www.downloadslide.com www.downloadslide.com Social Psychology Fourteenth Edition Global Edition Nyla R Branscombe University of Kansas Robert A Baron Oklahoma State University Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Dubai • Singapore • Hong Kong Tokyo • Seoul • Taipei • New Delhi • Cape Town • Sao Paulo • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam • Munich • Paris • Milan www.downloadslide.com VP, Product Development: Dickson Musslewhite Director, Content Strategy and Development: Sharon Geary Editor in Chief: Ashley Dodge Managing Editor: Sutapa Mukherjee Sponsoring Editor: Tanimaa Mehra Content Manager: Carly Czech Editorial Project Manager: Melissa Sacco, Lumina Datamatics, Inc Development Editor: Micah Newman Asset Development Team: LearningMate Solutions, Ltd VP, Director of Marketing: Maggie Moylan Director, Project Management Services: Etain O’Dea Project Team Lead: Vamanan Namboodiri Project Manager: Sudipto Roy Project Manager, Global Edition: Nitin Shankar Senior Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Sandhya Ghoshal Senior Project Editor, Global Edition: Daniel Luiz Manager, Media Production, Global Edition: M Vikram Kumar Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Edition: Jerry Kataria Director of Field Marketing: Jonathan Cottrell Senior Marketing Coordinator: Susan Osterlitz Operations Manager: Mary Fischer Operations Specialist: Carol Melville Associate Director of Design: Blair Brown Interior Design: Kathryn Foot Cover Design: Lumina Datamatics, Inc Cover Art: Natalia Sheinkin/Shutterstock Full-Service Project Management and Composition: Saraswathi Muralidhar, Lumina Datamatics, Inc Acknowledgements of third party content appear on pages 497–500, which constitutes an extension of this copyright page Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2017 The rights of Nyla R Branscombe and Robert A Baron to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Social Psychology, 14th edition, ISBN 978-0-134-41096-8, by Nyla R Branscombe and Robert A Baron, published by Pearson Education © 2017 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners ISBN 10: 129-2-15909-X ISBN 13: 978-1-292-15909-6 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 14 13 12 11 10 Printed and bound in Vivar, Malaysia 10 www.downloadslide.com Dedication To Phil Schlaman, my best friend and essential social support; You make it all worthwhile —Nyla R Branscombe To the people I care about most and who care most about me— Rebecca, Ted, Melissa, Samantha, Randy, Paul and Leah; And to the colleagues who helped make my life’s journey such a happy one— Donn Byrne, Roger Black, Jim Naylor, John Capaldi, and Mike Morris —Robert A Baron www.downloadslide.com Brief Contents Social Psychology 17 Social Influence 275 Social Cognition 54 Prosocial Behavior 311 Social Perception 89 10 Aggression 339 The Self 123 11 Groups and Individuals 374 5 Attitudes 161 Causes and Cures of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination 12 Dealing with Adversity and Achieving a Happy Life 414 Liking, Love, and Other Close Relationships238 200 www.downloadslide.com Contents Preface10 Acknowledgements15 About the Authors 16 Social Psychology The Science of the Social Side of Life 17 1.1: Social Psychology: What It Is and Is Not 1.1.1: Social Psychology Is Scientific in Nature 1.1.2: Social Psychology Focuses on the Behavior of Individuals 1.1.3: Social Psychology Seeks to Understand the Causes of Social Behavior 1.1.4: The Search for Basic Principles in a Changing Social World 20 21 1.2: Social Psychology: Advances at the Boundaries 1.2.1: Cognition and Behavior: Two Sides of the Same Social Coin 1.2.2: The Role of Emotion in the Social Side of Life 1.2.3: Social Relationships: How Important They Are for Well-Being 1.2.4: Social Neuroscience: The Intersection of Social Psychology and Brain Research 1.2.5: The Role of Implicit (Nonconscious) Processes 1.2.6: Taking Full Account of Social Diversity 30 1.3: How Social Psychologists Answer the Questions They Ask: Research as the Route to Increased Knowledge 1.3.1: Systematic Observation: Describing the World Around Us 1.3.2: Correlation: The Search for Relationships 1.3.3: The Experimental Method: Knowledge Through Systematic Intervention 1.3.4: Further Thoughts on Causality: The Role of Mediating Variables 1.3.5: Meta-Analysis: Assessing a Body of Knowledge 1.4: The Role of Theory in Social Psychology 24 25 28 31 31 31 33 36 37 38 38 40 42 46 46 47 1.5: The Quest for Knowledge and the Rights of Individuals: Seeking an Appropriate Balance 49 1.6: Getting the Most Out of This Book: A User’s Guide 52 Summary and Review 52 What Research Tells Us About… People’s Preference for the Status Quo 2.2: Schemas: Mental Frameworks for Organizing Social Information 2.2.1: The Impact of Schemas on Social Cognition: Attention, Encoding, Retrieval 2.2.2: Priming: Which Schema Guides Our Thought? 2.2.3: Schema Persistence: Why Even Discredited Schemas Can Influence Thought and Behavior 2.2.4: Reasoning by Metaphor: How Social Attitudes and Behavior Are Affected by Figures of Speech 54 2.1: Heuristics: How We Employ Simple Rules in Social Cognition57 2.1.1: Representativeness: Judging by Resemblance 58 59 61 63 64 65 66 66 67 68 2.3: Automatic and Controlled Processing in Social Thought 70 2.3.1: Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior 71 2.3.2: Benefits of Automatic Processing: Beyond Mere Efficiency72 2.4: Potential Sources of Error in Social Cognition: Why Total Rationality Is Rarer Than You Think 73 2.4.1: Our Powerful Tendency to Be Overly Optimistic74 2.4.2: Situation-Specific Sources of Error in Social Cognition: Counterfactual Thinking and Magical Thinking78 2.5: Affect and Cognition: How Feelings Shape Thought and Thought Shapes Feelings 2.5.1: The Influence of Affect on Cognition 2.5.2: The Influence of Cognition on Affect 2.5.3: Affect and Cognition: Social Neuroscience Evidence for Two Separate Systems What Research Tells Us About… Why Not Controlling Ourselves Can Make Us Feel Good Summary and Review Social Cognition How We Think About the Social World 2.1.2: Availability: “If I Can Recall Many Instances, They Must Be Frequent?” 2.1.3: Anchoring and Adjustment: Where You Begin Makes a Difference 2.1.4: Status Quo Heuristic: “What Is, Is Good” 81 82 83 85 86 87 Social Perception Seeking to Understand Others 3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language 3.1.1: Basic Channels of Nonverbal Communication 3.1.2: Nonverbal Cues in Social Life 3.1.3: Recognizing Deception 89 91 92 96 98 6  Contents www.downloadslide.com What Research Tells Us About… The Role of Nonverbal Cues in Job Interviews 3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior 3.2.1: Theories of Attribution: How We Attempt to Make Sense of the Social World 3.2.2: Basic Sources of Error in Attribution What Research Tells Us About… Why Some People Conclude They Are Superior to Others 3.2.3: Applications of Attribution Theory: Interventions and Insights 3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others 3.3.1: Impression Formation 3.3.2: Impression Management Summary and Review 102 103 103 108 112 What Research Tells Us About… Social Modeling and Eating 113 5.2: When and Why Do Attitudes Influence Behavior? 5.2.1: Role of the Social Context in the Link Between Attitudes and Behavior 5.2.2: Strength of Attitudes 5.2.3: Attitude Extremity: Role of Vested Interests 5.2.4: Attitude Certainty: Importance of Clarity and Correctness 5.2.5: Role of Personal Experience 115 116 119 121 The Self Answering the Question “Who Am I?” 4.1: Self-Presentation: Managing the Self in Different Social Contexts 4.1.1: Self–Other Accuracy in Predicting Our Behavior 4.1.2: Self-Presentation Tactics 123 125 126 128 4.2: Self-Knowledge: Determining Who We Are 4.2.1: Introspection: Looking Inward to Discover the Causes of Our Own Behavior 4.2.2: The Self from the Observer’s Standpoint 130 4.3: Personal Identity Versus Social Identity 4.3.1: Who I Think I Am Depends on the Social Context 4.3.2: Who I Am Depends on Others’ Treatment 133 130 132 135 138 What Research Tells Us About… The Importance of Belonging and Group Ties 4.3.3: The Self Across Time: Past and Future Selves 4.3.4: Why Self-Control Can Be Difficult to Achieve 140 141 141 4.4: Social Comparison: How We Evaluate Ourselves 4.4.1: Self-Serving Biases and Unrealistic Optimism 143 146 4.5: Self-Esteem: Attitudes Toward Ourselves 147 4.5.1: The Measurement of Self-Esteem 148 4.5.2: How Migration Affects Self-Esteem 150 4.5.3: Do Women and Men Differ in Their Level of Self-Esteem?152 What Research Tells Us About… Perceived Discrimination and Self-Esteem 4.6: The Self as a Target of Prejudice 4.6.1: Concealing Our Identity: How Well-Being Can Suffer 4.6.2: Overcoming the Effects of Stereotype Threat Summary and Review 153 155 156 159 Evaluating and Responding to the Social World 161 173 174 175 176 176 178 179 5.3: How Do Attitudes Guide Behavior? 180 5.3.1: Attitudes Arrived at Through Reasoned Thought180 5.3.2: Attitudes and Spontaneous Behavioral Reactions181 5.4: The Science of Persuasion: How Attitudes Are Changed 182 5.4.1: Persuasion: Communicators, Messages, and Audiences183 5.4.2: The Cognitive Processes Underlying Persuasion 186 5.5: Resisting Persuasion Attempts 189 5.5.1: Reactance: Protecting Our Personal Freedom 189 5.5.2: Forewarning: Prior Knowledge of Persuasive Intent 189 5.5.3: Selective Avoidance of Persuasion Attempts 190 5.5.4: Actively Defending Our Attitudes: Counterarguing Against the Competition 190 5.5.5: Individual Differences in Resistance to Persuasion191 5.5.6: Ego-Depletion Can Undermine Resistance 191 5.6: Cognitive Dissonance: What Is It and How Do We Manage It? 5.6.1: Dissonance and Attitude Change: The Effects of Induced Compliance 5.6.2: Alternative Strategies for Resolving Dissonance 5.6.3: When Dissonance Is a Tool for Beneficial Changes in Behavior What Research Tells Us About… Culture and Attitude Processes Summary and Review 154 5 Attitudes 5.1: Attitude Formation: How Attitudes Develop 168 5.1.1: Classical Conditioning: Learning Based on Association168 5.1.2: Instrumental Conditioning: Rewards for the “Right” Views 170 5.1.3: Observational Learning: Learning by Exposure to Others 172 Causes and Cures of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination 193 193 194 195 197 198 200 6.1: How Members of Different Groups Perceive Inequality 203 What Research Tells Us About… Biases in Our Beliefs About Inequality 206 6.2: The Nature and Origins of Stereotyping 207 www.downloadslide.com 6.2.1: Stereotyping: Beliefs About Social Groups 6.2.2: Is Stereotyping Absent If Members of Different Groups Are Rated the Same? 6.2.3: Can We Be Victims of Stereotyping and Not Even Recognize It: The Case of Single People 6.2.4: Why Do People Form and Use Stereotypes? 213 6.3: Prejudice: Feelings Toward Social Groups 218 6.3.1: The Origins of Prejudice: Contrasting Perspectives221 What Research Tells Us About… The Role of Existential Threat in Prejudice 226 6.4: Discrimination: Prejudice in Action 227 6.4.1: Modern Racism: More Subtle, but Just as Harmful227 6.5: Why Prejudice Is Not Inevitable: Techniques for Countering Its Effects 231 6.5.1: On Learning Not to Hate 231 6.5.2: The Potential Benefits of Contact 231 6.5.3: Recategorization: Changing the Boundaries 232 6.5.4: The Benefits of Guilt for Prejudice Reduction 233 6.5.5: Can We Learn to “Just Say No” to Stereotyping and Biased Attributions? 233 6.5.6: Social Influence as a Means of Reducing Prejudice235 Summary and Review 236 Liking, Love, and Other Close Relationships238 7.1: Internal Sources of Liking Others: The Role of Needs and Emotions 7.1.1: The Importance of Affiliation in Human Existence: The Need to Belong 7.1.2: The Role of Affect: Do Our Moods Play a Role in Liking Others? 240 241 243 7.2: External Sources of Attraction: The Effects of Proximity, Familiarity, and Physical Beauty 245 7.2.1: The Power of Proximity: Unplanned Contacts 245 7.2.2: Physical Beauty: Its Role in Interpersonal Attraction247 What Research Tells Us About… Dramatic Differences in Appearance Between Partners: Is Love Really Blind? 252 7.3: Sources of Liking Based on Social Interaction 254 7.3.1: Similarity: Birds of a Feather Actually Do Flock Together 254 7.3.2: Reciprocal Liking or Disliking: Liking Those Who Like Us 258 7.3.3: Social Skills: Liking People Who Are Good at Interacting with Others 258 7.3.4: Personality and Liking: Why People with Certain Traits Are More Attractive Than Others 260 7.3.5: What Do We Desire in Others? Gender Differences and Changes over Stages of a Relationship261 7.4: Close Relationships: Foundations of Social Life 7.4.1: Romantic Relationships and the (Partially Solved) Mystery of Love 7.4.2: What Do We Seek in Romantic Partners? 208 215 216 263 Contents 7 What Research Tells Us About… Two Factors That May Destroy Love—Jealousy and Infidelity 7.4.3: Relationships with Family Members: Our First—and Most Lasting—Close Relationships 7.4.4: Friendships: Relationships Beyond the Family Summary and Review 263 266 267 269 271 274 Social Influence Changing Others’ Behavior 8.1: Conformity: How Groups—and Norms— Influence Our Behavior 8.1.1: Social Pressure: The Irresistible Force? What Research Tells Us About… How Much We Really Conform 8.1.2: How Social Norms Emerge 8.1.3: Factors Affecting Conformity 8.1.4: Social Foundations of Conformity: Why We Often Choose to “Go Along” 8.1.5: The Downside of Conformity 8.1.6: Reasons for Nonconformity: Why We Sometimes Choose “Not to Go Along” 8.1.7: Minority Influence: Does the Majority Always Rule? 275 278 279 281 282 282 285 285 288 292 8.2: Compliance: To Ask—Sometimes—Is to Receive 8.2.1: The Underlying Principles of Compliance 8.2.2: Tactics Based on Friendship or Liking 8.2.3: Tactics Based on Commitment or Consistency 8.2.4: Tactics Based on Reciprocity 8.2.5: Tactics Based on Scarcity 8.2.6: Do Compliance Tactics Work? 294 294 295 296 297 298 298 What Research Tells Us About… Using Scarcity to Gain Compliance 299 8.3: Obedience to Authority: Would You Harm Someone If Ordered to Do So? 8.3.1: Obedience in the Laboratory 8.3.2: Why Destructive Obedience Occurs 8.3.3: Resisting the Effects of Destructive Obedience 300 300 303 304 8.4: Unintentional Social Influence: How Others Change Our Behavior Even When They Are Not Trying to Do So 8.4.1: Emotional Contagion 8.4.2: Symbolic Social Influence 8.4.3: Modeling: Learning from Observing Others 305 305 307 308 Summary and Review 309 Prosocial Behavior Helping Others 9.1: Why People Help: Motives for Prosocial Behavior 9.1.1: Empathy-Altruism: It Feels Good to Help Others 311 313 313 8  Contents www.downloadslide.com 9.1.2: Negative-State Relief: Helping Can Reduce Unpleasant Feelings 9.1.3: Empathic Joy: Feeling Good by Helping Others 9.1.4: Competitive Altruism: Why Nice People Sometimes Finish First 9.1.5: Kin Selection Theory 9.1.6: Defensive Helping: Helping Outgroups to Reduce Their Threat to Our Ingroup 315 315 316 317 318 9.2: Responding to an Emergency: Will Bystanders Help? 319 9.2.1: Helping in Emergencies: Apathy—or Action? 320 9.2.2: Is There Safety in Numbers? Sometimes, but Not Always320 9.2.3: Key Steps in Deciding to Help—Or Not 321 9.3: Factors That Increase or Decrease the Tendency to Help 9.3.1: Factors That Increase Prosocial Behavior 9.3.2: Factors That Reduce Helping 325 325 328 What Research Tells Us About… Paying It Forward: Helping Others Because We Have Been Helped 329 What Research Tells Us About… How People React to Being Helped 9.4: Crowdfunding: A New Type of Prosocial Behavior 9.4.1: Emotion and Prosocial Behavior: Mood, Feelings of Elevation, and Helping 9.4.2: Gender and Prosocial Behavior: Do Women and Men Differ? 9.5: Final Thoughts: Are Prosocial Behavior and Aggression Opposites? Summary and Review Its Nature, Causes, and Control 10.1: Perspectives on Aggression: In Search of the Roots of Violence 10.1.1: The Role of Biological Factors: Are We Programmed for Violence? 10.1.2: Drive Theories: The Motive to Harm Others 10.1.3: Modern Theories of Aggression 10.4: The Prevention and Control of Aggression: Some Useful Techniques 10.4.1: Punishment: Revenge or Deterrence? 10.4.2: Self-Regulation: Internal Mechanisms for Restraining Aggression 10.4.3: Catharsis: Does “Blowing Off Steam” Really Help? 10.4.4: Reducing Aggression by Thinking Nonaggressive Thoughts 367 367 369 370 371 372 11 Groups and Individuals The Consequences of Belonging 374 333 11.1: Groups: When We Join  .  and When We Leave 11.1.1: Groups: Their Key Components 11.1.2: The Benefits—and Costs—of Joining 377 379 384 334 What Research Tells Us About… Dissent and Criticism of Our Groups—“Because We Care” 388 332 335 336 338 339 342 342 344 345 10.2: Causes of Human Aggression: Social, Cultural, Personal, and Situational 347 10.2.1: Basic Sources of Aggression: Frustration and Provocation347 What Research Tells Us About… The Role of Emotions in Aggression 349 10.2.2: Social Causes of Aggression 350 10.2.3: Why Some People Are More Aggressive Than Others355 10.2.4: Gender and Aggression: Are Men More Aggressive Than Women? 357 10.2.5: Situational Determinants of Aggression: The Effects of Heat, Alcohol, and Gun Availability 358 10.3: Aggression in the Classroom and Workplace 10.3.1: What Is Bullying? 364 364 What Research Tells Us About… Workplace Aggression366 Summary and Review 10 Aggression 10.3.2: Cyberbullying: Electronic Means of Harm Doing 10.3.3: Can Bullying Be Reduced? 362 362 11.2: Effects of the Presence of Others: From Task Performance to Behavior in Crowds 11.2.1: Social Facilitation: Performing in the Presence of Others 11.2.2: Social Loafing: Letting Others Do the Work 11.2.3: Effects of Being in a Crowd 11.3: Coordination in Groups: Cooperation or Conflict? 11.3.1: Cooperation: Working with Others to Achieve Shared Goals 11.3.2: Responding to and Resolving Conflicts 11.4: Perceived Fairness in Groups: Its Nature and Effects 11.4.1: Rules for Judging Fairness: Distributive, Procedural, and Transactional Justice What Research Tells Us About… The Importance of Being Treated with Respect 11.5: Decision Making by Groups: How It Occurs and the Pitfalls It Faces 11.5.1: The Decision-Making Process: How Groups Attain Consensus 11.5.2: The Downside of Group Decision Making 11.6: The Role of Leadership in Group Settings Summary and Review 12 Dealing with Adversity and Achieving a Happy Life 12.1: Social Sources of Stress and Their Effects on Personal Well-Being 12.1.1: The Impact of Social Relationships on Health 390 390 393 394 396 397 399 402 402 403 405 405 406 409 412 414 416 416 www.downloadslide.com 12.1.2: How Self-Views Affect Outcomes 12.1.3: The Struggle to “Belong” 12.2: Social Tactics for Decreasing the Harmful Effects of Stress 12.2.1: Using Social Groups to Improve Health 12.2.2: Social Identification as a Means for Managing Stress 12.2.3: Accepting Ourselves What Research Tells Us About… Reducing Post-Traumatic Stress Among Veterans 420 422 424 424 425 426 427 12.3: Making the Legal System More Fair and Effective430 12.3.1: Social Influence in the Legal Process 430 12.3.2: The Influence of Prejudice and Stereotypes in the Legal System 434 12.4: Fostering Happiness in Our Lives 438 12.4.1: How Happy Are People, in General? 438 12.4.2: Factors That Influence Happiness 439 12.4.3: Does Monetary Wealth Create Happiness?439 12.4.4: Is Happiness Getting What You Want or Enjoying What You Have? 12.4.5: Differences Between Happy and Unhappy People Contents 9 441 441 What Research Tells Us About… The Relationship Between Emotions and Life Satisfaction Within Different Cultures 443 12.4.6: Benefits of Happiness 444 12.4.7: Is It Possible to Be Too Happy? 445 12.4.8: Increasing Happiness Levels 446 12.4.9: Entrepreneurship as a Means of Seeking Happiness448 Summary and Review 451 Glossary453 References460 Credits497 Name Index 501 Subject Index 516 510  Name Index Molton, I R., 444 Monarch, E S., 169 Mondloch, C J., 241 Monteil, J M., 256 Monteith, M J., 203, 233 Montgomery, K J., 315 Montoya, R M., 221, 257 Moons, W G., 169, 418 Moore, A N., 418 Moore, C., 86 Moore, C H., 436 Moore, P J., 243 Moore, S C., 440 Moreland, R L., 246, 380, 382 Morewedge, C K., 80, 113 Morf, C C., 260 Morgan, G S., 229 Morgan, H J., 264 Morison, L A., 167 Morris, M L., 216 Morris, W L., 215, 216 Morrison, K R., 176 Morrison-Beedy, D., 195 Morrow, J D., 417 Morton, T A., 426 Moscovici, S., 293 Mossakowski, K N., 152 Motowidlo, S J., 444 Mount, M K., 260 Mowerer, O H., 344, 346, 348, 370 Muehlenbein, M P., 343 Mueller, J S., 23 Muellerleile, P A., 180 Mugny, G., 170, 293, 389 Muhlenbruck, L., 100 Mulder, L B., 398 Mullen, B., 383 Mullen, E., 176 Muller, R., 444 Mummendey, A., 404 Munkes, J., 408 Muñoz, L C., 363 Munoz-Rojas, D., 170 Muraven, M B., 271 Murdaya, U., 93 Murphy, B C., 313 Murphy, M E., 69 Murre, J., 33, 34 Murrell, A J., 232 Musselman, L., 251 Mussweiler, T., 62, 306 Mustari, L., 394 Mutrie, N., 424 Myers, A C., 233 Myers, D., 443 N Nadler, A., 319, 428 Naqvi, N., 87 Nario-Redmond, M R., 79, 423 www.downloadslide.com Naumann, L P., 26 Navarro, R S., 363 Neal, D T., 206 Neale, M A., 404 Neher, F., 206 Neighbors, C., 135 Neimeyer, R A., 114 Nelis, D., 259 Nelson, D., 255 Nelson, L D., 329 Nelson, N M., 142, 192 Nemeroff, C., 79 Nemeth, C J., 408 Nenkov, G Y., 67 Nesse, R M., 418 Neta, M., 117 Netchaeva, E., 222 Neto, F., 419 Neuberg, S., 317 Neuberg, S L., 219, 261 Newby-Clark, I R., 75, 77 Newcomb, T M., 254, 257 Newell, B R., 73 Newheiser, A-K., 155 Newman, K., 341, 342, 346, 357 Newman, M L., 212 Newson, L., 392 Neyer, F J., 317 Nezlek, J., 147 Ng, C F., 102 Ng, W., 439, 440 Nicolas, M., 256 Nida, S A., 386 Niemann, Y F., 137 Niesta, D., 251, 252 Nieuwaland, M., 33, 34 Nijstad, B A., 83 Nind, L K., 69 Nisbett, R E., 109, 111, 130 Nishii, L., 197 Nissinen, V., 282 Nitzberg, R E., 242 Noack, P., 404 Noel, J G., 171, 283, 388, 423 Noftle, E E., 148 Nolan, J M., 222 Nomikos, M S., 417 Noor, M., 41 Nordgren, L F., 72 Norenzayan, A., 80, 107 Norris, C J., 35 Norton, G N., 392 Norton, M I., 131, 206, 228, 329, 419, 442 Nosek, B A., 149 Novak, R J., 405 Novemsky, N., 192 Ntoumanis, N., 424 Nurius, P., 141 Nusbaum, H., 35 Nuss, C K., 242 Nussbaum, S., 109 Nystrom, L E., 86 O Oakes, P J., 134, 224 Oarga, C., 41 O’Brien, A., 425 O’Brien, C L., 394 O’Brien, L T., 203, 205, 218, 224, 225, 229 Ochsner, K N., 98 O’Connor, K J., 70 O’Connor, S C., 241 Oettingen, G., 111 Ofek, H., 271 Offord, K P., 445 Oishi, S., 376, 399, 440, 445 Okimoto, T G., 209 Oldroyd, J B., 407 O’Leary, S G., 271 Oleson, K C., 67 Oliver-Rodriguez, J C., 250 O’Loughlin, R E., 146 Olson, J M., 399 Olson, M A., 163, 165, 243 Olson, M C., 315 Omar, A., 94 Onorato, R S., 137 Oppenheimer, D M., 58 Oppes, T., 389 Opton, E M., 417 Orbach, I., 271 Orbell, S., 167 Orth, U., 152 Osborne, J W., 157 Oskamp, S., 170 O’Sullivan, M., 99 Osswald, S., 326 Ostrom, T., 394 Otsubo, Y., 147 Otten, M., 33, 34 Owen, A W., 70 Owen, S., 78 Oxley, D., 162 Oyserman, D., 141 Ozer, D J., 255 P Pachankis, J E., 155 Pachucki, M A., 173 Packer, D J., 388 Padavic, I., 144 Padgett, G., 363 Pagnoni, G., 140 Paik, H., 352 Palmade, G., 245 Palmer, J., 255 Paluck, E L., 165, 365 Paolini, S., 232 Papies, E K., 63 www.downloadslide.com Paquette, J A., 419 Park, B., 217 Park, C L., 427 Park, H., 58 Parkinson, B., 306 Park, J., 83, 247 Park, N., 447 Park, S., 60 Parks, G., 398 Parschau, L., 180 Pascoe, E A., 152 Pasisz, D J., 27 Pasold, T., 354 Pastorek, N J., 427 Patel, S., 295 Patrick, H., 135 Pattershall, J., 64 Pauker, K., 151 Paulus, P B., 408 Paunonen, S., 282 Pavalko, E K., 152 Peale, N V., 150 Pearson, M A., 360 Pelham, B W., 149, 257 Peluso, J P., 169 Penna, S., 425 Penner, L A., 324, 444 Penton-Voak, I., 250 Pentony, J F., 244 Perea, E F., 27, 343, 349 Perlini, A H., 248 Perrewe, R K., 259 Personnaz, B., 408 Personnaz, M., 408 Perunovic, W Q E., 150 Peters, K R., 166 Peterson, C., 447 Peterson, R S., 407 Petrides, K V., 26, 441 Petrocelli, J V., 79, 175, 178 Petruska, R., 322 Pettigrew, T F., 217, 218, 231, 232, 235 Pettijohn, T E F., II, 28 Pettit, G S., 271 Petty, R E., 83, 166, 172, 175, 176, 179, 182, 185, 186, 188, 190, 191, 203 Petzel, T., 232 Pfeffer, J., 332 Pfeifer, J H., 315 Phelps, E A., 70 Phillips, J B., 96 Pickett, C., 241, 242 Pickett, K., 206, 446 Pierro, A., 410 Pietromonaco, P R., 272 Piff, P K., 327, 328 Pigott, M A., 436 Pihl, R O., 360 Piliavin, J., 299 Pinel, E C., 158 Pineles, S L., 427 Pinquart, M., 444 Pitre, U., 94 Pittenger, D J., 51 Pittman, T S., 103 Plaks, J E., 71 Plant, E A., 227, 233, 321 Platow, M J., 380, 409 Plaut, V.C., 37 Poehlman, T A., 166 Polivy, J., 141 Pollak, K I., 137 Pollman, M., 267 Pomare, M., 232 Ponzi, D., 343 Popov, V., 39 Postmes, T., 112, 137, 145, 153, 155, 331, 395, 405, 406, 407, 408, 422 Poteat, V P., 228, 235 Potter, P T., 243 Powell, A A., 233 Powell, C., 148 Pozzulo, J D., 432, 433 Pratt, J., 69 Pratto, F., 231 Prentice, D A., 152, 378 Preston, M., 296 Previti, D., 267, 271 Price, B H., 67 Price, K H., 394 Price, M J., 435 Priester, J R., 186 Priller, E., 442 Pronin, E., 111, 126, 132, 157, 281, 291 Prosser, A., 320, 321 Proudfoot, D., 36 Pruitt, D G., 400 Przybylski, A K., 353, 354 Pugh, S D., 403 Pugliesse, C., 419 Pura, N., 228 Purdie-Vaughns, V J., 368 Putnam, R., 18, 32, 383, 440 Pychyl, T A., 428 Pyszczynski, T., 80, 111, 221, 241, 242 Q Qualter, P., 363 Quayle, M., 205 Queller, S., 217 Quigley, B M., 436 Quinlivan E., 350 Quinn, D M., 155, 157 Quinn, J M., 182, 190 Quintana, D., 419 Quoidbach, J., 26, 441 R Rabin, B S., 417 Raksha, A., 440 Ranganath, K A., 149 Name Index 511 Rankin, N O., 417 Rapson, R L., 264, 306 Raver, J L., 197 Read, S J., 103 Ready, R., 271 Reagans, R E., 317 Realo, A., 443 Redersdorff, S., 210, 213 Reed, A., 230 Reed, G M., 350 Reed, J T., 263 Reed, W., 203 Regan, P C., 266 Reicher, S D., 287, 288, 293, 303, 304, 320, 321, 381, 409 Reich, J W., 243 Reinhard, M A., 100 Reisenzein, R., 92 Reis, H T., 246, 270 Reiss, A J., 351 Rempel, J K., 113 Renfro, C L., 222 Reno, R R., 284 Rensberger, B., 264 Rentfrow, P J., 26, 212, 255 Reskin, B., 144 Reynolds, K J., 134, 136, 375 Reysen, S., 384 Rhodes, G., 251 Rhodewalt, F., 260 Rice, M E., 343 Richard, F D., 304 Richard, J F., 363 Richards, A., 82 Richards, J., 140 Richardson, D., 51 Richardson, D R., 348, 359, 369, 371 Richards, Z., 217 Richeson, J A., 117 Rickhett, E., 35 Riegelsberger, J., 396 Riek, B M., 222, 232 Riemann, R., 117 Riemer, H., 197 Ries, J., 162 Rigby, G S., 353, 354 Riger, A L., 419 Riggs, S A., 427 Riis, J., 428, 429 Rikers, R., 60 Rilling, J K., 86 Rink, F., 210 Risen, J L., 79 Ritchie, L D., 272 Rittenauer-Schatka, G., 60 Rittle, R., 392 Robbins, T L., 82 Robert, R E., 445 Roberts, A R., 250 Roberts, B W., 148 Robinson, C., 208 www.downloadslide.com 512  Name Index Robinson, E., 173 Robinson, L A., 114 Robinson, M D., 369 Robinson, P H., 367, 368 Robins, R W., 110, 148, 152 Roccas, S., 385 Rochat, F., 304 Rocher, S., 217 Rodgers, M S., 407 Rodin, J., 425 Rodrigo, M F., 406 Roese, N J., 51, 91, 107 Rogers, K H., 127 Rogers, R J., 111 Rogers, R W., 51, 350 Roggman, L A., 250, 251 Rokach, A., 419 Romer, D., 323 Romero, C., 428 Romero, D H., 427 Roper, J., 335 Ropp, S A., 235 Rosenberg, M., 148 Rosenblatt, A., 427 Rosenblood, L K., 241 Rosenfield, H W., 94 Rosenhan, D L., 334 Rosenthal, R., 68 Roskos-Ewoldsen, D R., 181 Rosnow, J., 49 Ross, D., 352 Ross, L., 74, 111, 126, 132, 157 Ross, M., 24, 75, 77, 111, 141, 230 Ross, S., 352 Roth, J A., 351 Rothman, A J., 60 Rothschild, Z K., 69 Rotton, J., 26, 359 Routledge, C., 148 Rowe, P M., 241 Rozin, P., 79, 92 Rubenstein, A J., 37, 248 Rubin, J Z., 51 Rubin, K H., 258 Rubin, Z., 264 Rucker, D D., 163, 164, 166, 178, 191 Ruder, M., 60 Rudman, L A., 210, 222 Ruedy, N E., 86 Ruggero, C., 427 Ruiter, R A C., 185 Russell, J A., 93 Russin, A., 234 Rust, M C., 232 Rutchick, A M., 379 Rutkowski, G K., 323 Ryan, M K., 136, 210, 211, 407, 410 Ryan, R M., 353, 354, 448 S Saade, W., 41 Sachs, J., 438 Sadek, S., 363 Sadler, P., 255 Saenz, D S., 156 Sage, R M., 33 Sahdra, B., 230 Sakamoto, A., 353 Saleem, M., 327 Salovey, P., 185, 334 Sanchez, D T., 208 Sanderson, C A., 439 Sandstrom, G M., 442 Sanfey, A G., 86 Sani, F., 387, 388 Sanitioso, R B., 146 Santaella-Tenorio, J., 361 Sasse, M A., 396 Sassenberg, K., 152, 385 Saucier, D A., 229 Sauer, E M., 270 Savitsky, K., 126 Schachner, D A., 242 Schachter, S., 83, 242, 245, 254, 376 Schafer, M., 402, 403 Schaller, M., 315 Scheffer, I D., 315 Schein, V E., 209 Scherbaum, C., 156 Scherr, K C., 226 Scheufele, D A., 164 Schiefer, D., 140 Schiffhauer, K., 204 Schimel, J., 156 Schimmack, U., 440 Schirmer, L., 270 Schkade, D., 441, 444, 447 Schmader, T., 156, 208 Schmeichel, B J., 142, 192 Schmidt, H G., 60 Schmidt, L., 299 Schmitt, D P., 26, 27 Schmitt, M T., 139, 145, 150, 153, 155, 203, 204, 211, 213, 220, 233, 385, 422 Schmukle, S C., 42, 260 Schnall, S., 335 Schneider, E., 97 Schonert-Reichel, K A., 329 Schradron, G., 217 Schreiber, M., 395 Schroeder, A N., 364 Schultz, M., 397 Schultz, P W., 170 Schulz-Hardt, S., 405, 406, 408 Schupp, J., 442 Schutte, J W., 436 Schwarzer, R., 74 Schwarz, J L K., 165 Schwarz, N., 60, 82, 100, 163, 440, 441 Schweitzer, M E., 86, 192 Scollon, C N., 439, 447 Scott, M L., 67 Scutt, D., 267 Sczesny, S., 208, 209 Sears, D O., 227 Sears, R R., 344, 346, 348, 370 Sechrist, G B., 235 Sedikides, C., 144, 146, 148, 419 Seeherman, K R., 315 Seeman, T E., 418 Segal, M M., 245 Seibert, S C., 260 Seibert, S E., 449 Sekerak, G J., 392 Selfhout, M., 272 Seligman, M E P., 111, 112, 447 Semmelroth, J., 267 Senghas, A., 98 Serota, K B., 99 Sestir, M A., 221, 354 Sexter, M., 97 Seymour, B., 33 Shackelford, T K., 27 Shackman, A J., 315 Shaffer, D R., 334 Shafir, E., 137 Shah, A K., 58 Shah, J., 26, 307, 308 Shah, J Y., 385 Shams, M., 419 Shanab, M E., 302 Shanks, D R., 73 Shapiro, D L., 403 Shapiro, J R., 27, 213, 343, 349 Sharpe, D., 51 Sharp, M J., 119 Sharvit, K., 230 Shaver, P R., 26, 93, 242, 264, 270 Shavitt, S., 197 Shaw-Barnes, K., 191 Shaw, J I., 325 Shaw, K., 191 Shaw, L., 129, 173 Shaw, W., 249 Sheldon, K M., 381, 443, 444, 447 Shelton, J., 327 Shen, H., 209 Shepard, S A., 313 Shepherd, D A., 112 Shepherd, H., 365 Sheppard, L D., 222 Shepperd, J A., 74, 76, 77, 185, 394 Sherif, C W., 222, 223, 232, 401 Sherif, M., 222, 223, 232, 401 Sherif, M A., 282 Sherman, D K., 33 Sherman, J W., 70, 217 Sherman, S J., 77, 79, 137, 378, 379 Sherman, S S., 304 www.downloadslide.com Shibuya, A., 353 Shiller, R J., 60, 73 Shiomi, K., 272 Shirako, A., 37 Shiv, B., 87 Shnabel, N., 428 Shoda, Y., 135 Shuper, P., 147 Shykoff, B E., 419 Sia, C L., 184 Sibley, C G., 162, 206 Sidanius, J., 231 Sigall, H., 50 Sigelman, J D., 193 Silverman, E., 136 Silverman, R A., 212 Silver, R C., 78 Simmons, C., 203 Simmons, J P., 177 Simon, B., 137, 386, 404 Simon, L., 195 Simons, A., 60 Simons, G., 306 Simon-Thomas, E., 314 Simonton, D K., 410 Simpson, J A., 32 Simpson, P A., 209 Sinclair, S., 216, 231 Singh, M A F., 424 Singh, N A., 424 Singh, R., 256 Sirigu, A., 84 Sivacek, J., 177 Siy, J O., 29 Sjomeling, M., 159 Skaggs, L M., 94 Skarlicki, D P., 403 Skitka, L J., 176, 229 Skokan, L A., 350 Skoner, D P., 417, 444 Sloan, D M., 427 Slonim, G., 215 Slotter, E B., 31 Smalarz, L., 433 Smart Richman, L., 152 Smets, E M A., 101 Smit, F., 445 Smith, A E., 68 Smith, C T., 149 Smith, E R., 217, 219, 220 Smith, H J., 402, 403 Smith, H L., 439 Smith, K D., 316 Smith, M D., 96 Smith, P B., 282, 283 Smith, S S., 51 Smith, T B., 32 Smoak, N D., 179 Smoot, M., 37, 248 Snyder, C R., 291 Snyder, D K., 267 Snyder, M., 248, 318 Soderlind, A., 419 Soetjipto, B W., 277 Solomon, B C., 252 Solomon, M R., 250 Solomon, S., 80, 111, 221, 226 Sommers, S R., 228, 435 Sorensen, S., 444 Sorrentino, R M., 147 Sotomayor, S., 415, 416 South, E I., 114 Spalding, K E., 205 Spanierman, L B., 228, 235 Sparrow, B., 67 Sparrowe, R T., 277 Spears, R., 139, 150, 218, 331, 395, 403, 405, 406, 407 Spector, T., 27 Spencer-Rodgers, J., 165, 379 Spencer, S J., 157, 195 Spina, R R., 58 Spinath, F M., 117 Spiro, A., 427 Spranca, M D., 110 Sprecher, S., 266 Spunt, R P., 86 Srull, T K., 66 Stack, A D., 370 Stahl, C., 168 Stancato, D M., 327 Stangor, C., 66, 67, 235 Stapel, D A., 267 Stasser, G., 23, 408 Staub, E., 303 Stavrova, O., 41 Steblay, N K., 431, 432 Steblay, N M., 296 Steele, C M., 157, 159, 195, 405 Steen, T A., 447 Steffen, V J., 357 Stein, J L., 96 Stenseng, F., 344 Stephan, C W., 222 Stephan, W G., 222 Stephan, Y., 423 Stephens, B R., 241 Stephens, N M., 24, 429 Stern, L., 97 Stern, M., 248 Sternberg, R J., 264, 265, 266 Sternthal, B., 60 Stevens, L E., 136 Stewart, D D., 23 Stewart, G J., 120 Stewart, T L., 208, 233 Stiff, C., 142 Stillman, T F., 78 Stillwell, A M., 271 Stillwell, D., 39 Name Index 513 Stocker, C M., 271 Stodola, D E., 315 Stoker, J I., 267 Stokes-Zoota, J J., 304 Stone, A A., 441 Stone, J., 159, 196 Stone-Romero, E F., 120 Stotland, E., 316 Stott, C J., 394, 395 Stoverink, A C., 120 Strack, F., 60, 62 Strainback, K., 208 Strathman, A J., 186 Stroebe, W., 185, 361, 408 Stroh, L K., 209 Stürmer, S., 318 Subasic, E., 134 Sugimori, S., 407 Suh, E M., 439 Sullivan, D., 69 Suls, J., 49 Sunstein, C R., 20, 55 Suppes, A., 36, 118 Sutin, A R., 423 Sutton, R M., 206 Svensson, A., 389, 408 Swami, V., 37 Swann, W B., Jr., 128, 129, 148, 224, 255 Swap, W C., 246 Swartz, M S., 113 Swearer, S M., 362, 363, 364 Sweeny, K., 74, 76 Sweldens, S., 168 Swider, B W., 120 Swim, J K., 227, 228 Swing, E L., 353 T Tajfel, H., 133, 138, 145, 217, 221, 223, 224, 384 Talaska, C A., 219 Talley, A E., 381 Tamborini, R., 350 Tamir, M., 446 Tan, D H., 267 Tanke, E D., 248 Taranta, A., 101 Tarrant, M., 115, 230 Tausch, N., 222 Tay, L., 443 Taylor, D M., 212 Taylor, K M., 185, 394 Taylor, S., 146 Taylor, S E., 33, 56, 71, 146, 147, 155, 350, 416, 418 Taylor, S P., 360 Taylor, T., 19, 208, 247 Tennen, H., 149 Teoh, J B P., 256 www.downloadslide.com 514  Name Index Terracciano, A., 423 Terrill, A L., 444 Terry, D J., 172, 187, 404 Tesser, A., 27, 145, 195 Testa, A., 135 Test, M A., 325 Tetlock, P E., 166, 407 Thaler, R H., 55 Thau, S., 230 Thisted, R A., 419, 422 Thomas, J., 173 Thomley, J., 334 Thompson, E R., 215 Thompson, J M., 270 Thompson, L., 400 Thompson, L F., 110 Thompson, S C., 78 Thurston, J A., 378 Tice, D M., 66, 67, 85, 142, 192, 271, 369 Tice, D N., 31 Tidwell, M.-C O., 270 Tiedens, L Z., 255 Tierney, J., 369 Tobias, T., 173 Todorov, A., 117 Toma, C L., 125 Tomasello, M., 402, 403 Tomaskovic-Devey, D., 208 Tong, E M W., 267 Tonks, J., 419 Tormala, Z L., 163, 164, 166, 175, 178, 179, 182, 191 Towles-Schwen, T., 176, 228, 231 Trafimow, D., 136 Travis Seidl., J N., 427 Trawalter, S., 203 Treadway, P I., 259 Tredoux, C., 205 Tremblay, P F., 350 Tremewan, T., 251 Trent, J., 82 Trojanowski, G., 410 Trope, Y., 26, 107, 109, 110 Troyanskaya, M., 427 Trzesniewski, K H., 148, 152 Tsai, J., 444 Tse, S., 141 Tsivrikos, D., 377 Tuckerman, Y R., 253 Turner, J C., 133, 134, 137, 145, 172, 183, 221, 223, 224, 282, 285, 288, 305, 384, 406, 409, 410 Turner, R B., 444 Turnley, W H., 295 Tversky, A., 58, 204 Twenge, J M., 26, 135, 142, 147, 192, 242, 330, 347, 350 Tybout, A M., 60 Tybur, J M., 27, 343, 349 Tykocinski, O E., 79, 80 Tyler, J M., 98 Tyler, T R., 129, 403 U Uchino, B N., 140 Uhles, A N., 378 Uhlmann, E L., 166 Umberson, D., 418 Unkelbach, C., 168 Unzueta, M M., 205 Updegraff, K A., 271 Urbanski, L., 272 Urland, G R., 221 Uskul, A K., 343 V Vaillancourt, R., 357 Vallone, R P., 74 Van Berkum, J J A., 33, 34 Vanbeselaere, N., 404 Van Boven, L., 447 Vande Broek, G., 394 Vandello, U A., 285 Van Den Berge, K., 60 Van den Bos, K., 144, 402, 403 Vanderbilt, A., 95 van der Schalk, J., 96 Van Dick, R., 232 van Dijk, E., 398 Van Ginkel, W P., 23 Van Gog, T., 60 Van Horn, R K., 150 van IJzendoorn, M H., 242 van Kleef., G A., 96 van Knippenberg, D., 23, 410, 411 van Laarhoven, H W M., 101 Van Lange, P A M., 398, 399 Van Lighten, O., 97 van Olden, Z., 72 van Osselaer, S M J., 168 Van Overwalle, F., 103, 109 Van Prooijen, J W., 403 van Raaij, F., 74 Van Saase, J., 60 Van Straaten, I., 256 van Tienhoven, G., 101 Vasquez, M J T., 144 Vassar, P M., 208 Vazire, S., 26, 42, 126, 127, 252 Veach, D., 313, 325 Vedlitz, A., 162 Vera, H., 229 Verduyn, P., 247 Verkasalo, M., 282 Vermeulen, D M., 101 Vignovic, J A., 110 Villaneuva, B R., 313, 325 Villaveces, A., 361 Vincent, J E., 297 Vinokur, A D., 418 Visscher, B R., 155 Visser, P S., 170, 171, 175, 176, 177 Voci, A., 232 Vogel, T., 247, 249 Vohs, K D., 142, 192, 369 Voils, C I., 203 von Hippel, W., 157 Vonk, R., 129, 258 Vonofakou, C., 232 Vorauer, J D., 405 Vormedal, K., 425 Vredenburg, D S., 146 W Wack, K L., 392 Wageman, R., 410 Wagner, U., 232 Waite, L J., 419 Waldman, D A., 410 Walker, I., 402 Wallach, M A., 406 Walsh, E M., 168 Walster, E., 185, 256, 299 Walster, G W., 256, 266, 299 Walton, G M., 157, 426, 428 Wang, D., 410 Wang, J., 192 Wang, S., 447 Wann, D L., 146, 171, 221, 283, 388 Warburton, W., 352 Ward, A D., 329 Warner, L M., 180 Warner, R H., 115, 203, 229, 230 Waters, E A., 77 Waters, H F., 351 Watts, B L., 256 Wayne, S J., 119, 295 Weathington, B L., 51 Webley, P., 407 Webster, G D., 148 Wegener, D T., 177, 179, 182 Wegner, D M., 67, 108 Wegner, D T., 83 Weick, M., 77 Weidner, G., 266 Weiner, B., 107, 154 Weinstein, N D., 77 Weiskopf, N., 33 Weiss, A., 438 Weiss, D J., 436 Weiss, K E., 419 Weiss, W., 183, 184 Weldon, E., 394 Wells, G L., 431, 432, 433 Weng, H Y., 315 Weng, N., 417 Westbay, L., 264 Westenberg, M., 271 Westen, D., 267 www.downloadslide.com Westerhof, G J., 445 West, M A., 389 Weston, D., 115, 230 Wheeler, C., 182 Wheeler, D., 297 Wheeler, S C., 192 Whiffen, V E., 270 Whitcher, S J., 95 White, B J., 222, 223, 232, 401 Whitefield, N., 399 Whitehouse, G H., 267 Whitehouse, H., 224 Whitson, J A., 287 Wichstrom, L., 344 Widaman, K F., 148 Wieczorkowski, G., 378 Wiegand, A W., 196 Wildschut, T., 148 Wilhelm, F H., 369 Wilhelmy, R A., 283 Wilke, H A M., 398, 403 Wilkins, A C., 382 Wilkinson, M., 102 Wilkinson, R., 206, 446 Wilkowski, B M., 369 Wilk, S L., 394 Willer, R., 397 Williams, J E., 152 Williams, K., 393 Williams, K D., 148, 386, 393, 394 Williams, K R., 363 Williams, M J., 109, 165 Willingham, D T., 35 Willingham, J., 375 Willis, J.,117 Wilson, A., 235 Wilson, A D., 195 Wilson, A E., 141, 144 Wilson, D W., 334 Wilson, J P., 322 Wilson-Kovacs, M D., 210, 211 Wilson, R E., 129 Wilson, S J., 315 Wilson, T., 428 Wilson, T D., 126, 130, 131, 133 Windschitl, P D., 126 Winkel, R E., 241 Winnick, T A., 266 Winograd, E., 169 Wisco, B E., 427 Wisman, A., 242 Witte, E H., 114 Wittenbaum, G M., 23 Wlodarski, R., 146 Wohl, M J A., 60, 233, 383, 384, 428 Wolf, C., 232 Wolff, P L., 334 Wolf, S., 78 Wolsic, B., 249 Wolsko, C., 217 Wong, E M., 79 Wood, C., 142 Wood, J V., 144, 150 Wood, W., 182, 184, 190 Woody, E., 255 Worth, L T., 83 Wortman, C B., 78 Wostyn, P., 404 Wouters, L., 185 Wright, R G., 375 Wright, S C., 212, 235 Wright, T A., 444 Wrightsman, L S., 207 Wu, C.-H., 250 Wuensch, K L., 436 Wu, L.-Z., 356 Wu, S., 264 Wyer, R S., Jr., 66, 289 Wyssmann, J., 270 X Xuan, Y., 356 Xu, J., 208, 445 Xu, X., 112 Xu, Y., 151 Y Yahya, K A., 302 Name Index 515 Yan, Y., 356 Yap, A J., 102 Yasunaga, S., 147 Ybarra, O., 222, 247 Yeager, D S., 422 Yoder, J D., 137, 212 Yopchick, J E., 94 Ysseldyk, R., 385 Yuan, Y C., 408 Yubero, E., 363 Yukawa, S., 327 Yukl, G., 300 Yukl, G A., 300, 409, 410 Yung, Y., 419 Yzerbyt, V Y., 216, 217, 219, 379 Z Zaccaro, S J., 409 Zahran, S., 162 Zajonc, R B., 245, 246, 391, 392, 445 Zaki, J., 315 Zanna, M P., 163, 181 Zautra, A J., 243 Zebrowitz, L A., 248, 249 Zechmeister, J S., 428 Zhang, H., 356 Zhang, S., 208 Zhang, Z., 58, 410 Zhao, H., 260, 449 Zhao, P., 343 Zhong, C-B., 69, 331 Zhou, L-Z., 356 Zhou, Z E., 356 Zhu, S., 141 Zillmann, D., 345, 350 Zimbardo, P G., 287, 302, 395 Zimmer, C., 208 Zimring, F E., 361 Zink, C F., 140 Zubek, J., 152 Zuckerman, M., 146 Zumbo, B D., 363 Zuwerink, J R., 233 www.downloadslide.com Subject Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures A Above average effect, 146 Abu Ghraib Prison, 303 Accuracy as core value, 21 empathic, 313 of impressions, 117–18 in self-knowledge, 132–33 self-other, 126–28 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 172, 196 Action identification (attribution), 108, 108f Actions overt, 31 personal, 107 reacting to others’, 25–26, 25f Actor-observer effect, 111, 289–90 Additive tasks, 393 Adversity, 421–22 Advertising, classical conditioning and, 169 Affect definition of, 82 neuroscience of, 31, 85–87 positive, 243–44, 244f role of, 243–44 social cognition and, 81–87 Affective forecasts, 84 Affective states, 84–85 Affiliation, 241–43 attachment style and, 242 need for, 241–42, 241f situational influences on need to, 242–43 Affirmative action hirees, 212 Aggression, 339–73 alcohol and, 359–61 biological factors of, 342–44 bullying, 362–64 causes of, 347–62 cultural factors in, 354–55 definition of, 340 drive theories, 344–45 emotions in, 349–50 frustration and, 347–48 gender and, 357–58 general aggression model, 345–46 indirect, 357 mediating variables of, 46 narcissism and, 356, 356f 516 prevention and control of, 367–72 prosocial behavior versus, 336–38 provocation and, 348–49 research on, 43 self-regulation and, 369 situational factors of, 358–62 social causes of, 350–55 social exclusion and, 350–55 social learning perspective, 345 societal variations of, 26 verbal, 357 in women, 343 workplace, 365, 366 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 172, 196 Alcohol aggression and, 359–61 college students and, 176 Altruism colleges and, 318f competitive, 316–317 Ambivalence, 178 Anchoring and adjustment heuristic, 61–63, 62f Anger, 358–59 Animals companion, 418 reduce stress, 418–19 Apathy, in emergencies, 320 Appearances, differences in, 252 Appraisals, 345 Aristotle, 254 Arousal, 345 Aspirations, in bargaining, 400 Attachment anxiety, 242 Attachment style, 242, 270 dismissing, 270 fearful-avoidant, 270 preoccupied, 270 secure, 270 Attention, 66 Attitudes, 161–99 behavior and, 174–80, 180–82 certainty, 178–79 clarity, 178 classical conditioning of, 168–70 cognitive dissonance and, 167 correctness, 178 definition of, 163 dissonance and change in, 193–94 explicit, 164 expressing, 171, 171f extreme, 176–78 figures of speech and, 68–70 formation, 168–74 illusion of truth effect, 169 implicit, 164 instrumental conditioning, 170–71 observational learning and, 172–74 personal experience and, 179–80 persuasion and, 182–89 racial, 228 reasoned thought and, 180–81 spontaneous behavioral reactions, 181–82 strength of, 176 Attitude similarity, 255 Attitude-to-behavior process model, 175, 177f, 181–82, 181f Attraction behavior and, 252–53 colors and, 251–52 emotions as basis for, 242 external sources of, 245–53 ideal interaction partners, 261–63 internal sources of, 240–44 interpersonal, 247–53 of opposites, 254–55 personality and, 260 physical beauty and, 247–53 proximity and, 245–47 reciprocal, 258 relationships and, 263–73 similarity and, 254–58 similarity-dissimilarity effect on, 257–58 social interaction and, 254–63 social skills and, 258–60 Attribution action identification in, 108, 108f biased, 233–35 causal, 107 definition of, 103 depression and, 113–14 error sources, 108–13 fate versus personal actions in, 107 faulty, 399 terrorism and, 114–15, 114f theories of, 103–8 Audiences as distractions, 392–93 impact on task performance, 35 persuasion and, 183–86 www.downloadslide.com Authentic self, 381 Authority, 295 obedience to, 300–5, 304f Autobiographical memory, 141 Automatic mimicry, 306 Automatic processing benefits of, 72–73, 73f controlled processing versus, 70–71 definition of, 70 social behavior and, 71–72, 72f Automobile accidents, SUV, 59 Availability heuristic, 59–61, 61f, 62f Avoidance, selective, 190 B Balance theory, 257 Bandura, Albert, 352 Bargaining, 400–1 Base rates, 58 BBC prison study, 287 Beauty, physical, 247–53 Behavior See also Social behavior attitudes and, 180–82 attraction and, 252–53 cognition and, 31 health-related, 185 influence on attitudes, 174–80 motives for, 25–28 prediction of, 126–28 prejudice and, 156–59 prosocial (See Prosocial behavior) social psychology and, 25–30 Bias in beliefs about inequality, 206 correspondence (fundamental attribution error), 108–11 fundamental attribution, 233–35 hostile expectation, 351, 355–56 in legal system, 436–37 optimistic, 74 self-serving, 111–12, 146–47 Biological factors See Genetic factors “Bobo Doll” studies, 353, 353f Body language, 94–95 Body piercings, identity and, 139 Bona fide pipeline, 228 Brain, 33–36, 400f Brainstorming, 408 Bridging, 401 Brown v Topeka Board of Education, 205 Bullying, 342, 362–64 definition of, 362 factors for, 363, 364f reducing, 364–67 Bystander effect, 321–24 pluralistic ignorance and, 322 Bystanders, emergencies and, 319–24 C Caffeine, persuasion and, 187 Canada, English versus French, 231 Capital punishment, 367 Castro, Fidel, 109 Catharsis hypothesis, 370–71 Causal attribution, 107 Causation/causality correlation versus, 40–42 mediating variables of, 46 Celebrities, attitudes toward, 166 Central route to persuasion, 186 Central traits, 116–17 CEO (chief executive officer) positions, 208–10 Chief executive officer (CEO) positions, 208–10 Childlike features, 250 Children, media violence and, 353 Church of England, women in, 387 Classical conditioning, 168–70 direct route, 168 indirect route, 168 Climate change, 162–63 Close friendship, 271–72 Cognition, social See also Social cognition affect and, 81–87 affect influence on, 82–83, 83f aggression and, 345 behavior and, 31 neuroscience of, 85–87 Cognitive dissonance, 167, 193–97 attitude change and, 193–94 behavior change and, 195–97 definition of, 193 Cognitive evaluation theory, 353 Cognitive load, 66 Cognitive processes overview, 26 underlying persuasion, 186–89 Cohesive group, 376 Cohesiveness, of groups, 282–83, 283f, 383–84, 407–8 Cold stare, 94 Collective guilt, 230, 233 Collectivism, 382 Colors, attractiveness and, 251–52 Commitment compliance and, 295 Common-bond group, 378 Common-identity group, 378 Common ingroup identity model, 232 Communication nonverbal (See Nonverbal communication) staring, 94 touching, 95–96 Subject Index 517 Community, 329 Companion animals, 418 Companionate love, 265 Competition, prejudice and, 222–23 Competitive altruism, 316–317 Complementaries, 254 Complex causality, 107 Compliance, 294–300 commitment/consistency and, 296–97 definition of, 277 induced, 193–94 ingratiation and, 295 introspection illusion and, 281 professionals, 294 reciprocity and, 297–98 scarcity and, 298–99 underlying principles of, 294–95 Conditioned stimulus, 168 Conditions of uncertainty, 58 Conflict, 396 bargaining, 400–401 resolution, 399–402 superordinate goals and, 401 Conformity, 277, 278–94 Asch’s research on, 280, 282 cohesiveness and, 282–83 downside of, 285–88 factors affecting, 282–84 group size and, 283 minority influence and, 292–94 power and, 290–91 public, 282 social foundations of, 285 status and, 380f Consensual validation, 258 Consensus, 106, 178 in groups, 405–6 Consent, informed, 50 Consistency, 106 Consummate love, 265 Contact benefits of, 231–32 unplanned, 245–47 Contact hypothesis, 231 Controlled processing, 70 Cooperation, 396, 397–99 social dilemmas and, 398–99 Coordination, in groups, 396–402 Core values, 22–23 Correlation, 40–42 Correlational method, 41 Correspondence bias, 108–11 in e-mail, 110 fundamental attribution error, 108–9 strength of, 109–10 Correspondent inference, 104 Cortisol, 417 www.downloadslide.com 518  Subject Index Counterarguments, 190–91 Counterfactual thinking, 78–79 Covariation theory, 105–6 Critical trials, 280 Crowd, effects, 394–95 Crowdfunding, 333–34 Cultural context diversity of, 37 marriage and, 263 self-serving bias and, 111–12 social behavior and, 25–26 Cyberbullying, 364 D Deadline technique, 298 Debriefing, 50 Deception, 49 nonverbal cues and, 98–101 passive, 50 Decision/commitment, as love component, 264 Decision making, in groups, 377, 405–9 quality of, 406 Defensive helping, 318–19 Deindividuation, 330, 394 Dependent variable, 43 Depression, attribution and, 113–14 Descriptive norms, 284 Desensitization, 354 Destructive obedience, 303–5 reasons for, 303–4 resisting, 304–5 Dictator game, 328 Diffusion of responsibility, 320 Direct provocation, 348–49 Direct route, of classical conditioning, 168 Discrimination, 227–30 belonging to groups and, 422–23 consequences of weight, 423 definition of, 203 gender, 152 hate groups and, 204, 204f responses to, 213 token women and, 210–12 Dismissing attachment style, 270 Disobedient models, 304 Disposition, 241 Dispositional causes, 104–5, 110–11 Dissonance, 193–95 Distinctiveness, 106 Distraction-conflict theory, 392 Distributive justice, 402 Diversity, 37–38 Door-in-the-face technique, 297, 298f Downward social comparison, 144 Drive theories, 344–45, 391, 392f E Ease-of-use heuristic, 60 Ego depletion, 142, 191–92, 192f Elaboration-likelihood model (ELM), 186–87, 187f Elevation, feelings of, 335 ELM (elaboration-likelihood model), 186–87, 187f E-mail, correspondence bias and, 110 Emergency, response to, 319–24, 324f apathy, 320 bystander effect, 321–24 diffusion of responsibility and, 320 tendency to help, 325–33 Emergent group norms, 407 Emotional clarity, 243 Emotional contagion, 305–7 Emotional empathy, 314 Emotions in aggression, 349–50 anonymity, 330–31 attraction and, 240–44 facial expressions and, 92–93, 92f, 93f facial feedback hypothesis, 97–98, 99f helping and, 334–35 incidental, 220 infidelity, 267–68 intergroup interactions and, 404–5 jealousy, 267–68 negative, 334 neuroscience of, 31, 85–87 nonverbal communication and, 92–93 positive, 334 prejudice and, 155 prosocial behavior and, 334–35 self and, 137–38 toward prejudice, 219 Empathic accuracy, 314 Empathic joy hypothesis, 315–316 Empathy, 313 biological foundations for, 314–15 emotional, 314 Empathy/altruism, 35 Empathy-altruism hypothesis, 314 Encoding, 66 Entitativity, 378 Entrepreneurship, happiness and, 448–50 Error sources, 73–81, 108–13 Essences, 219 Ethics, 51 Ethnicity, social importance of, 37 Evaluation apprehension, 392 Evaluative reactions, 70 Event-related brain potential, 355 Event-related potential, 35 Evolutionary perspective, 343 Evolutionary psychology, 27 Exaggerated facial expressions, 101 Excitation transfer theory, 350 Existential anxiety, 226 Existential threat, 226 Experimental method, 42–45 random assignment of participants to experimental conditions, 44 Experimentation, 43 Explicit attitudes, 164 Exposure, selective, 190 Expressiveness, 259 External validity, 45 Extrinsic motivation, 449 Eye contact, 94 deception and, 100 F Facebook, 40, 42, 124–25, 180 Facial expressions, 92–93, 92f, 93f exaggerated, 101 Facial features, 251 Facial feedback hypothesis, 97–98, 99f Failure, 148 Fairness, in groups, 402–5 judging, 402–5 Family relationships, 269–71 Fate attribution, 107 Faulty attribution, 399 Fear appeals, 185 persuasion and, 185 Fearful-avoidant attachment style, 270 Feeling rules, 381 Feelings associated effect, 243 direct effect, 243 Fighting instinct, 342 Films, harmful effects of, 351–54 First impressions accuracy of, 117–18, 118f changing, 118–19 motives for forming, 116–17 rapid formation of, 117–18 Flattery, 295 Foot-in-the-door technique, 296 Forewarning, 190 Framing positive, 185 Freedom, personal, 189 Freud, Sigmund, 292, 342 Friendship, 271–73 close, 271–72 compliance and, 295 www.downloadslide.com gender and, 272 ingratiation and, 295 similarity and, 272–73 Frontal operculum, 35 Frustration, aggression and, 347–48 Frustration-aggression hypothesis, 344, 347 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 33, 35 Fundamental attribution error, 108–9, 234 actor-observer effect and, 111 Fusion, identity, 224–26 G Galileo, 292 Galton, Francis, 254 GAM (general aggression model), 345–46, 346f Gaze, 94 Gender aggression and, 357–58 discrimination, 152 friendships and, 272 legal system and, 436 prosocial behavior and, 335–36 self-esteem and, 152 stereotype threat and, 156–57 Gender differences, 261–63 Gender stereotypes, 208 General aggression model (GAM), 345–46, 346f General Motors, 388 Genetic factors of aggression, 342–44 evolutionary mechanisms, 27 of social behavior, 26–28 Genovese, Kitty, 320, 321, 324 Gestalt psychologists, 116 Gestures, 94–95, 95f Glass ceiling, 208–10 Glass cliff effect, 210, 410 Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, 312 Global positioning system (GPS), 57 Goals, superordinate, 401 Group polarization, 406, 406f Groups actions toward (See Discrimination) belonging to, 422–23 brainstorming, 408 cohesive, 376 cohesiveness of, 383–84, 407–8 common-bond, 378 common-identity, 378 components of, 379–84 conformity and, 278–94 confronting, 229–30 consensus in, 405–6 coordination in, 396–402 crowd and, 394–95 decision making in, 377, 405–9 definition of, 378 dissent and criticism of, 388–89 emotions and, 404–5 entitativity, 378 inequality, perceptions of, 203–7 joining, 384–90 leadership, 409–11 membership, costs of, 387–88 minimal, 220 norms, 381–83 perceived fairness in, 402–5 prejudice and, 218–27 reducing prejudice, 235 respectful treatment, 403–4 roles, 380–81 safety in, 320–21 sharing information in, 408 social facilitation, 390–93 splintering of, 387–88 status, 379–80 Groupthink, 407–8 Guilt collective, 230, 233 prejudice and, 233 Gun availability, 361 H Habit, 182 Happiness, 438–51 benefits of, 444–45 emotions related to, 443–44 entrepreneurship and, 448–50 excessive, 445–46 factors influencing, 439 increasing, 446–48 levels of, 438–39 social skills affects, 448–50 versus unhappiness, 441–43 wants and, 441 wealth and, 439–41 Hassles, 417 Hassles Scale, 417 Hate crimes, 227 Hate groups, 204, 204f Health social groups and, 424–25 social relationships on, 416–420 stress affects, 417 Health-related behaviors, 185 Helping emotions and, 334–35 factors affecting tendency to, 325–33 factors reducing, 328–33 similarity and, 325 Subject Index 519 Heuristic processing, 186 Heuristics anchoring and adjustment, 61–63, 62f availability, 59–61, 61f, 62f definition of, 58 representativeness, 58–59 social cognition and, 57–65 status quo, 63–64 Hippie identity, 139 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 185 Holocaust, 223, 233 Homosexuality contact hypothesis and, 231 social interactions and, 71–72 stereotype threat and, 157 Hooliganism, 394 Hostile cognitive mindset, 350 Hostile expectation bias, 351, 355–56 Hubris, 112 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 185 Hypocrisy, 195 Hypothesis, 42, 47 catharsis, 370–71 contact, 231 empathic joy, 315–316 empathy-altruism, 314 facial feedback, 97–98, 99f frustration-aggression, 344, 347 matching, 256, 257f similarity, 254 I IAT (Implicit Association Test), 149, 165–66 Identity See also Social identity fusion, 224–26 personal versus social, 133–43 politicized collective, 385–86 Ideology, 387 Illusion of truth effect, 169 Imbalance, 257 Imitation, 308 Immune system, 417 Implementation plan, 180 Implicit associations, 221 Implicit Associations Test (IAT), 149, 165–66 Implicit attitudes, 164 Implicit egotism, 257 Implicit (nonconscious) processes, 36–38 Implicit racial attitudes, 228 Implicit self-esteem, 149 www.downloadslide.com 520  Subject Index Impression formation, 116–19 Impression management (self presentation) compliance and, 295 Impression management (self-presentation), 119–21 reasons for, 120–21 tactics of, 120 Impriming, 67 Incidental feelings, 220 Incidental similarity, 295 Independent variable, 43 Indirect aggression, 357 Indirect route, of classical conditioning, 168 Individualism definition of, 382 research balance with, 49–51 in resisting persuasion, 191 of social psychology, 24 Inequality biases in beliefs about, 206 group perceptions of, 203–7 Inferences, 104–5 Infidelity, 267–68 Informational social influence, 285 Information misleading, 50 overload, 57 Informed consent, 50 Ingratiation, 295 Ingratiation tactic, 129 Ingroup, 318–19 Inheritance See Genetic factors Injunctive norms, 284 Injustice, 402 Input variables, 345 Instrumental conditioning, 170–71 Insufficient justification, 194 Integrative agreements, 400 Interchannel discrepancies, 101 Intergroup comparisons, 134 Intergroup sensitivity effect, 389 Internal mechanisms, 369 Internet cyberbullying, 364 e-mail, correspondence bias and, 110 experimental method and, 43, 44f hate groups on, 204, 204f research, 41 self-presentation and, 125 surveys, 39 Interpersonal attraction, 247–53 Interpersonal influence, 259 Interpersonal trust, 270 Intimacy, as love component, 264 Intragroup comparison, 134 Intrinsic motivation, 448 Introspection, 130–32 Introspection illusion, 281 J Jealousy, 267–68 Jews Nazi atrocities against, 223, 233, 300–2 Job interviews, nonverbal cues in, 102 Joining, groups, 384–90 Judgments heuristics in, 59 representativeness and, 58 Juries mock, 435 racially diverse, 435 Justice distributive, 402 procedural, 403 transactional, 403 K Kandinsky, Vacily, 223 Kin selection theory, 317–18 Klee, Paul, 223 Knowledge structures, 346, 355 L Laboratory, obedience in, 300–2 Lanza, Adam, 348 Leadership group, 409–11 women in, 208–10 Learning not to hate, 231 observational, 172–74, 308 social, 168 Legal system, 430–37 defendants and jurors characteristics, 435–36 gender and, 436 lineups, 431–33 prejudice and stereotypes in, 434–37 prior convictions and acquittals effects, 433–34 racially diverse juries in, importance of, 435 social influence and, 430–34 Less-leads-to-more-effect, 194 Lineups, 431–33 sequential, 431 simultaneous, 431 Linguistic style, 101 London Stock Exchange, 410 Loneliness, 419–20 Love, 263–66 companionate, 265 components of, 263–64 consummate, 265 decision/commitment response, 264 definition of, 263 at first site, 266, 266f intimacy, 264 origin of, 263 passion, 264 passionate, 265 reflected in nonverbal cues, 96–97, 97f romantic partners and, 266–68 triangular model of, 264–65, 265f unrequited, 266 Lowball procedure, 296 Lymphocytes, 417 M Magical thinking, 79–81, 80f Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 86 Marijuana, attitudes toward, 163–64 Marriage cultural differences and, 263 protection as social institution, 216 Master motive, 144 Matching hypothesis, 256, 257f Media effects of violence, 354–55 neuroscience and, 354–55 violence, 351–55 Mediating variables, 46 Membership, costs of, 387–88 Memories autobiographical, 141 mood effects on, 82–83, 83f schemas impact on, 66 Mental frameworks See Schemas Mere exposure, 169 Mere knowledge, 223 Messages, 183–86 Meta-analysis, 46–47 Metaphors, 68–70 Microexpressions, 100 Minimal groups, 220 Minorities conformity and, 292–94 hate groups and, 204 “token,” 205 Mirror neurons, 35, 307 Mismatched couples, 252 Mock juries, 435 Moderators, 46 Modern racism, 227–28 Mood attraction and, 243–44 congruence effects, 82 effects on memory, 82–83 implicit processes impact, 36 www.downloadslide.com to recognize deception, 100–101, 100f social cognition and, 81–87 Mood-dependent memory, 82 Moral disengagement, 230 Motivation, 77 extrinsic, 449 intrinsic, 448 Movements (communication), 94–95 Multicultural perspective, 37 Music, aggression and, 370 Muslims, 169 N Narcissism, 260, 260f aggression and, 356, 356f Narcissistic rage, 356 Natural athletic ability, stereotyping and, 158 Naturalistic observation, 38 Needs, attraction and, 240–44 Negative emotions, 86, 334 Negative events, unexpected, 113 Negative interdependence, 398 Negative-state relief model, 315 Negotiation, 400 Neurons, mirror, 35, 307 Neuroscience, media violence and, 354–55 New Year’s resolutions, 141 Nonbalance, 258 Noncommon effects, 104 Nonconformity actor–observer effect on, 289–90 benefits of, 291–92 desire for, 291 reasons for, 288–92 uniqueness and, 291 Nonconscious (implicit) processes, 36–38 Nonverbal communication, 91–103 Nonverbal cues, 92, 96–98 facial feedback hypothesis, 97–98, 99f in job interviews, 102 love reflected in, 96–97, 97f in professional settings, 101 in social life, 96–98 Normative focus theory, 284 Normative social influence, 285 Norms, 170, 381–83 descriptive, 284 emergence of, 282 emergent group, 407 injunctive, 284 social, 277 subjective, 180 O Obama, Barack, 156, 205, 410 Obedience, 277, 286 to authority, 300–5, 304f destructive, 303–5 in laboratory, 300–2 Objective scales, 214 Objectivity, as core value, 21 Observation naturalistic, 38–39 self-knowledge and, 132–33 systematic, 38 Observational learning, 172–74, 308 Open-mindedness, as core value, 22 Opposites, attraction and, 254–55 Optimism, 74–77 unrealistic, 146–47 Optimistic bias, 74 Optimum level of well-being theory, 445 Other-enhancement, 120 Outgroup, 318–19 Overconfidence bias, 74, 80 P Paralanguage, 96 Parent-child relationships, 269–71 Parents, relationships with, 269–71 Participants, random assignment of, 44 Passion, as love component, 264 Passionate love, 265 Passive deception, 50 Pasteur, Louis, 292 Perceived behavioral control, 180 Performance, stereotyping effects on, 156–59 Peripheral route to persuasion, 186 Peripheral traits, 116–17 Perseverance effect, 67 Personal experience, role of, 179–80 Personal factors, of attitude strength, 176 Personal freedom, 189 Personality aggression and, 342 conformity and, 291 Personality, attraction and, 260 Personal-versus-social identity continuum, 133 Persuasion, 167, 182–89 audiences and, 183–86 caffeine effects on, 187 central route to, 186 cognitive processes underlying, 186–89 counterarguments and, 190–91 definition of, 182 Subject Index 521 differences in resistance to, 191 messages and, 183–86 peripheral route to, 186 resisting, 189–92 selective avoidance in, 190 PET (positron emission tomography), 33 Pets, stress and, 418f Physical appearance, impression management and, 120 Physical attractiveness definition of, 245, 249–51 facial features and, 251 matching hypothesis and, 256–57 Planned behavior, theory of, 180 Planning fallacy, 23, 76, 76f Playing hard to get, 299 Pluralistic ignorance, 176, 322 Politicized collective identity, 385–86 Politics, race and, 157 Pop psychology, 95 Positive affect, 243–44, 244f Positive emotions, 334 Positive framing, 185 Positive reactions, prosocial behavior and, 332 Positron emission tomography (PET), 33 Possible selves, 141 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 426 reducing among veterans, 427 Postures, 94–95 Power, conformity and, 290–91 Prejudice, 218–27 affects jury deliberations, 436–37 behavior and, 156–59 competition for resources and, 222–23 contrasting, 221–27 countering, 231–36 definition of, 202 discrimination and, 227–28 emotions and, 155 existential threat in, 226 guilt and, 233 in legal system, 434–37 origins of, 221–27 racial issues and, 201–2 self as target of, 154–59 self-image and, 229 social influence on reducing, 235 tokenism and, 211–13 us-versus-them effect, 223–26 Preoccupied attachment style, 270 Presidential leadership, 410–11 522  Subject Index Pressure, social, 279–82 Prevention, of aggression, 367–72 Priming of schemas, 66–67, 228 Prisoner’s dilemma, 398 Prison study, conformity and, 286, 302 Private acceptance, 282 Procedural justice, 403 Product selection, attitudes and, 172–73 Proportion of similarity, 255 Prosocial behavior aggression versus, 336–38 bystander effect, 321–24 crowdfunding and, 333–36 defensive helping, 318–19 definition of, 313 economic value on time and, 332–33 effects of feelings of awe on, 327 emergencies, response to, 319–24 emotions and, 334–35 empathic joy, 315–316 empathy-altruism, 313–15 gender and, 335–36 kin selection theory, 317–18 motives for, 313–15 negative-state relief, 315 positive reactions and, 332 safety in groups, 320–21 socioeconomic status and, 327–28 video games and, 325–27, 353, 353f Prototypes, 58 Provocation aggression and, 348–49 direct, 348–49 teasing as, 348 Proximity, 245–47 repeated exposure effect and, 246–47 Psychology See also Social psychology evolutionary, 27 evolutionary perspective in, 343 Gestalt, 116 pop, 95 Public conformity, 282 Punishment, 367 Q Quotient, stress, 416 R Race, stereotyping and, 156–57 Racism collective guilt and, 233 group perceptions of, 203–7 modern, 227–28 zero-sum outcome of, 204, 222 Rationality, 73–81 www.downloadslide.com Reactance, 189 Realistic conflict theory, 222 Reasoned action, theory of, 180 Recategorization, 232–33 Reciprocal altruism theory, 318 Reciprocal liking and disliking, 258 Reciprocity, 295 compliance and, 297–98 Red, attractiveness and, 251–52, 252f Reference groups, 172 Rejection, 350 Relationships, 31–33, 263–73 emotional contagion, 305–7 emotional contagion and, 305–7 between emotions, 443–44 with family members, 269–71 friendship, 271–73 on health, 416–20 imbalance versus nonbalance in, 257–58 infidelity and, 267–68 jealousy and, 267–68 parent-child, 269–71 with parents, 269–71 romantic, 263–66 with siblings, 271 stages of, 261–63 stress and, 418–19 Religious orientation, 34 Repeated exposure effect, 246 Representativeness heuristic, 58 Research on conformity, 279–82 core values for, 22–23 correlation methods, 40–42 ethics of, 51 experimental methods, 42–45 on first impressions, 116–17 individual rights and, 49–51 on love, 264 mediating variables and, 46 in neuroscience, 35 observations, 23, 38–40 surveys, 39 Resistance ego depletion and, 191–92 to persuasion, 189–92 Resolution, conflict, 399–2 Resources, competition for, 222–23 Respectful treatment in groups, 403–4 Responsibility, diffusion of, 320, 321f Retail therapy, 84 Retrieval, 66 Retrieval cue, 82 Rice, Ray, 347 Risk averse, 204 Road rage, 94 Roles, in groups, 380–81 Romantic relationships, 263–66 S Safe sex, 195 Safety, 320–21 Safety judgment errors, 59 Salience, 133 self and, 136–37, 138f Same-sex relationships See Homosexuality Scales objective, 214 subjective, 214 Scarcity, 295 compliance and, 298–99 Schadenfreude, 306 Schemas definition of, 65 metaphors and, 68–70 persistence of, 67–68 priming/impriming of, 66–67 social cognition and, 66 stereotypes as, 216 Schism, 388 Secure attachment style, 270 Selective avoidance, 190 Selective exposure, 190 Self, 123–60 See also Social comparison authentic, 381 emotional consequences of choices and, 137–38 knowing, 130–33 managing in social contexts, 125–30 “observer” perspective of, 132–33 others’ treatment and, 138–39 past and future, 141 personal versus social identity, 133–43 possible, 141 salience of aspects, 136–37 social context and, 135–38 as target of prejudice, 154–59 Self-affirmation, 195 Self-construal, 136 Self-control, 136–37 Self-deprecating, 129 Self-determination theory (SDT), 448 Self-disclosure, 242 Self-efficacy, 449 Self-enhancement, 120 Self-esteem, 125, 147–54 gender differences in, 152 implicit, 149 measuring, 148–50 migration affects, 150–51 relationships and, 270 www.downloadslide.com threats to, 221–22 tokenism and, 212–13 Self-evaluation maintenance model, 144 Self-forgiveness, 428 Self-fulfilling manner, 68 Self-fulfilling schemas, 67 Self-image, 145 prejudice and, 229 Self-judgments, 144 Self-knowledge, 130–33, 384 accuracy in, 132–33 Self-other accuracy, 126–28 Self-presentation (impression management), 119, 125–30 tactics, 128–30 Self-promotion, 128, 295 Self-reflection, 443 Self-regulation, 191 aggression and, 369 Self-serving bias, 111–12, 146–47 Self-verification perspective, 128 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 221 bystander effect and, 322 Sequential lineups, 431 SES (socioeconomic status), 38 Shakespeare, William, 125 Shifting standards, 213 Similarity attraction and, 254–58 friendship and, 272–73 helping and, 325 hypothesis, 254 incidental, 295 law of, 79 proportion of, 255 Similarity-dissimilarity effect, 255–56 attraction and, 257–58 Simultaneous lineups, 431 Single social entity, 232 Singlism, 215 Situational factors, of aggression, 342, 358–62 Skepticism, as core value, 21 Skin, 248 Social adaptability, 259 Social astuteness, 259 Social behavior automatic, 71–72, 72f biological factors influence on, 26–28 cognitive processes and, 26 cultural context and, 25–26 social life, 19f Social categorization, 223–26 Social class, 327–28 Social clout, 386 Social cognition, 54–88 affect and, 81–87 automatic and controlled processing in, 71–72 definition of, 55–56 error sources in, 73–81 heuristics and, 57–65 schemas and, 66 thought processes in, 25–26 Social comparison, 143–47 affiliation and, 242 automatic and controlled processing in, 71–72 decision making and, 406 downward, 144 intragroup versus intergroup, 134 observational learning and, 172 theory, 144, 258 upward, 144 Social comparison theory, 144 Social contagion, 306 Social context, 125–30, 135–38, 175–76, 178, 261 Social desirability, 104 Social dilemmas, 398 Social diversity, 37–38 Social embeddedness, 396 Social exclusion, 328–30 aggression and, 350–55 Social facilitation, 390–93 Social factors, of aggression, 341 Social groups health and, 424–25 Social identification, 425–26 Social identity, 133–43 Social identity theory, 133, 144, 224 Social influence conformity and, 278–94 definition of, 277 emotional contagion, 305–7 informational, 285 legal system and, 430–34 modeling, 308–9 normative, 285 observational learning, 308–9 reducing prejudice with, 235 symbolic, 307–8 unintentional, 305–9 Social interaction, attraction and, 254–63 Social learning, 168 Social learning perspective, 345 Social learning view, 231 Social life nonverbal cues in, 96–98 relationships and, 263–73 Social loafing, 393–94 Social media, on proximity, 246–47 Subject Index 523 Social model, 325 eating and, 173–74 Social network analysis, 140 Social networking, 28–30, 170 Social neuroscience affect and, 31, 34, 85–87 description of, 33–36 empathy, 35, 35f Social norms, 277 Social perception, 89–122, 259 definition of, 91 Social pressure, 279–82 Social psychology advances in, 30–38 causes of social behavior and thought, 25–28 definition of, 20 scientific nature of, 21–24 summary review of, 18–20 theory, role in, 47–49, 48f Social relationships, on health, 416–420 Social skills attraction and, 258–60 Social support, 418–19 Social thought See Social cognition Social validation, 295 Socioeconomic status (SES), 38 Splinter groups, 387–88 Spontaneous behavioral reactions, 181–82 Sports intelligence, 158 Staring (communication), 94 Status, 379–80 conformity and, 380f Status quo heuristic, 63–64 Stereotype maintaining condition, 234 Stereotype negation condition, 234 Stereotype threat, 157 Stereotyping/stereotypes absence of, 213–15 beauty, 248 changing, 217 definition of, 203, 208 forming and using, 216–218 gender (See Gender stereotypes) glass ceiling and, 208–10 glass cliff and, 210 in legal system, 434–37 operation of, 217 rejecting, 233–35 reliance on, 234 schemas as, 216 social groups and, 208–13 threat effects, 156–59 victims of, 215–216 Stimulus conditioned, 168 unconditioned, 168 www.downloadslide.com 524  Subject Index Stress accepting ourselves, 426–30 affects health, 417 harmful effects of, 424–30 loneliness and, 419–20 managing, 425–26 negative effects of, 420–22 pets and, 418–19 quotient, 416 self-change beliefs, 421–22 self-forgiveness and, 428 social identities for, 425–26 social support and, 418–19 sources of, 416–424 Subjective norms, 180 Subjective scales, 214 Subliminal conditioning, 169 Subtype, 217 Supernatural powers, 80 Superordinate goals, 223, 401 Survey method, 39 SUV (sport utility vehicle), safety of, 59 Symbolic social influence, 307–8 Synchronous behavior, 289 Systematic observations, 38–40 Systematic processing, 186 T Teasing, 348 Television, 269 as distraction, 392 harmful effects of, 351–54 Telomere, 417 Temperature, aggression and, 358–59 Terrorism, 342 attribution and, 114–15, 114f war on, 79–81 Terror management, 80 Terror management theory, 226 Texting while driving, 276–77 That’s-not-all technique, 298 Theoretical perspectives, on aggression, 341 Theories See specific theories Theory, role in social psychology, 47–49, 48f Theory of planned behavior, 180 Theory of reasoned action, 180 Thin slices, 117 Thought/thought processes attitudes and, 180–81 automatic, 70–73 neuroscience of, 31 nonconscious, 36–38 Threat, 221 existential, 226 to self-esteem, 221–22 Time, prosocial behavior and, 332–33 Tokenism, 211 Token minorities, 205 Token women, 205, 210–12 Touching, 95–96 inappropriate, 96 Traits, 241 central, 116–17 peripheral, 116–17 personality, 260 Transactional justice, 403 Trials critical, 280 Triangular model of love, 264–65, 265f Trivialization, 195 Trust cooperation and, 399f interpersonal, 270 TV See Television U Uncertainty, conditions of, 57 Unconditioned stimulus, 168 Unhappiness, happiness versus, 441–43 Unintentional social influence, 305–9 Uniqueness and nonconformity, 291 Unplanned contacts, 245–47 Unpriming, 67 Unrealistic optimism, 146–47 Unrequited love, 266 Upward social comparison, 144 Us-versus-them effect, 223–26 V Validity, external, 45 Variables, 41 confounding of, 45, 45f dependent, 43 independent, 43 input, 345 mediating, 46 Verbal aggression, 357 Victims of stereotyping, 215–216 Video games, 43, 44f harmful effects of, 351–54 prosocial, 325–27 volence and, 353–54 Violence media, 351–55 roots of, 342–46 video games and, 43, 44f, 353–54 weapons effect and, 361 Voir dire, 435 W Wants, happiness and, 441 Wealth, happiness and, 439–41 Weapons effect, 361 Weight discrimination, 423 “What is beautiful is good” effect, 247, 248–49 Women See also Gender aggression in, 343 choice of romantic partners, 266–67 glass ceiling and, 208–10 in church, 387f token, 205, 210–12 Workplace aggression, 365, 366 World Happiness Report 2015, 438, 440 Z Zero-sum outcome of racism, 204, 222 ... Authors 16 Social Psychology The Science of the Social Side of Life 17 1.1: Social Psychology: What It Is and Is Not 1.1.1: Social Psychology Is Scientific in Nature 1.1.2: Social Psychology. .. www.downloadslide.com Chapter Social Psychology The Science of the Social Side of Life Chapter Overview Social Psychology: What It Is and Is Not Social Psychology Is Scientific in Nature Social Psychology Focuses... Manager, Global Edition: Nitin Shankar Senior Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Sandhya Ghoshal Senior Project Editor, Global Edition: Daniel Luiz Manager, Media Production, Global Edition: