T (ed.), Perspectives on pedagogic grammar New York: Cambridge University Press, 179–226 Hodge, R and Kress, G 1993: Language as ideology (2nd edition) London: Routledge Hoey, M.P 1991a: Patterns of lexis in text Oxford: Oxford University Press Hoey, M.P 1991b: Another perspective on coherence and cohesive harmony In Ventola, E (ed.), Functional and systemic linguistics: approaches and uses Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 385–414 Hoey, M.P 2000: Textual interaction London: Routledge Horrocks, G 1987: Generative grammar London: Longman Huddleston, R 1984: Introduction to the grammar of English Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Hunston, S and Thompson, G 2000: Evaluation in text: authorial stance and the construction of discourse Oxford: Oxford University Press Hyland, K 2002: What they mean? Questions in academic writing Text 22: 529–557 Hyland, K and Tse, P 2005: Evaluative that constructions: signaling stance in research abstracts Functions of Language 12: 39–63 Jones, C and Ventola, E (eds) 2008 New developments in the study of ideational meaning: from language to multimodality London: Equinox Jordan, M 1998 The power of negation in English: text, context and relevance Journal of Pragmatics 29: 705–752 Lemke, J.L 1998: Resources for attitudinal meaning: evaluative orientations in text semantics Functions of Language 5: 33–56 Macken-Horarik, M and Martin, J R (eds) 2003: Negotiating heteroglossia: social perspectives on evaluation Special issue of Text 23/2 Mann, W.C., Matthiessen, C.M.I.M and Thompson, S.A 1992: Rhetorical Structure Theory and text analysis In Mann, W.C and Thompson, S.A (eds), Discourse description: diverse linguistic analyses of a fund-raising text Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 39–78 304 References Mann, W.C and Thompson, S.A (eds) 1992: Discourse description: diverse linguistic analyses of a fund-raising text Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Martin, J.R 1985: Factual writing: exploring and challenging social reality Geelong, Vic.: Deakin University Press (republished by Oxford University Press, 1989) Martin, J.R 1991: Nominalization in science and humanities: distilling knowledge and scaffolding text In Ventola, E (ed.), Functional and systemic linguistics: approaches and uses Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 307–337 Martin, J.R 1992: English text: system and structure Philadelphia and Amsterdam: John Benjamins Martin, J.R 2000: Beyond exchange: appraisal systems in English In Hunston, S and Thompson, G (eds), Evaluation in text: authorial stance and the construction of discourse Oxford: Oxford University Press, 142–175 Martin, J.R., Matthiessen, C.M.I.M and Painter, C 1997: Working with functional grammar London: Arnold Martin, J.R and Rose, D 2007: Working with discourse: meaning beyond the clause (2nd edition) London: Continuum Martin, J.R and Rose, D 2008: Genre relations: mapping culture London: Equinox Martin, J.R and White, P.R.R 2005: The language of evaluation: appraisal in English Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Matthiessen, C.M.I.M 1995: Lexicogrammatical cartography: English systems Tokyo: International Language Sciences Publishers Matthiessen, Christian M.I.M 1999: The system of transitivity: an exploratory study of text-based profiles Functions of Language 6: 1–51 Matthiessen, C.M.I.M 2002: Combining clauses into clause complexes: a multi-faceted view In Bybee, J and Noonan, M (eds), Complex sentences in grammar and discourse: essays in honor of Sandra A Thompson Amsterdam: Benjamins, 237–322 Matthiessen, C.M.I.M 2004: Frequency profiles of some basic grammatical systems: an interim report In Thompson, G and Hunston, S (eds), System and corpus: exploring connections London: Equinox, 103–142 McCabe, A 2009: An introduction to linguistics and language studies London: Equinox Morley, G.D 2000: Syntax in functional grammar: an introduction to lexicogrammar in systemic linguistics London and New York: Continuum Myers, G 1989: The pragmatics of politeness in scientific articles Applied Linguistics 10: 1–35 Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G and Svartvik, J 1985: A comprehensive grammar of the English language London: Longman Radford, A 2004: Minimalist syntax: exploring the structure of English Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Ravelli, L 2000: Getting started with functional analysis of texts In Unsworth, L (ed.), Researching language in schools and communities: functional linguistic perspectives London: Cassell, 27–64 Salkie, R 1995: Text and discourse analysis London: Routledge Schleppegrell, M 1992: Subordination and linguistic complexity Discourse Processes 15: 117–131 Scott, M and Thompson, G (eds) 2001: Patterns of text: in honour of Michael Hoey Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Simon-Vandenbergen, A.-M., Taverniers, M and Ravelli, L (eds) 2003: Lexicogrammatical metaphor: systemic and functional perspectives Amsterdam: John Benjamins Simpson, P 1990: Modality in literary-critical discourse In Nash, W (ed.), The writing scholar Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 63–94 Simpson, P 1993: Language, ideology and point of view London: Routledge Thompson, G 1994: Reporting: Collins Cobuild English guides London: HarperCollins Thompson, G 1999: Acting the part: lexicogrammatical choices and contextual factors In Ghadessy, M (ed.), Text and context in functional linguistics Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 101–124 305 References Thompson, G 2001: Interaction in academic writing: learning to argue with the reader Applied Linguistics 22: 58–78 Thompson, G 2005: M.A.K Halliday In Chapman, S and Routledge, C (eds), Key thinkers in linguistics and the philosophy of language Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 116–122 Thompson, G 2008: From process to pattern: methodological considerations in analysing transitivity in text In Jones, C and Ventola, E (eds), New developments in the study of ideational meaning: from language to multimodality London: Equinox, 17–33 Thompson, G 2009a: Systemic functional grammar In Chapman, S and Routledge, C (eds), Key ideas in linguistics and the philosophy of language Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 225–232 Thompson, G 2009b: Just checking: questions and social roles In Shiro, M., Bentivoglio, P and Ehrlich, F (eds), Haciendo discurso: homenaje a Adriana Bolívar (Talking discourse: in honour of Adriana Bolívar) Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, 141–156 Thompson, G 2009c: Grammatical metaphor and success in academic writing In Hunston, S and Oakey, D (eds), Introducing applied linguistics London: Routledge, 27–34 Thompson, G forthcoming: Conjunctive relations in discourse: a tri-functional study of six English registers London: Equinox Thompson, G and Thetela, P 1995: The sound of one hand clapping: the management of interaction in written discourse Text 15: 103–27 Thompson, S 1994: Aspects of cohesion in monologue Applied Linguistics 15: 58–75 Thompson, S.A 1985: Grammar and written discourse: initial versus final purpose clauses in English Text 5: 55–84 Ventola, E 1987: The structure of social interaction: a systemic approach to the semiotics of social encounters London: Pinter Ventola, E (ed.) 1991: Functional and systemic linguistics: approaches and uses Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter Winter, E 1982: Towards a contextual grammar of English London: George Allen & Unwin Winter, E 1994: Clause relations as information structure: two basic text structures in English In Coulthard, M (ed.), Advances in written text analysis London: Routledge, 46–68 306 Index Page numbers in bold indicate the page where a term is introduced and defined Asterisked terms are also defined in the Glossary in the companion webpages academic discourse 27, 77–8, 85–8, 143–4, 213, 229–30 accompaniment circumstance 115, 116 Actor* 32, 34, 38, 54, 95, 96–7, 109, 111, 118, 131; in causative structures 130; in text 134–8, 225; vs Agent/ Medium 139–42 addition relation 196, 227 Adjunct* 19, 20, 37, 64–5; as Theme 147–50, 152, 165, 170; see also circumstantial Adjunct, Comment Adjunct, Conjunctive Adjunct, Modal Adjunct, Mood Adjunct Affect* 80 Agent* 140, 141–2 alternative relation 196–7 anaphora* 217, 218–20 ancillary 47, 265 angle circumstance 116 anticipatory it* 53, 83, 101, 206 apposition 195 Appraisal* 80, 81–4, 87–8 Appreciation* 81, 82 Assigner* 129, 130–1 Attitude* 80, 81–3 Attribute* 64, 102, 104, 121, 122, 125–6, 131, 241 attributive relational process see relational: attributive process Attributor* 129, 130, 131 behalf circumstance 115, 116 Behaver* 109, 110, 131 Behaviour* 109, 110, 131 behavioural process* 109, 110, 112, 114, 131 Beneficiary* 111, 112; see also Client; Receiver; Recipient Carrier* 102, 105, 125–6, 130, 131, 206, 243 cataphora* 217, 220 causal relations 198, 200, 226, 227, 236, 243 causation 129–30, 131, 142; see also ergativity cause circumstance 115–16, 226 choice 2, 8, 9–10, 30, 35–8, 147, 163, 237, 263 circumstance* 33–4, 92–3, 107, 114, 115–17, 132, 163 circumstantial Adjunct* 65, 93, 114, 162, 180, 200 circumstantial relational process* 114, 125, 126–7 clause* 4, 14, 17, 18–20, 21–3, 25 clause complex* 22, 23, 38, 128, 186–92, 200–1, 208–9; in text 192, 210–11; Theme in clause complex 159–61 Client* 112, 131 307 Index cognition mental process* 99, 101, 114, 121, 252 coherence* 215, 225–6 cohesion* 215, 216–17; in text 228–32, 260 cohesive signal 215, 218, 225, 229, 257 colligation 40 collocation 40 command* 46, 47, 48–50, 58, 70, 72–3, 84–5, 152, 204, 233, 237, 247, 256 Comment Adjunct* 67, 68, 189 comparative reference* 219, 220 comparison circumstance 115 comparison relation 188, 226 Complement* 20, 32–3, 37, 62–3, 64–5, 69, 93, 111, 149–51, 170 complex see clause complex; group complex component of grammar 30–1 concession circumstance 116 concession relation 88, 188, 198–9, 226 condition circumstance 116 condition relation 198, 201, 226, 243 conflation 65, 148, 181 congruence* 48–9, 235, 236–7, 238–43, 245, 246–9, 251–2, 258, 261 conjunction (clause relation) 146, 188, 193–205, 207–11, 225 conjunction (word) 15, 161–2, 164, 170, 187, 225–8 conjunctive Adjunct* 66–7, 93, 114, 146, 162–4, 225 conjunctive relation see conjunction (clause relation) constituents of clauses 4–6, 15–19, 25–6, 33–4, 65, 112, 146, 158, 160, 163, 225 constitutive 47, 264 construal 10, 40, 186, 202, 206, 237, 255, 262, 265 context and language choice 7–12, 39–41, 133–9, 177–80, 210–11, 237, 255–62 contingency circumstance 116 308 conversational discourse 22, 41, 54, 60–2, 177–80, 186, 192–3, 201, 210–11, 230–1, 237, 246, 255–8, 264 coordination 18, 22, 148, 187–8; see also parataxis corpus 40–2, 139, 210–11, 230 creative material process 96, 114, 120 criteria for categories 94, 98–100, 109, 120, 180 declarative* 30–1, 36–8, 40–1, 48, 49–50, 56–7, 60, 84–5, 190–2, 233, 237, 246–7; declarative clause Theme 148–50 defining relative clause 65, 195; see also embedded clause; Post-modifier definite deixis 104, 259–60 delicacy 29, 36, 37, 47, 60, 81, 96 demanding 47, 49, 57, 85, 237, 247, 251 demonstrative 218, 228 dependent clause 18, 50, 117, 159–60, 170, 188–92, 196; see also hypotaxis desideration mental process* 99, 100, 114, 121 discourse marker 66, 164, 231–2 discretionary alternative 84, 85 distractive relation 226 double analysis 240, 241, 247–9, 251–2 elaboration* 194–6, 200, 208, 210 ellipsis* 153, 216, 220–5, 230–1, 257, 262; contextually determined 220–1; ellipsis proper 216, 220–2 elliptical clause 50–1, 153, 222–3 embedded clause* 18, 20, 25, 52–3, 104–5, 121–2, 148, 154, 169, 191–2, 194–5, 203–6; see also ranking clause embedding 24–5 emotion mental process* 99, 100, 114, 121–2 endophora* 217, 220 Engagement* 80, 84 enhanced Theme 170, 171, 175, 177 enhancement* 194, 198–201, 208 Index entry condition 37 equative see identifying relational process; thematic equative ergativity* 94, 139, 140–2 esphora* 219, 220 evaluation 10, 12, 87, 157, 169, 171, 206, 208, 211, 243, 248, 250; see also Appraisal exchange, clause as 45–7, 50–1, 54–6, 70, 84–5 exclamative* 58, 60, 65, 152, 204 Existent* 110, 111, 131 existential process* 12, 110, 111–14, 131, 165–6, 170, 259 existential there 52, 110, 165–6, 170, 285 exophora* 217, 218–20 expansion* 193, 194–201, 208–11 experiential* 30, 32, 34, 40, 42, 46, 65, 91–142, 163–7, 169, 178–9, 180, 238–46, 258–9; metaphor 236, 238–46; see also nominalization experiential Theme 163, 164, 170, 178, 230 experientialization of interpersonal meaning 73, 168, 247, 249–50 explicit modality* 73–4, 75, 77, 156–7, 179, 247–9 extension* 194, 196–8, 200, 208 extent circumstance 115 external vs internal conjunction 200–1, 211, 227–8, 230 fact* 98, 121–2, 205–6, 243, 249 field* 40 Finite* 26, 31–4, 36–8, 50–3, 55–64, 67–9, 74–5, 128, 131, 152, 165, 170, 221, 223 finite: verbal group 16, 17–18, 128; clause 17–18, 50, 160, 200 formal and informal language 7, 9, 22, 77, 128, 177–8, 185–6, 187, 192, 201, 218, 220–1, 223, 229–32, 237, 243–6, 255–61 free indirect speech 205 functional roles 32, 34 fused 51, 52; see also conflation genre* 39–40, 42–4, 120, 265 giving 29–30, 47, 48, 84, 237 Goal* 32, 34, 95, 96–7, 100, 112, 113, 121, 131, 136–7, 139, 141–2 goods-&-services* 47, 48, 70–1, 85, 237, 247 Graduation* 80 grammatical metaphor* 46, 50, 73, 168–70, 205, 208, 233, 224–52, 257–9; in text 238–9, 244, 257–9 grammatical repetition 146, 216–17, 218, 225, 229–30 group* 16, 17–25; complex 23, 63, 75, 128, 148; see also nominal group; verbal group guise circumstance 116 Head 20–1, 282 high value modality 72–3, 77 homophora* 218, 220 human participant 95–6, 98, 100, 106–7, 109 hypotaxis* 188, 189–94, 195–200, 201, 202, 204–5, 208 idea* 202, 203–4, 208, 210–11 identification 102–3; see also relational: identifying process Identified* 105, 122–3, 124 Identifier* 122–3, 124 identifying relational process see relational: identifying process imperative* 36–8, 40–3, 48–50, 58, 59–60, 93, 118, 152, 165, 204, 233, 256–7 implicit modality* 75, 77 inclination* 71, 77; see also modulation independent clause 18, 37, 41, 50, 60, 159, 161, 188, 192, 200, 250 indicative* 37–8, 41, 56, 60 indirect speech act see mood metaphor 309 Index information* 29–30, 36–7, 47, 48–9, 54, 70–1, 85, 150–1, 222, 231, 237, 257, 261–2 Initiator* 129, 130–1, 142 inscribed Attitude* 82, 83 intensive relational process* 114, 125 intentional process 96, 114 interaction 45, 46, 55–6, 68, 76, 79, 84–5, 171, 179, 202, 211, 220, 246, 255–6, 261; see also negotiation interactional Theme 178, 179 internal relations 200, 201, 211, 227–8, 230 interpersonal* 30, 31–4, 36–8, 40–1, 45–88, 91, 93, 163–5, 168–70, 171, 175, 177, 179–81, 200–1, 206–8, 210, 215, 227, 246–51, 258, 260 interpersonal Adjunct 170, 200; see also Comment Adjunct; Modal Adjunct; Mood Adjunct interpersonal metaphor 169, 205, 237, 246–51 interpolation 166, 167, 195, 209 interrogative* 30–2, 36–8, 40–2, 46, 48–50, 56–8, 63–5, 68, 84–5, 150–1, 154, 165, 204–5, 246, 256, 263 interrupting clause 191 intonation 61, 155, 156, 186, 195; see also stress on Identifier invoked Attitude* 82–3 involuntary process 96, 114 journalism discourse 118, 133–8, 232 Judgement* 80, 81, 82 jussive imperative 58–9, 60 let’s 59, 60, 151–2 lexical: metaphor 234–6; repetition 146, 216, 219, 228, 230, 260 literal meaning 234–5 literary discourse 13, 78–9, 94, 119, 213–14, 221 location circumstance 115 locution* 202, 203–4, 208, 210–11 logical* 38–9, 185, 188 310 logical dependency 188, 189–93; see also taxis logical metaphor 236, 238, 243 logico-semantic relation* 188, 193–208, 210–11 low value modality 72–3, 77 main clause see independent clause major clause 63, 93, 153 manner circumstance 114, 115 marked choice 59–60, 68, 97, 149–50, 151–2, 155–7, 170–1, 180–1, 257, 260 material process* 95, 96–101, 106, 109–14, 118–19, 120–1, 129–31, 135–7, 139–41, 240–1, 252, 258 matter circumstance 107, 116 meaning potential 233, 263 means circumstance 115, 132 median value modality 72–3 medical discourse 133–9, 258–61 Medium* 140, 141–2 mental process* 41–2, 94, 97, 98–101, 106, 109, 114–22, 128–31, 140–1, 202–5, 223, 247–8 metafunction* 30, 31–9, 40; see also experiential; interpersonal; logical; textual metaphor 101, 115, 121, 234–5; see also grammatical metaphor method of development 157, 160, 171, 177; see also framework of text minor: clause 153; process 116–17 modal: Adjunct* 65, 66, 67–8, 93, 162–4; clause 74, 247–9; commitment 72–3, 76–7; responsibility 73, 74–6, 77, 247–9; verb 7, 15, 30, 58, 71–2, 75, 91, 247 modality* 29, 30–1, 48, 53, 55, 60, 67–79, 83, 87, 119, 128, 156–7, 168–70, 179, 247–50, 256, 260–1; in text 77–9, 256, 260–1; metaphor 73–5, 168–70, 247–50 modalization* 71, 72–3, 75, 76, 77, 78, 125, 204, 233, 256 Index mode* 40, 44 modular views of language 6, 264 modulation* 71, 72–3, 75, 77, 127, 256, 261 mood*: clause function 36, 37–8, 40–1, 48–51, 56, 60–2, 70, 190, 192, 202, 204, 233, 246–7, 250, 255–6; in text 60–2, 255–6; metaphor 46, 48–50, 246–7, 250 Mood*: clause element 50–1, 53–9, 61–2, 65–8, 69, 71–2, 74, 97, 139, 246, 247; Mood tag see tag question mood Adjunct* 61–2, 67–8, 67, 72, 75 multiple Theme 161–3, 164, 165, 169, 170, 177–9 negation 37, 51, 53, 54–6, 58–60, 68–9, 74–5, 86, 88, 118, 197, 224, 251, 263; see also polarity negotiation 8, 10, 33, 46, 48–9, 56–8, 73, 78–80, 84–5, 177–9, 201, 211, 220, 224, 227, 244–50, 258 nominal group 16, 18–21, 23–5, 43–4, 52–3, 64, 93, 104, 107, 109, 111, 113, 148, 167, 224, 228, 239, 244, 246, 256 nominalization* 206–7, 235–6, 238, 239–46, 249–50, 258–9 non-ergative see ergativity non-finite: clause 17–18, 50, 63, 160, 196, 198, 200, 209–11; verbal group 16, 17–18 noun phrase 4–5, 54; see also nominal group Object 3–5, 18–20, 94, 108, 112–13, 191; see also Complement objective modality* 73–4, 75–7, 83, 156–7, 248–9 obligation 67, 70–1, 73, 77, 79; see also modulation oblique participant 106, 111–12; see also Beneficiary offer* 47–8, 85 operator 53, 63, 71–2, 75, 79, 128, 151, 165 parataxis* 188, 189–94, 195–6, 199, 200, 201, 202–3, 205, 208 participant* 92, 93–113, 121–6, 129–31, 132–3, 136–9, 140–2, 163–5, 171, 236, 241–4 passive voice 9, 32–3, 53, 63, 75, 96–7, 100, 122, 138, 141, 158, 259 perception mental process* 95, 99, 101, 109, 114, 119 Phenomenon* 98, 99–101, 121–2, 131, 140, 242 phoric categories 220 phrase* 17, 19–20, 24; vs group 24 point of departure 147, 160, 161 point of text 172 polarity* 55, 57, 60, 67, 68–9, 74–5, 151, 231; see also negation possessive relational process* 114, 125, 126, 127 Postmodifier 16, 20–1, 24–5, 148, 205–6, 219 predicated Theme* 155–6, 157, 170, 251–2 Predicator* 19–20, 32–4, 51, 62–3, 67, 75, 125, 149, 152–4, 157, 165, 170 preposed: attributive 167; Theme 158, 170, 257 prepositional phrase 19–20, 24, 25, 39, 64, 75, 93, 106–7, 111–12, 116–17, 125–6 probability modality 70–1, 72–3, 77; see also modalization probability in systems 41, 42, 139, 259, 263 process* 32, 34, 41–3, 63–4, 92, 93–114, 116, 117–31, 132–42 product circumstance 116 projected clause 107–9, 121, 167–8, 201–5, 223, 247 projection* 80, 107–9, 121, 128–31, 167–9, 177, 193–4, 201–8, 210–11, 247, 250; in text 207–8, 210–11 proposal* 55, 70–1, 204 proposition* 29, 55–6, 70–1, 72, 74–5, 157, 206–7, 243, 247, 293 311 Index propositional meaning 5, 7–8, 21, 30, 70, 91, 248 purpose circumstance 115, 116 quality circumstance 115 queclarative 50, 61, 84–5, 255–7, 263–4 question* 6, 8–10, 30–1, 32, 37, 41, 46, 47–8, 49–51, 57, 61–2, 84–5, 87, 91, 150–1, 154, 221–2, 231, 246–7, 250, 256 question tag see tag question quote* 108, 167–8, 190–1, 194, 202–3, 205, 207 rank scale* 21, 22–6 ranking clause* 25, 132, 169, 192, 263; see also embedded clause realization 30, 32, 37–8, 48–9, 51, 60, 73, 87, 92–3, 150, 168, 234, 247, 259 realization statement 31, 37–8 reason circumstance 115 Receiver* 106, 107, 111, 131 recipe 41–4, 118, 263 Recipient* 112, 131 recursion 5, 36, 208–9 reference* 202, 216, 217–20, 225, 228, 257 register* 39–43, 77–9, 117–19, 133–9, 175–6, 177–80, 210–11, 228–32, 255–62 relational: attributive process* 102, 104–5, 112, 114, 118, 122, 125–6, 129, 131 relational: identifying process* 102, 103–5, 114, 118–19, 122–4, 126–7, 129, 131, 154 relational process* 64, 101, 102–5, 110, 112, 114, 118–19, 122–7, 131, 241, 243 repetition 146, 216–17, 219, 228–30, 260 replacement relation 196–7 replacive relation 196–7 report* 108, 168, 202, 203–4, 207 reported clause/speech see projection 312 Residue* 61, 62, 63–9, 223 reversibility 100, 102, 104, 122, 126–7, 140–1 Rheme* 33–4, 147, 153, 154–5, 163, 171–3, 175–6 rhetorical question 87 Rhetorical Structure Theory 226 role circumstance 116 Sayer* 106, 131, 137–8 scientific discourse 76, 133–9, 177, 238–40, 253, 258–61 Scope* 109, 112–13, 131, 137 secondary tense 63, 71, 128 Senser* 97–8, 100, 131, 140–1, 247–8 sentence 4–6, 16, 21–2, 23, 54, 146, 186–7; see also clause complex slots and fillers 19, 20, 23 source: of appraisal 83; of modality 75, 76, 78–9, 119; of propositions 168, 201, 207–8 speech role* 47, 50, 70, 73, 84–5, 200, 204, 233, 246–7, 250–1 SPOCA 20, 23 spoken language see conversational discourse; written vs spoken language statement* 6, 8–9, 30, 47–8, 49–50, 54–5, 84–5, 87, 91, 233, 250, 260 structural cataphora 219 structural vs functional labels 18–21 stylistics 264–5 Subject* 2–4, 19–23, 31–4, 36–8, 51–66, 147–50, 170–1, 180–1 subjective modality* 73–4, 75, 76–7, 247–8 subordinate clause see dependent clause substitution* 216, 220–2; see also ellipsis suggestive imperative 59, 60 system 30–1, 35–8, 41, 47, 114, 263 system network* 35–6, 37–8, 41, 60, 77, 114, 170–1 tag question 37, 52, 56, 59–60, 74, 247 Target* 107, 131 Index taxis* 188, 208, see also hypotaxis, parataxis tenor* 40, 41 tense 17, 51, 53, 55–6, 63, 67, 71, 98–9, 128, 202 textbook discourse 13, 27, 40–2, 143–4, 172–4, 183, 228–9, 238–9, 244–5 textual* 30, 33, 40, 66, 145–81, 215–32; metaphor 251–2 texture 215, 217, 226 thematic equative* 153–4, 155, 170, 251 thematized comment 83, 156–7, 169 Theme* 33–4, 145–81, 244, 251–2, 257, 260; in text 171–80, 257, 260 there 52, 110–11, 165–6 time relation 198, 210 Token* 103, 104–5, 119, 122, 124, 131, 138 topical Theme 163 Transformational-Generative Grammar 2–6 transformative material process 96, 114, 118, 120 transitivity* 67, 91–3, 94, 95–142, 163, 165, 234–6, 240, 247–51, 258; in text 117–19, 131–9, 258 T-unit 161, 168 unmarked choice 58–60, 148–50, 152, 154, 156, 165, 170–1, 175, 180–1, 257 unplanned speech see conversational discourse usuality 70, 71–2, 77, 128; see also modalization Value* 103, 104–5, 119, 122, 124, 131, 138 verbal group 16–19, 31, 51, 62–3, 92, 94, 128–9; complex 18, 63, 128–9 verbal process* 105–6, 107–9, 111, 113, 135, 204 Verbiage* 107–8, 131 weather clauses 93 WH-: WH-clause 154–5, 204; WH-element 37, 57–8, 65, 131, 150–4; WH-interrogative 37–8, 42, 57–8, 60, 65, 150–1 willingness 71; see also inclination, modulation wording 29–31, 39, 201–3, 220–2, 233–7, 245–8, 250–1 written vs spoken language 22–3, 40–1, 54–5, 76, 84–5, 176–80, 185–7 yes/no interrogative 31, 37–8, 57, 60, 151, 165, 204, 231 313 www.routledge.com/linguistics Also available … Fourth Edition Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar M.A.K Halliday and Christian M.I.M Matthiessen Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar, Fourth Edition, is the standard reference text for systemic functional linguistics and an ideal introduction for students and scholars interested in the relation between grammar, meaning and discourse Halliday's innovative approach of engaging with grammar through discourse has become a worldwide phenomenon in linguistics Fully revised, this fourth edition includes: x x x x recent uses of systemic functional linguistics to provide further guidance for you as you work and study in this field more on the ecology of grammar, illustrating how each major system serves to realise a semantic system a systematic indexing and classification of examples more from corpora, thus allowing you to find and access the same data Fully updated and revised, this fourth edition of Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar explains the principles of systemic functional grammar, enabling you to understand and apply them in any context 2014: 246x174 mm: 800pp Hb: 978-0-415-82628-0 Pb: 978-1-4441-4660-8 eBook: 978-0-203-43126-9 For more information and to order a copy visit www.routledge.com/9781444146608 Available from all good bookshops www.routledge.com/linguistics Also available The Functional Analysis of English Third Edition By Thomas Bloor and Meriel Bloor The Functional Analysis of English is an introduction to the analysis and description of English, based on the principles of systemic functional linguistics It sets out the tools and analytic techniques of Hallidayan grammar with clear explanations of terminology and illustrates these with examples from a variety of texts, including science, travel, history and literary sources This revised third edition incorporates references to recent research, better explanations of complex problems, and additional exercises. Key features: x an updated overview of applications to real world issues x revised sections on the current historical position of systemic functional grammar x simple introductions to agnation, grammatical metaphor, and information structure x chapter summaries, suggestions for further reading, exercises with answers and a glossary of terms x a companion website with additional activities, exercises and supplementary readings for students and instructors This third edition is an indispensable introduction to systemic functional linguistics, which can be used independently or in preparation for M.A.K Halliday and C.M.I.M Matthiessen’s Introduction to Functional Grammar The book is an ideal text for students of linguistics, applied linguistics and grammar- those new to the field, or who have a background in traditional grammar, as well as teachers of English language. 2013 | 336 Pages | Hb: 978-0-415-82593-1 | Pb: 978-1-4441-5665-2 eBook: 978-0-203-53809-8 | Learn more at: www.routledge.com/9781444156652 Available from all good bookshops Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.routledge.com/linguistics Also available English Grammar A Resource Book for Students By Roger Berry Series: Routledge English Language Introductions English Grammar: x presents the basic concepts and key terms of English grammar in a clear and systematic way x encourages readers to evaluate critically the knowledge they already have, particularly in areas that are problematic for them as learners, and to build up and trust their own intuitions about the language x uses a range of international authentic texts to illustrate concepts and theories, from sources such as newspapers, novels and academic texts discussing English grammar x is accompanied by a companion website featuring audio files of authentic spoken English, and further activities Written by an experienced teacher and researcher, this accessible textbook is an essential resource for all students of English language and linguistics 2011 | 296 Pages | Hb: 978-0-415-56108-2 | Pb: 978-0-415-56109-9 Learn more at: www.routledge.com/9780415561099 Available from all good bookshops www.Ebook777.com ... www.Ebook777.com Introducing Functional Grammar Introducing Functional Grammar, third edition, provides a user-friendly overview of the theoretical and practical aspects of the systemic functional grammar. .. Implications and applications of Functional Grammar 10.1 Three-dimensional analysis of texts 10.2 A summary review of Functional Grammar 10.3 Using Functional Grammar 10.4 Closing 255 255 262... in Publication Data Thompson, Geoff, 194 7Introducing functional grammar / Geoff Thompson 3rd ed pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index Functionalism (Linguistics) I Title P147.T48