N re CAIVI BRIDGE PRIMARY Science Legrner's Book Fiono Boxter, Liz DiLley ond Jon Boord C,tnnnRrDGE UNIYERSITY PRESS CavrnnrDGE UNI\TERSITY PRESS University Printing House, Cambridge cB2 8Bs, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University's mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels ofexcellence Information on this title: education.cambridge.org @ Cambridge University Press zor4 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions ofrelevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published zor4 4th printing zor5 Printed in Dubai by Oriental Press A catalogue recordfor this publication is availablefrom the British Library Isaw 978- r - ro I -661o4-6 Learner's Book with Audio CDs (z) Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter Cover artworlc BilI Bolton ffi:.?ltTi,;ii'"llon in these resources are provided'as is' and information "tr,.a that teachers and technicians shall undertake a thorough provided is on the understanding and appropriate risk assessment before undertaking any ofthe Activities listed Cambridge University Press makes no warranties, representations or claims ofany kind concerning the Activities To the extent permitted by law, Cambridge University Press will not be liable for any loss, injury claim, liability or damage of any kind resulting from the use of the Activities -\, (d,., i:-,:i*i -,;3n: The combridge Primory science series hos been developed to motch the Combridge lnternotionol Exominotions Primory Science curriculum fromework lt is o fun, flexible ond eosy to use course thot gives both leorners ond teochers the support they need ln keeping with the oims of the currlculum itsell it encouroges leorners to be octively engoged with the content, ond develop enquiry skills os well os subject knowledge, This Leorner's Book for Stoge covers oll the content from Stoge of the curriculum fromework.The topics ore covered in the order in which they ore presenied in the curriculum for eosy novigotion, bui be tought in ony order thot is oppropriote to you Throughout the book you will find ideos for procticol octivities, which will help leorners to develop their Scientific Enquiry skills os well os introduce them to the thrill of scientific discovery The'Tolk obout it!'question in eoch iopic be used os o storting point for clossroom discussion, encouroging leorners to use the scientific vocobulory ond develop their understonding 'check your progress'questions of the end of eoch unit be used to ossess leorners'understonding Leorners who will be toking the Combridge Primory Progression test for Stoge will find these questions useful preporotion We strongly odvise you to use the Teocher's Resource for Stoge 5, ISBN 97 B-1 -1 07 -67 67 3-2, o longside th is book This resource conto ns extensive guidonce on oll the topics, ideos for clossroom octivities, ond guidonce notes on oll the octivities presented in this Leorners'Book.You will olso find o lorge collection of worksheets, ond onswers to oll the questions from the Stoge products, i Also ovoiloble is the Activity Book for stoge 5, lsBN 978-1-107-65897-4 This book offers o voriety of exercises to help leorners consolidote understonding, proctise vocobulory, opply knowledge to new situotions ond develop enquiry skills, Leorners complete the exercises in closs or be given them os homework, We hope you enjoy using this series With best wishes the Combridge Primory Science teom lntroduction lntroduction t lnvesligoting plont growth l.l Seeds How seeds grow 1.2 -l.3 lnvestigoting germinotion 1.4 l.5 Whot plonts need to grow? Plonts ond light Check your progress The life cycle of flowering plonts 2,1 Why plonts hove flowers 2.2 How seeds ore spreod 2.3 Other woys seeds ore spreod 2.4 The ports of o flower 2.5 2,6 2.7 Pollinotion lnvestigoting pollinotion Plont life cycles Check your progress 3 B r0 12 14 t6 IB 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 Stotes of molter l Evoporotion 34 36 3.2 Why evoporotion is useful 3.3 lnvestigoting evoporotion 3.4 lnvestigoting evoporotion from o solution 3,5 Condensotion 3,6 The woter cycle 3.7 Boiling 3.8 Melting 3.9 Who invented the temperoture scole? 40 42 44 46 48 50 Check your progress 52 eonlents 3B , iriirsFti++!* The woy we see things 4.1 Light trovels from o source 54 56 4.2 Mirrors 4.3 Seeing behind you 4.4 Which surfoces reflect light the best? 4,5 Light chonges direction 5B 60 62 64 Check your progress Shqdows 5,.l Light trovels in stroight lines 5.2 Which moteriols let light through? 5.3 Silhouettes ond shodow puppets 5.4 Whot offects the size of o shodow? 5,5 lnvestigoting shodow lengths 5.6 Meosuring light intensity 5,7 How scientists meosured ond understood light Check your progress Eorth's movements 6.-l The Sun, the Eorth ond the Moon 6,2 Does the Sun move? 6,3 The Eorth rototes on its oxis 6,4 Sunrise ond sunset 6.5 The Eorth revolves oround the Sun 6,6 Exploring the solor system 6,7 Exploring the stors Check your progress 66 6B 70 72 74 76 7B BO 82 B4 B6 BB 90 92 94 96 Reference Glossory ond index r05 Acknowledgements il0 9B Contents - n fr 9! !! * J \Et' \6,'F a # fs, A l''f dq };-!*l*1''* * Words f,,ol"eq.rn seed embryo seed coot lr$rlwlwllytwi !trf t wlr,y; Hove Uou ever swollowed a seed when gou were eatlng on app[e or on oronge? We frnd seeds i.nside Jrults Frults ond seeds be dtJJerent slzes ond shopes $*lfl This apple has been cut in half to show the seeds An avocado pear has one large seed Bean seeds are A poppy's fr"uit contains the seeds Are seeds o[[ve? Seeds might looh deod, but they ore not Seeds grow lnto new plonts There is o ting plont inslde the seed thot storts to grow when i.t has atl the things thot it needs The tlny plant i.nside the seed is ca[led on embnyo The seed olso hos a Jood store I lnvesfigatlng plont growth food store Here [s a beon seed wlth lts embryo ports labe[[ed Drqw qnd lsbel s seed Look careJutly at the seed with the hond lens Find the seed coot and the scar where the seed wos joined to the Jrutt Mahe o neot drawi.ng oJ the outside oJ the seed Lobel Uour drowing Use gour ftngernoils to pu[[ off the outer coverlng oJ the seed Pu[[ the two halves oJ the seed oport Flnd the embrgo i.nside the seed Fi.nd the seed's Jood store Draw ond [obe[ the inside parts oJ the seed Qwes,f;ions t" Why does the seed need a Jood store? Why does the seed need o seed coot? What gou thinh the seed needs to make [t start to grow? Whqt, you hqnre Leq.y*tt, g, 5, Seeds ore Jound in Jruits The embryo instde o seed grows lnto a new plont Seeds ore covered by a seed coot g: Seeds contaln o Jood store I Investigoting plont growth ff Wordls to leqrtt germinotion shrivels obsorbs IJ a seed given the rlght conditions, ond the embrgo ls otive, it w[1"[ grow When a seed storts to grow, we saU it germinotes This process [s catled i,s germinotion The seed uses ltsJood store to gi.ve it the energU to grow The seed shrivets ond becomes smo[[ oJter germinotion Here are the stoges in germinotion oJ a beon seed Seed qbsorbs water and swells The shoot grows up above the ground The first leaves grow Seed coat splits The first shoot starts to grow The first root starts to grow The root grows down into the soil Side roots grow Seeds [[ve wi.thout germinoting Jor Ueors until the condltions become suitab[e The oldest seed hnown to germlnote wos a 13OO-geor-o[d lotus seed Jound ar the bottom oJ a loke in Chtna A lotus plant growrng in water I lnvestigoting plont growth Observe s seed Sook the beon seed [n woter overnlght Predict how seed wi[[ chonge overnight Observe the seed the next doy and wrlte down ong changes thot gou see How did the seed chonge overnight? Was Uour predlction correct? Exploin why the chonges hoppen Where gou thinh the water entered the seed? Gtve a reoson Jor gour onswer Qttesf,;io*ts 7" IL Why seeds need to obsorb woter? c Which port oJ the new beon p[ant grows flrst? b Suggest o reoson why this port grows downwords In which dlrectlon does the ftrst shoot grow ond why? Why you think the new leoves stort to grow obove the ground? Whg you think the seed shrivels ond becomes smo[[ oJter germlnotlon? Whqt yowhqnre lec rn* Seeds stort to germinote right and the embryo i.s f the condttlons ore olive The Jood store gives seeds the energg theg need (:!' Jor germlnotion Seeds obsorb woter to stort germlnotlon The new root grows downwords frrst, Jollowed bg the new shoot whi.ch grows upwords I lnvestigoting plont growth o b c d CopU and complete the toble bg frl.l.tng in rhe length oJ day Descrlbe the pattern oJ change in the length oJ doy Whtch seoson you thinh Ktngston i.s hovi.ng i.n Jonuory? Which seo.son wi[[ Kingston experlence [n slx months' time? Explotn whg m o b List three pieces oJ eguipment thot hove hel.ped ostronomers to dlscover more about the solar system ond the stars Write o sentence obout eoch piece oJ equipment to describe whot it does a rover on the surJoce oJ Mors A rover [s a sma[[ vehtcte worked bg robots Theg hove been used on rhe Moon ond Mars to co[[ect somples oJ rock, tohe photogrophs ond conduct expertments Thi.s ls on imoge oJ o How does the rover get to Mors? b What or who operotes the rover? c What hind oJ i.nJormation does tt co[[ect? Eorth's movernents -.S a 'ffi'#r*,#* ;*** 'W,n[ssectionoJtheLeorner,sBoohcoVerSsomeoJthenewscientf,c enguiry shills Jor this stoge Theg bui[d on the sht[[s olready golned Jrom prevtous stoges You should reJer to these shttts whenever you need them Meosuring cyltnders come in dfJerent sizes Choose one that Jor the vo[ume oJ tiquid Uou wont to meosure i.s the right slze Put the measuri.ng cylinder on a tab[e Count the ltnes between two numbers On some meosuring cAtinders each tine m[ On others it can be m[ or [s even mt Put gour ege l,evel with the top oJ the tiquid to reod the scote Shona measures 43 ml of water The top oJ the tiquid mog curve Meosure to the bottom oJ the curve This meosurtng cylinder contalns 43 m[ oJ tiquid Use a bor chart when Uour results ore dfJerent objects or dfJerent groups with o number Jor eoch one The bors ore seporote becouse eoch bar shows o dtlJerent object or group, Jor exomp[e, tgpe Reference oJ Jruit Ftuil Seeds Apple Oronge r0 Kiwi 30 35 30 25 20 15 10 Orange tighl Bilghtness source of I0cm Torch 80 lux Lomp 300 lux Condle 20 lux 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Torch Lamp Use ltne grophs when Uour results ore pairs oJ numbers Line grophs can be used to show how something changes wi.th time such os an lncrease [n temperoture or plont height Here hot woter ts cooting Time in minutes Temperoture of woter in'C 60 35 25 20 970 C '= 60 f;50 :40 330 E20 $10 go o Reference Evo ls meosuring the length oJ o shodow ot dilJerent times These are her results Time in hours Length of shodow in cm Evo wonts 10.00 il ,00 90 45 r 2.00 25 r 3,00 14,00 50 85 to drow o line groph First she hos to drow the oxes She loohs ot the longest shodow length (90 cm) She drows the up to y oxis 100 cm There ore dfJerent times to go on the x oxls The times ore o[[ aport She drows o [[ne Jor the x oxts Reference t hour' E o o E ! a -c q 6=r t Time in hours Evo uses o ruter to drow stroight llnes She wrltes the numbers so thot the ltnes on the graph poper go through the mtddle oJ the numbers "{ ,/: s Now Eva needs to ptot the resu[ts on the groph The E o frrst result is 90 cm ot 10.00 the line on the o She frnds I- graph Jor 10.00 She ftnds the tine on the groph Jor 90 cm E d a U cP r o She mohes o cross where the two ltnes meet Time in hours Reference Next Evofrnds the line onthe groph Jor 11.00 ondthe lineJor 45 cm She drows o cross where the two [[nes meet t a I E o o E d a + I ,3r)' / &P ! -c E o I I I I I ) , ! , , I ) Time in hours She ptots o[[ the results the some wou Then she drows a llne that goes through the crosses on the graph t a * I / / t ) \ + , \ t / \ \ / {I )) ) t ( l # I\ \ \ ) sz ( I l / I ( / ) ) ) Time in hours The groph shows that the shadow gets shorter unti.[ 12.00 AJter that i,t gets longer Reference Song and Monsi hove a guestion: 'Wi[[ o paper towe[ thot is twlce os wet tohe twlce os long to dry?' Monsl puts fve drops oJ water onto one paper towe[ Song puts ten drops on onother Theg put both the paper towets on o rodiotor They use o stopwotch to tlme how long they tahe to dry But it's hord to tell exoctly Yes, when it's drylWe repeot 1,$ our meosurements, "'"to*4fi,**t thot would moke our results more relioble ur?Ay,*^**,***r+er,q*Elfqftfflry,1[q A reliable resu[t is o result that is close to the true onswer Theg decide to repeot their meosurements si iNumberofdrops ! -* _i I Time to dry in ,i"ri.i *"** * ***|* t "$sM ;, Manst's -to dry in minules Time '&lw 12 *r&lw.r tot t5 -*.*"* + 20 : two meosurements ore similar Song's qre not To frnd out which oJ his results is the most reliobte he repeat the measurement agoin Reference :l ,ri" :.1 i Akiho ond Sosho, ore investlgoting the question: 'Does the shape oJo contolner aJtect how Jast woter evaporotes?' They hove 500 mt oJ woter in eoch contolner They meosure how much woter is [eJt in eoch contolner every doy Here ore thelr results Day Water left in measuring cylinder in ml Water left in measuring jug in ml Looh coreJu[[g ot the results The woter is evaporoti.ng so the numbers should be getting smo[[er 445m1on doy three is wrong.lt hos gone up from 40Bml on doy two! ' " '!tr4:t :*+#ry, rs*l.ru*rffd.ir$rI&.+ But 408 ml on doy Theg declde to repeot the measurements to chech Day Water left in measuring jug in ml 454 410 345 310 253 The new results look correct The meosurement oJ 445m[ on day was wrong Reference @, r'", l ^ ## l,/ * q*a ,-**'* - "*# d%i fl ,, @: -,G,F.qi**,* :tat* *' * *i L,''* \i -A* Poge obsorb s ngle onther oppeqrs to to tohe i.n o substonce B the numb er oJ degrees between o horizontal ond o line 62 ttp oJ the stomen when tt looks os though something hos coused on actlon but in Joct i.t wos caused 24 bg something e[se B4 Sun q2 osteroid bodg smoller thon o moon that orblts the 0stronout o person who trovets [n spoce q3 ostronomer o sclentist who studtes the untverse 92 (Ixis on lmaglnoru [[ne posslng through Eorth Jrom the North Po[e to the South Pote; Eorth rototes around thls oxls 86 besrn a band thot ltght trovels ln 54 blocked boil stopped contlnuing on lts woy 67 when water chonges Jrom o ltgutd to o gos ot o htgh temperoture 46 boiling point the temperoture at which o liguid boits 46 co rpel Jemote part oJ a flower lump oJ lce ond dirt thot moves in a large orbtt around the Sun 24 cornet coneluslon the decislon you come to when gou hove a[L the evidence q2 66 condensstion when o gos chonges to o llgutd 42 controlled fqctclr the Joctor thot does not chonge ln on experlment crystql or investlgation 72 o smo[[ plece oJ solid substance wlth o regular shape, such os sugor and sott; some crysto[s dlsso[ve ln woter 40 Glossory ond index depict show [n a certain wag 56 dissolve when o substonce mtxes with onother substance ond becomes part oJ it 40 embryo energy evo porotion evidence the tiny plant inside a seed thot grow into new plant guontitu needed to mahe things hoppen 34 when o ligutd turns lnto o gos 34 inJormotion galned Jrom on experiment or tnvestlgotion expo nd get l"orger 66 q4 explode foclor fertilisotion to burst open with o lot oJ Jorce 23 o vorioble in on lnvestlgotlon or experiment 12 the process thot jolns the po[[en and eggs to mohe focus concentrote on 27 q5 goloxy o huge moss oJ stors q4 germ inotion when a seed starts to grow globe o model oJ Earth 86 hemisphere ho$ the Eorth, Jor example, the northern hemisphere i.s between the equotor ond the North Pote q1 horizon the [[ne where the shg meets the Eorth BB imoge the ptcture oJ the object thot Uou see on o screen or [n o mlrror 56 the d{ferent stoges [n o plont's l"fe Jrom when i,t grows Jrom o seed until i.t mokes lts own seeds 30 the omount oJ Light in on oreo 76 a p[oce where light comes Jrom, Jor example, the Sun or o torch 54 life cycle light intensity light source Glossory qnd index seeds B melts when o solid chonges to a melling point the temperoture ot whi.ch a solid melts meteor bits oJ roch and sand that enter Eorth's mirror otmosphere Jrom spoce o veru smooth, shiny surJoce light we[[ nector 48 [i.qui.d 48 92 thot reJtects 56 26 noon o sweet Ltguid that flowers mahe 12,00, middog object the thi.ng thot 55 op0q ue does not a[[ow light i.s 75 reflected to pass through 6B opticol telescope an lnstrument contolning mlrrors ond lenses that moke distont objects lihe stors [ooh bigger ond brighter orbil ovory periscope nei pollen p Io the poth tahen when o bodg moves around o larger body in spoce port oJ o plont thot contolns eggs an lnstrument with titted mlrrors thot allows gou to see over the top oJ somethlng a body ln spoce that revolves around o star q5 B3 24 57 82 yellow or brown powder mode in the stomen 24 the process thot brings po[ten Jrom the stomen to the stlgmo oJ o flower 26 the ptoci.ng oJ something in relatlon to thi.ngs around [t 72 o three-dlmenslonal object mode oJ transporent moter[aI 7q proiect to send out 70 rcrte put in order ffor exomp[e, Jrom best to o line that light trovels [n pollinotion position prism rsy ref leet the octlon oJ bouncing ojj a surJace worst) 61 62 55 Glossory qnd index ref roction reproduce reverse revolution rototion scent seed seed coot seed dispersol seedlings sepols shodow the bendtng oJ light when [t posses Jrom one moterlol to onother 7q to Jorm Uoung when something hoppens [n the opposlte order or dlrection 42 the movement oJ a pIonet around the the Sun Sun [n on ptonet around "J orbit or onu other body [n the unlverse movlng around a bigger bodg q0 oxls the smetl thot flower petals gtve out the movement oJ o bodg on lts port oJ o plant thot can grow lnto o new the outer cover that protects the seed 1q 86 18 plont when seeds ore spreod or scottered awog Jrom the plont where they Jormed 20 the new plant thot grows Jrom a germinoted seed 20 outer ring oJ smo[[ green [eoves on the base oJ a Jtower 24 Jorms when light is blocked by some tgpes oJ sotid object 67 shrlvel to become smatl and very drg silhouette the shadow thot Jorms when you hold on opogue object between o tight source and o screen 70 the Sun with etght plonets and other bodies such as dwarJ plonets, moons, and osteroids revo[vtng round lt q2 solute the materiol thot is dissotved 40 solution o mlxture usuallg mode oJ a solid dlssotved i,n a llquid 40 solvent the ltguid in which the solute dlssolves 40 spocecroft a mochine lounched into spoce bU o rochet 82 solqr system Glossory ond index B sprn o Jost rototlon movement B6 spongy like a sponge with lots oJ holes in it that be frtted with olr or woter 22 stsmen stor steom mote port oJ o flower a body tn space thot gives 24 ojj light ond heot 82 the hot mist produced when woter boils; it i.s made oJ hot condensing woter vopour 46 stigmo tip 24 sundiol o shodow sttch used to te[[ the time beJore there were clochs 75 the tlme when the Sun oppeors to rlse over the horlzon BB the tlme when the Sun oppeors to sinh below the horlzon BB surfoce the top loyer thot is next to the 56 tilted of an ong[e, not vertlcol B6 tronsluscent otlows some light to poss through 6B tronsporeni ollows a[[ the light to poss through 68 universe the whote oJ space q4 volume the amount oJ spoce o substonce tahes up o contoiner sunrise sunset woter cycle oJ the corpel oi.r i,n 3B when woter evoporates Jrom seos, rlvers ond lahes, condenses to Jorm c[ouds, ond Ja[[s back to Earth as roin 44 the gos Jormed when tiguid woter chonges into a gos 34 wither to drg out ond start to 1q yeor the length oJ time it tohes Eorth to complete one revolutton around the Sun woter vopour dte q0 Glossory qnd index d-\' fl, * : .-.,r{ J*1* i -t *d, P* tft,i; i*;#; r'ir*;*.: "_**";*; ffflrffii ,:;ti-)fl[,f.,ff, The outhors ond publisher ore groteful for the permissions gronted to reproduce copyright moteriols While every effort hos been mode, it hos not olwoys been possible to identify the sources of oll the moteriols used,or io troce oll the copyright holders lf ony omissions ore brought to our notice, we will be hoppy to include ihe oppropriote ocknowledgements on reprinting The publisher is grotefulto the experienced teochers Monsooro Shooib Shoh, Lohore Grommor School,55 Moin, Gulberg, Lohore ond Lynne Ronsford for their coreful reviewing of the content 234l iStockphoto; p.6blPoblo Coridod/Hemero/ Thinkstock; p 6fr oshleigh kirkhom/iStock/ Thinkstock; p 6br joonnownuk/ Shuiterstock; p B YuryZap/ Shutterstock; p 12 Olgo Lipoiovo/ Shutterstock; p,lT lNigel Cottlin/ Alomy; p.17 r Nigel Cottlin/ Alomy; p Bt/ SH-Vector/ Shutterstock; p Bfc sokhorn/ Shutterstock; p I Bfr Cloudio Corlsen/ Shutterstock;p.lBbl lrino Borsuchenko/ Shutterstock;p.lBbrenno von duinen/iStock/ Thinkstock; p, 21 / MVPhoto/ Shutterstock; p.21r Joe Blossom/ Alomy; p 2l cAlon Meir/ Alomy; p.22tlBorges Somuel/ Alomy; p,22fcr loannownuk/ Shutterstock; p.22frWilliom Rodcliffe/RGB Ventures LLC dbo SuperStock/ Alomy; p.22fclNeil Lucos/ Noture Picture Librory; p.22br Mortin Shields/ Alomy; p.23t Kothy Cootney/AgStock lmoges, lnc./ Alomy; p.23b AfriPics.com/ Alomy; p 25 Vlodimir Wrongel/ Shutterstock: p.26t Elliotte Rusty Horold/ Shutterstock; p.26bTim Goiney/ Alomy; p.28l merrilyonne/iStock/ Thinkstock; p.2Bc Christion Musot/iStock/Thinkstock;p.2Br ltsik Morom/ Alomy; p.29 PhenI/ Shutterstock; p 33/ Custom Life Science lmoges/ Alomy; p 33rAfrico Studio/ Shutierstock; p.36fr Edwin Jimenez/lmoge Source/ Alomy; p, 36b/ Morgoe Edwords/ Shutterstock; p.3TflGoodMood Photo/ Shutterstock; p 3TtrTMl/ Alomy; p.37 br Svetlono Lukienko/ Shutterstock; p.40 Motin Siepmonn/imogebroker / Shuiterstock; p.41 Gyro Photogrophy/o collection/omono imoges inc / Alomy ) p 42 gresei/ Shutierstock; p 48 fr Jochen Tock/ Alomy; p.A9blsilver-john/ Shutterstock:p.A\bc Polle Christensen/ Shutterstock; p.A5br Artem Merzlenko/ Alomy; p 51 You Touch Pix of EuToch/ Shutterstock; p 54 AlinoMD/ iStock/ Thinkstock; p.57 r Donny Bird/ Alomy; p 57/Al Messerschmidt/Getty lmoges Sport/ Getty lmoges; p.59tr motion piciure librory/ poul ridsdole/ Alomy; p.59br Mediclmoge/ Alomy; p 59b/ Ston Kujowo/ Alomy; p.59tl AFP / Getty tmoges; p 60 Custom Life Science lmoges/ Alomy; p 661 Morkus Gonn/ Shutterstock; p.66r Pixel lmoges/ Shutlerstock; p 67 Leonid lkon/ Shutterstock; p 68/Andrey Iiykl Shutterstock; p.68r Purestock/ Thinkstock; p 70 Doug Steley A / Alomy; p.741 AcIion Plus Sporfs lmoges/ Alomy; p.74r SFLTrovel/ Alomy;p,75Alex Hubenov/ Shutterstock;p.76 Morio Lopes/ Shutterstock:p.771Ron Joffe/ NBCU Phoio Bonk/NBCUniversol/ Getty lmoges; p.77tr Angel Filor/ Science photo Librory; p.77 br octionplus sports imoges/ ActionPlus; p 78 Kochnevo Tetyono/ Shutterstock; p 79 Dovid Porker/ Science Photo Librory; p.82 JPL/ NASA; p, BB mycolo/istock/ Thinkstock; p 93/ NASA/Bryon Allen/Encyclopedio/ Corbis; p.93r JPL/ NASA; p.94 / NASA; p, 95r Dovid Porker/ Science Photo Librory; p.95c NASA/ESA/STSC|/J.-y Lt (ptonetory Science lnstitute)/ Hubble Comet ISON lmoging Science Teom/ Science Photo Librory; p 95/ Russell Kighfley/ Science Photo Librory; p.97 Stocktrek lmoges,lnc./ Alomy p 6fl Mott'l Cover ortwork by Bill Bolton /= left, r= right, f = top, b = bottom, c = centre Acknowledgements Combridge Primory Science is o ftexibte, engoging course written specificotty for the Combridge Primory Science curricutum fromework (Stoges 1-6) The course offers ptenty of teoching ideos to give ftexibitity, otlowing teochers to setect octivities most oppropriote to their ctossroom ond pupits An enquirybosed style of teoching ond leorning is stimutoted, with the Scientific Enquiry objectives integroted throughout to encouroge [eorning of these skitts otongside the scientific concepts The [onguoge [eve[ is corefutty pitched to be occessibte to EAL/ESL [eorners, with concepts ittustroted through diogroms to oltow visuoI understonding ond leorning This Leorner's Book for Stoge covers ot[ the objectives required by the curricutum fromework in on engoging ond visuotty stimutoting monner The Leorner's Book contoins: o usefuI itlustrotions thot exptoin concepts to hetp visuo[ leorners ond those with [ower o Other components of Combridge Primory Science Activity Book ISB N : 978-1 -107 - 65897 - Teocher's Resource Iiterocy For our octivities to devetop Scientific Enquiry skitts ond support leorning through discovery key vocobulory pointed out os 'Words to Gl.obot Engtish, visit 5: ISBN: 978-1-107-67673-2 futl ronge of Combridge Primory titles, inctuding Mothemotics, Engtish ond educotion.co mbridge.org/co mbridgepri mory leorn' throughout o o o 'Totk obout it!'feotures thot give suggestions for ctossroom discussion key leorning points given os 'Whot you hove [eornt'summories ot the end of eoch unit, 'Check your progress' questions thot offer opportunity for ossessment Completely Cambridge Cambridge resources for Cambridge qualifications Combridge University Press works with Combridge Internotionol Exominotions ond experienced outhors, to produce high-quotity endorsed textbooks ond softwore thot support Combridge Teochers ond encouroge Combridge Leomers rsBN 978-1 -1 07 -66304-6 tililtilililililtilrillIilil g t17911071156304611> ... source 54 56 4.2 Mirrors 4.3 Seeing behind you 4.4 Which surfoces reflect light the best? 4 ,5 Light chonges direction 5B 60 62 64 Check your progress Shqdows 5, .l Light trovels in stroight lines 5. 2... moteriols let light through? 5. 3 Silhouettes ond shodow puppets 5. 4 Whot offects the size of o shodow? 5, 5 lnvestigoting shodow lengths 5. 6 Meosuring light intensity 5, 7 How scientists meosured... BRIDGE PRIMARY Science Legrner's Book Fiono Boxter, Liz DiLley ond Jon Boord C,tnnnRrDGE UNIYERSITY PRESS CavrnnrDGE UNITERSITY PRESS University Printing House, Cambridge cB2 8Bs, United Kingdom Cambridge