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(BQ) Part 1 book Essential calculus Early transcendentals has contents: Functions and limits, derivatives, inverse functions exponential, logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions, applications of differentiation, integrals, techniques of integration
Expand your learning experience with the Tools for Enriching Calculus CD-ROM The Tools for Enriching Calculus CD-ROM is the ideal complement to Essential Calculus This innovative learning tool uses a discovery and exploratory approach to help you explore calculus in new ways Visuals and Modules on the CD-ROM provide geometric visualizations and graphical applications to enrich your understanding of major concepts Exercises and examples, built from the content in the applets, take a discovery approach, allowing you to explore open-ended questions about the way certain mathematical objects behave The CD-ROM’s simulation modules include audio explanations of the concept, along with exercises, examples, and instructions Tools for Enriching Calculus also contains Homework Hints for representative exercises from the text (indicated in blue in the text) Hours of interactive video instruction! Interactive Video Skillbuilder CD-ROM The Interactive Video Skillbuilder CD-ROM contains more than eight hours of video instruction.The problems worked during each video lesson are shown first so that you can try working them before watching the solution.To help you evaluate your progress, each section of the text contains a ten-question web quiz (the results of which can be e-mailed to your instructor), and each chapter contains a chapter test, with answers to every problem Icons in the text direct you to examples that are worked out on the CD-ROM If you would like to purchase these resources, visit www.cengage.com/highered REFERENCE PAGES Cut here and keep for reference ALGEBRA G E O M E T RY ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS GEOMETRIC FORMULAS a c ad ϩ bc ϩ b d bd a b a d ad ϫ c b c bc d a͑b ϩ c͒ ab ϩ ac a c aϩc ϩ b b b Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V: Triangle Circle Sector of Circle A 12 bh 12 ab sin A r C 2 r A 12 r 2 s r ͑ in radians͒ a EXPONENTS AND RADICALS xm x mϪn xn xϪn n x x m x n x mϩn ͑x ͒ x m n mn ͩͪ n x y ͑xy͒n x n y n ͱ n n n n xy s xs y s r s ¨ b r xn yn Sphere V 43 r A 4 r n n x m͞n s x m (s x )m n x 1͞n s x r h ¨ n x x s n y sy Cylinder V r 2h Cone V 13 r 2h r r h h FACTORING SPECIAL POLYNOMIALS r x Ϫ y ͑x ϩ y͒͑x Ϫ y͒ x ϩ y ͑x ϩ y͒͑x Ϫ xy ϩ y 2͒ x Ϫ y ͑x Ϫ y͒͑x ϩ xy ϩ y 2͒ DISTANCE AND MIDPOINT FORMULAS BINOMIAL THEOREM Distance between P1͑x1, y1͒ and P2͑x 2, y2͒: ͑x ϩ y͒2 x ϩ 2xy ϩ y ͑x Ϫ y͒2 x Ϫ 2xy ϩ y d s͑x Ϫ x1͒2 ϩ ͑ y2 Ϫ y1͒2 ͑x ϩ y͒3 x ϩ 3x y ϩ 3xy ϩ y ͑x Ϫ y͒3 x Ϫ 3x y ϩ 3xy Ϫ y ͑x ϩ y͒n x n ϩ nx nϪ1y ϩ ϩ иии ϩ ͩͪ n͑n Ϫ 1͒ nϪ2 x y Midpoint of P1 P2 : ͩͪ n nϪk k x y ϩ и и и ϩ nxy nϪ1 ϩ y n k ͩ x1 ϩ x y1 ϩ y2 , 2 LINES n n͑n Ϫ 1͒ и и и ͑n Ϫ k ϩ 1͒ where k ؒ ؒ ؒ иии ؒ k Slope of line through P1͑x1, y1͒ and P2͑x 2, y2͒: m QUADRATIC FORMULA If ax ϩ bx ϩ c 0, then x ͪ Ϫb Ϯ sb Ϫ 4ac 2a y2 Ϫ y1 x Ϫ x1 Point-slope equation of line through P1͑x1, y1͒ with slope m: y Ϫ y1 m͑x Ϫ x1͒ INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE VALUE If a Ͻ b and b Ͻ c, then a Ͻ c Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b: If a Ͻ b, then a ϩ c Ͻ b ϩ c y mx ϩ b If a Ͻ b and c Ͼ 0, then ca Ͻ cb If a Ͻ b and c Ͻ 0, then ca Ͼ cb If a Ͼ 0, then ԽxԽ a ԽxԽ Ͻ a ԽxԽ Ͼ a means x a or CIRCLES x Ϫa Equation of the circle with center ͑h, k͒ and radius r: means Ϫa Ͻ x Ͻ a means x Ͼ a or ͑x Ϫ h͒2 ϩ ͑ y Ϫ k͒2 r x Ͻ Ϫa REFERENCE PAGES T R I G O N O M E T RY ANGLE MEASUREMENT FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES radians 180Њ 1Њ rad 180 180Њ rad s r r ͑ in radians͒ RIGHT ANGLE TRIGONOMETRY cos tan hyp csc opp adj hyp sec opp adj cot sin sec cos tan sin cos cot cos sin cot tan sin 2 ϩ cos 2 ¨ s r opp sin hyp csc hyp hyp adj opp ¨ adj ϩ tan 2 sec 2 ϩ cot 2 csc 2 sin͑Ϫ͒ Ϫsin cos͑Ϫ͒ cos tan͑Ϫ͒ Ϫtan sin Ϫ cos tan Ϫ cot ͩ ͪ ͩ ͪ ͩ ͪ adj opp cos Ϫ sin TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS sin y r csc cos x r sec r x tan y x cot x y y sin A sin B sin C a b c (x, y) C c ¨ THE LAW OF COSINES x y y=sin x y b a b ϩ c Ϫ 2bc cos A b a ϩ c Ϫ 2ac cos B c a ϩ b Ϫ 2ab cos C y=tan x A y=cos x 1 π a r GRAPHS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS y B THE LAW OF SINES r y 2π ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION FORMULAS 2π x _1 π 2π x sin͑x ϩ y͒ sin x cos y ϩ cos x sin y x π sin͑x Ϫ y͒ sin x cos y Ϫ cos x sin y _1 cos͑x ϩ y͒ cos x cos y Ϫ sin x sin y y y=csc x y y=sec x y cos͑x Ϫ y͒ cos x cos y ϩ sin x sin y y=cot x 1 π 2π x π π 2π x 2π x tan͑x ϩ y͒ tan x ϩ tan y Ϫ tan x tan y tan͑x Ϫ y͒ tan x Ϫ tan y ϩ tan x tan y _1 _1 DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAS sin 2x sin x cos x TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF IMPORTANT ANGLES radians sin cos tan 0Њ 30Њ 45Њ 60Њ 90Њ ͞6 ͞4 ͞3 ͞2 1͞2 s2͞2 s3͞2 1 s3͞2 s2͞2 1͞2 0 s3͞3 s3 — cos 2x cos 2x Ϫ sin 2x cos 2x Ϫ Ϫ sin 2x tan 2x tan x Ϫ tan2x HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS sin 2x Ϫ cos 2x cos 2x ϩ cos 2x ESSENTIAL CALCULUS EARLY TRANSCENDENTALS JAMES STEWART McMaster University and University of Toronto Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States Essential Calculus: Early Transcendentals James Stewart Publisher: Bob Pirtle Assistant Editor: Stacy Green Editorial Assistant: Magnolia Molcan Technology Project Manager: Earl Perry Senior Marketing Manager: Karin Sandberg Marketing Communications Manager: Darlene Amidon-Brent Project Manager, Editorial Production: Cheryll Linthicum Creative Director: Rob Hugel Senior Art Director: Vernon T Boes © 2011 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Senior Print/Media Buyer: Rebecca Cross Permissions Editor: Bob Kaueser Library of Congress Control Number: 2009939223 Production Service: TECH· arts ISBN-13: 978-0-538-49739-8 Text Designer: Stephanie Kuhns, Kathi Townes ISBN-10: 0-538-49739-4 Copy Editor: Kathi Townes Illustrators: Brian Betsill, Stephanie Kuhns Cover Designer: William Stanton Cover Image: Terry Why/IndexStock Imagery Compositor: TECH· arts Brooks/Cole 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan Locate your local office at: www.cengage.com/global Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd To learn more about Brooks/Cole, visit www.cengage.com/brookscole Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in Canada 1 11 0 K08T09 Trademarks Derive is a registered trademark of Soft Warehouse, Inc Maple is a registered trademark of Waterloo Maple, Inc Mathematica is a registered trademark of Wolfram Research, Inc Tools for Enriching is a trademark used herein under license CONTENTS FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 DERIVATIVES 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Functions and Their Representations A Catalog of Essential Functions 10 The Limit of a Function 24 Calculating Limits 35 Continuity 45 Limits Involving Infinity 56 Review 69 73 Derivatives and Rates of Change 73 The Derivative as a Function 83 Basic Differentiation Formulas 94 The Product and Quotient Rules 106 The Chain Rule 113 Implicit Differentiation 121 Related Rates 127 Linear Approximations and Differentials Review 138 133 INVERSE FUNCTIONS: Exponential, Logarithmic, and Inverse Trigonometric Functions 142 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Exponential Functions 142 Inverse Functions and Logarithms 148 Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions Exponential Growth and Decay 167 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 175 Hyperbolic Functions 181 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hospital’s Rule 187 Review 195 160 iii iv ■ CONTENTS APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 INTEGRALS 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 251 Areas and Distances 251 The Definite Integral 262 Evaluating Definite Integrals 274 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus The Substitution Rule 293 Review 300 SERIES 304 357 Areas between Curves 357 Volumes 362 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells 373 Arc Length 378 Applications to Physics and Engineering Differential Equations 397 Review 407 410 8.1 8.2 284 Integration by Parts 304 Trigonometric Integrals and Substitutions 310 Partial Fractions 320 Integration with Tables and Computer Algebra Systems Approximate Integration 333 Improper Integrals 345 Review 354 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Maximum and Minimum Values 198 The Mean Value Theorem 205 Derivatives and the Shapes of Graphs 211 Curve Sketching 220 Optimization Problems 226 Newton’s Method 236 Antiderivatives 241 Review 247 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 198 Sequences 410 Series 420 384 328 CONTENTS 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND POLAR COORDINATES 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10 The Integral and Comparison Tests 429 Other Convergence Tests 437 Power Series 447 Representing Functions as Power Series 452 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 458 Applications of Taylor Polynomials 471 Review 479 Parametric Curves 482 Calculus with Parametric Curves 488 Polar Coordinates 496 Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates 504 Conic Sections in Polar Coordinates 509 Review 515 VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE 517 10.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems 10.2 Vectors 517 522 10.3 The Dot Product 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 11 530 The Cross Product 537 Equations of Lines and Planes 545 Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces 553 Vector Functions and Space Curves 559 Arc Length and Curvature 570 Motion in Space: Velocity and Acceleration Review 587 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 591 11.1 Functions of Several Variables 11.2 Limits and Continuity 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 591 601 609 Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations 617 The Chain Rule 625 Directional Derivatives and the Gradient Vector 633 Maximum and Minimum Values 644 Lagrange Multipliers 652 Review 659 11.3 Partial Derivatives 11.4 578 482 ■ v vi ■ CONTENTS 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 13 Double Integrals over Rectangles 663 Double Integrals over General Regions 674 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates 682 Applications of Double Integrals 688 Triple Integrals 693 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates 703 Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates 707 Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals 713 Review 722 VECTOR CALCULUS 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 APPENDIXES A B C D E INDEX A83 663 725 Vector Fields 725 Line Integrals 731 The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals Green’s Theorem 751 Curl and Divergence 757 Parametric Surfaces and Their Areas 765 Surface Integrals 775 Stokes’ Theorem 786 The Divergence Theorem 791 Review 797 A1 Trigonometry A1 Proofs A10 Sigma Notation A26 The Logarithm Defined as an Integral Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A31 A39 742 SECTION 7.5 How much work is done by the force in moving an object a distance of m? ■ 395 12 A bucket that weighs lb and a rope of negligible weight are used to draw water from a well that is 80 ft deep The bucket is filled with 40 lb of water and is pulled up at a rate of ft͞s, but water leaks out of a hole in the bucket at a rate of 0.2 lb͞s Find the work done in pulling the bucket to the top of the well F (N) 30 20 10 APPLICATIONS TO PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING 13 A leaky 10-kg bucket is lifted from the ground to a height of 12 m at a constant speed with a rope that weighs 0.8 kg͞m Initially the bucket contains 36 kg of water, but the water leaks at a constant rate and finishes draining just as the bucket reaches the 12 m level How much work is done? x (m) The table shows values of a force function f ͑x͒ where x is measured in meters and f ͑x͒ in newtons Use Simpson’s Rule to estimate the work done by the force in moving an object a distance of 18 m x 12 15 18 f ͑x͒ 9.8 9.1 8.5 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.4 14 A 10-ft chain weighs 25 lb and hangs from a ceiling Find the work done in lifting the lower end of the chain to the ceiling so that it’s level with the upper end 15 An aquarium m long, m wide, and m deep is full of water Find the work needed to pump half of the water out of the aquarium (Use the fact that the density of water is 1000 kg͞m3.) A force of 10 lb is required to hold a spring stretched in 16 A circular swimming pool has a diameter of 24 ft, the sides beyond its natural length How much work is done in stretching it from its natural length to in beyond its natural length? are ft high, and the depth of the water is ft How much work is required to pump all of the water out over the side? (Use the fact that water weighs 62.5 lb͞ft 3.) ■ A spring has a natural length of 20 cm If a 25-N force is required to keep it stretched to a length of 30 cm, how much work is required to stretch it from 20 cm to 25 cm? the edge of a building 120 ft high (a) How much work is done in pulling the rope to the top of the building? (b) How much work is done in pulling half the rope to the top of the building? ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 3m 2m 3m 8m If J of work is needed to stretch a spring from 10 cm to A heavy rope, 50 ft long, weighs 0.5 lb͞ft and hangs over ■ (a) Find the work required to pump the water out of the spout its natural length of 30 cm to a length of 42 cm (a) How much work is needed to stretch it from 35 cm to 40 cm? (b) How far beyond its natural length will a force of 30 N keep the spring stretched? 9–16 ■ Show how to approximate the required work by a Riemann sum Then express the work as an integral and evaluate it ■ 17 The tank shown is full of water Suppose that J of work is needed to stretch a spring from 12 cm and another 10 J is needed to stretch it from 12 cm to 14 cm, what is the natural length of the spring? ■ ; (b) Suppose that the pump breaks down after 4.7 ϫ 10 J of work has been done What is the depth of the water remaining in the tank? 18 The hemispherical tank shown is full of water Given that water weighs 62.5 lb͞ft3, find the work required to pump the water out of the tank ft 10 A chain lying on the ground is 10 m long and its mass is 80 kg How much work is required to raise one end of the chain to a height of m? 11 A cable that weighs lb͞ft is used to lift 800 lb of coal up a mine shaft 500 ft deep Find the work done 19 When gas expands in a cylinder with radius r, the pressure at any given time is a function of the volume: P P͑V ͒ The force exerted by the gas on the piston (see the figure) is the product of the pressure and the area: F r 2P Show 396 ■ CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION that the work done by the gas when the volume expands from volume V1 to volume V2 is 25 26 12 ft W y P dV V2 V1 ■ x piston head 20 In a steam engine the pressure P and volume V of steam satisfy the equation PV 1.4 k, where k is a constant (This is true for adiabatic expansion, that is, expansion in which there is no heat transfer between the cylinder and its surroundings.) Use Exercise 19 to calculate the work done by the engine during a cycle when the steam starts at a pressure of 160 lb͞in2 and a volume of 100 in3 and expands to a volume of 800 in3 21 (a) Newton’s Law of Gravitation states that two bodies with masses m1 and m2 attract each other with a force FG m1 m2 r2 where r is the distance between the bodies and G is the gravitational constant If one of the bodies is fixed, find the work needed to move the other from r a to r b (b) Compute the work required to launch a 1000-kg satellite vertically to an orbit 1000 km high You may assume that the Earth’s mass is 5.98 ϫ 10 24 kg and is concentrated at its center Take the radius of the Earth to be 6.37 ϫ 10 m and G 6.67 ϫ 10 Ϫ11 Nиm2͞kg ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 27 A trough is filled with a liquid of density 840 kg͞m3 The ends of the trough are equilateral triangles with sides m long and vertex at the bottom Find the hydrostatic force on one end of the trough 28 A large tank is designed with ends in the shape of the region between the curves y 12 x and y 12, measured in feet Find the hydrostatic force on one end of the tank if it is filled to a depth of ft with gasoline (Assume the gasoline’s density is 42.0 lb͞ft3.) 29 A swimming pool is 20 ft wide and 40 ft long and its bot- tom is an inclined plane, the shallow end having a depth of ft and the deep end, ft If the pool is full of water, find the hydrostatic force on (a) the shallow end, (b) the deep end, (c) one of the sides, and (d) the bottom of the pool 30 A vertical dam has a semicircular gate as shown in the fig- ure Find the hydrostatic force against the gate 2m 12 m 22 (a) Use an improper integral and information from Exer- cise 21 to find the work needed to propel a 1000-kg satellite out of the Earth’s gravitational field (b) Find the escape velocity v0 that is needed to propel a rocket of mass m out of the gravitational field of a planet with mass M and radius R (Use the fact that the initial kinetic energy of 12 mv 20 supplies the needed work.) ■ A vertical plate is submerged in water and has the indicated shape Explain how to approximate the hydrostatic force against one side of the plate by a Riemann sum Then express the force as an integral and evaluate it 23–26 23 20 m 4m 31 A vertical, irregularly shaped plate is submerged in water The table shows measurements of its width, taken at the indicated depths Use Simpson’s Rule to estimate the force of the water against the plate Depth (m) 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Plate width (m) 0.8 1.7 2.4 2.9 3.3 3.6 24 32 Point-masses m i are located on the x-axis as shown Find the moment M of the system about the origin and the center of mass x m¡=25 _2 m™=20 m£=10 x SECTION 7.6 ■ The masses m are located at the points P Find the i i moments Mx and My and the center of mass of the system of intersection of the medians [Hints: Place the axes so that the vertices are ͑a, 0͒, ͑0, b͒, and ͑c, 0͒ Recall that a median is a line segment from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side Recall also that the medians intersect at a point two-thirds of the way from each vertex (along the median) to the opposite side.] 33 m1 6, m2 5, m3 10; P1͑1, 5͒, P2͑3, Ϫ2͒, P3͑Ϫ2, Ϫ1͒ 34 m1 6, m2 5, m3 1, m4 4; P1͑1, Ϫ2͒, P2͑3, 4͒, P3͑Ϫ3, Ϫ7͒, P4͑6, Ϫ1͒ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Sketch the region bounded by the curves, and visually estimate the location of the centroid Then find the exact coordinates of the centroid 35–38 ■ 35 y Ϫ x 2, y0 36 3x ϩ 2y 6, 37 y e x, y 0, 38 y 1͞x, ■ ■ y 0, y 0, ■ ■ 46 ■ x2 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ _2 ■ 47 y x1 x 1, ■ 46 – 47 ■ Find the centroid of the region shown, not by integration, but by locating the centroids of the rectangles and triangles (from Exercise 45) and using additivity of moments x0 x 0, 397 ■ 45 Prove that the centroid of any triangle is located at the point 33–34 ■ DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS y 2 1 _2 x _1 x _1 39– 42 ■ Find the centroid of the region bounded by the given ■ curves 39 y sx , yx 40 y x ϩ 2, y x2 41 y sin x, y cos x, 42 y x, ■ ■ y 0, ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ x 0, ■ 48 A sphere of radius r x ͞4 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 43 51 Prove Formulas 13 44 y y ■ ■ ■ r x ■ 7.6 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ r ■ (Use Example 8.) ■ x ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 52 Let be the region that lies between the curves y x m quarter-circle ■ ͑2, 3͒, ͑2, 5͒, and ͑5, 4͒ about the x-axis ■ ■ 50 The solid obtained by rotating the triangle with vertices ■ _1 ■ 49 A cone with height h and base radius r x2 Calculate the moments Mx and My and the center of mass of a lamina with the given density and shape 43– 44 ■ 48 –50 ■ Use the Theorem of Pappus to find the volume of the given solid y 1͞x, ■ ■ ■ and y x n, ഛ x ഛ 1, where m and n are integers with ഛ n Ͻ m (a) Sketch the region (b) Find the coordinates of the centroid of (c) Try to find values of m and n such that the centroid lies outside DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS A differential equation is an equation that contains an unknown function and one or more of its derivatives Here are some examples: yЈ xy yЉ ϩ 2yЈ ϩ y d 3y d 2y dy ϩ Ϫ 2y eϪx ϩ x dx dx dx 398 ■ CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION In each of these differential equations y is an unknown function x The importance of differential equations lies in the fact that when a scientist or engineer formulates a physical law in mathematical terms, it frequently turns out to be a differential equation The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative that occurs in the equation Thus Equations 1, 2, and are of order 1, 2, and 3, respectively A function f is called a solution of a differential equation if the equation is satisfied when y f ͑x͒ and its derivatives are substituted into the equation Thus f is a solution of Equation if f Ј͑x͒ xf ͑x͒ for all values of x in some interval When we are asked to solve a differential equation we are expected to find all possible solutions of the equation We have already solved some particularly simple differential equations, namely, those of the form yЈ f ͑x͒ For instance, we know that the general solution of the differential equation yЈ x is given by y 14 x ϩ C, where C is an arbitrary constant But, in general, solving a differential equation is not an easy matter There is no systematic technique that enables us to solve all differential equations In this section we learn how to solve a certain type of differential equation called a separable equation At the end of the section, however, we will see how to sketch a rough graph of a solution of a first-order differential equation, even when it is impossible to find a formula for the solution SEPARABLE EQUATIONS A separable equation is a first-order differential equation that can be written in the form dy t͑x͒f ͑ y͒ dx The name separable comes from the fact that the expression on the right side can be “separated” into a function of x and a function of y Equivalently, if f ͑y͒ 0, we could write The technique for solving separable differential equations was first used by James Bernoulli (in 1690) in solving a problem about pendulums and by Leibniz (in a letter to Huygens in 1691) John Bernoulli explained the general method in a paper published in 1694 ■ dy t͑x͒ dx h͑y͒ where h͑y͒ 1͞f ͑y͒ To solve this equation we rewrite it in the differential form h͑y͒ dy t͑x͒ dx so that all y’s are on one side of the equation and all x’s are on the other side Then we integrate both sides of the equation: y h͑y͒ dy y t͑x͒ dx Equation defines y implicitly as a function of x In some cases we may be able to solve for y in terms of x SECTION 7.6 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ■ 399 We use the Chain Rule to justify this procedure: If h and t satisfy (5), then d dx so d dy ͩy ͩy ͪ ͩy h͑y͒ dy ͪ t͑x͒ dx ͪ dy t͑x͒ dx h͑ y͒ dy and d dx h͑ y͒ dy t͑x͒ dx Thus Equation is satisfied When applying differential equations, we are usually not as interested in finding a family of solutions (the general solution) as we are in finding a solution that satisfies some additional requirement In many physical problems we need to find the particular solution that satisfies a condition of the form y͑x ͒ y0 This is called an initial condition, and the problem of finding a solution of the differential equation that satisfies the initial condition is called an initial-value problem EXAMPLE dy x2 dx y (b) Find the solution of this equation that satisfies the initial condition y͑0͒ (a) Solve the differential equation SOLUTION (a) We write the equation in terms of differentials and integrate both sides: y dy x dx yy Figure shows graphs of several members of the family of solutions of the differential equation in Example The solution of the initial-value problem in part (b) is shown in blue ■ dy y x dx y 13 x ϩ C where C is an arbitrary constant (We could have used a constant C1 on the left side and another constant C on the right side But then we could combine these constants by writing C C Ϫ C1.) Solving for y, we get ys x ϩ 3C We could leave the solution like this or we could write it in the form ys x3 ϩ K _3 where K 3C (Since C is an arbitrary constant, so is K ) K To sat(b) If we put x in the general solution in part (a), we get y ͑0͒ s isfy the initial condition y͑0͒ 2, we must have sK and so K Thus the solution of the initial-value problem is _3 FIGURE ys x3 ϩ ■ 400 ■ CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION Some computer algebra systems can plot curves defined by implicit equations Figure shows the graphs of several members of the family of solutions of the differential equation in Example As we look at the curves from left to right, the values of C are 3, 2, 1, 0, Ϫ1, Ϫ2, and Ϫ3 ■ V EXAMPLE SOLUTION Writing the equation in differential form and integrating both sides, we have ͑2y ϩ cos y͒dy 6x dx y ͑2y ϩ cos y͒dy y 6x dx y ϩ sin y 2x ϩ C _2 dy 6x dx 2y ϩ cos y Solve the differential equation where C is a constant Equation gives the general solution implicitly In this case it’s impossible to solve the equation to express y explicitly as a function of x ■ _4 EXAMPLE Solve the equation yЈ x y FIGURE SOLUTION First we rewrite the equation using Leibniz notation: dy x2y dx ■ If a solution y is a function that satisfies y͑x͒ for some x, it follows from a uniqueness theorem for solutions of differential equations that y͑x͒ for all x If y 0, we can rewrite it in differential notation and integrate: dy x dx y y Խ Խ Several solutions of the differential equation in Example are graphed in Figure The values of A are the same as the y -intercepts x3 ϩC This equation defines y implicitly as a function of x But in this case we can solve explicitly for y as follows: ԽyԽ e so _2 dy y x dx y ln y ■ y Խ Խ e ͑x ͞3͒ϩC e Ce x ͞3 ln y 3 y Ϯe Ce x ͞3 We can easily verify that the function y is also a solution of the given differential equation So we can write the general solution in the form y Ae x ͞3 _6 FIGURE where A is an arbitrary constant ( A e C, or A Ϫe C, or A 0) EXAMPLE Solve the equation ■ dy ky dt SOLUTION This differential equation was studied in Section 3.4, where it was called the law of natural growth (or decay) Since it is a separable equation, we can solve it SECTION 7.6 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ■ 401 by the methods of this section as follows: dy y k dt y y Խ Խ ԽyԽ e y ln y kt ϩ C ktϩC e Ce kt y Ae kt where A ͑Ϯe C or 0͒ is an arbitrary constant ■ LOGISTIC GROWTH The differential equation of Example is appropriate for modeling population growth ͑yЈ ky says that the rate of growth is proportional to the size of the population) under conditions of unlimited environment and food supply However, in a restricted environment and with limited food supply, the population cannot exceed a maximal size M (called the carrying capacity) at which it consumes its entire food supply If we make the assumption that the rate of growth of population is jointly proportional to the size of the population ͑ y͒ and the amount by which y falls short of the maximal size ͑M Ϫ y͒, then we have the equation dy ky͑M Ϫ y͒ dt where k is a constant Equation is called the logistic differential equation and was used by the Dutch mathematical biologist Pierre-François Verhulst in the 1840s to model world population growth The logistic equation is separable, so we write it in the form dy y y͑M Ϫ y͒ Using partial fractions, we have 1 y͑M Ϫ y͒ M M and so ͫy dy dy ϩy y MϪy (ln y Ϫ ln M Ϫ y M Խ Խ Խ Խ Խ Խ ͫ ͬ y k dt 1 ϩ y MϪy ͬ y k dt kt ϩ C Խ) kt ϩ C Խ But y y and M Ϫ y M Ϫ y , since Ͻ y Ͻ M, so we have ln y M͑kt ϩ C͒ MϪy y Ae kMt MϪy ͑A e MC ͒ 402 ■ CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION If the population at time t is y͑0͒ y0 , then A y0 ͑͞M Ϫ y0͒, so y y0 e kMt MϪy M Ϫ y0 If we solve this equation for y , we get y y0 Me kMt y0 M kMt M Ϫ y0 ϩ y0 e y0 ϩ ͑M Ϫ y0͒eϪkMt Using the latter expression for y , we see that lim y͑t͒ M tlϱ FIGURE Logistic growth function which is to be expected The graph of the logistic growth function is shown in Figure At first the graph is concave upward and the growth curve appears to be almost exponential, but then it is concave downward and approaches the limiting population M MIXING PROBLEMS A typical mixing problem involves a tank of fixed capacity filled with a thoroughly mixed solution of some substance, such as salt A solution of a given concentration enters the tank at a fixed rate and the mixture, thoroughly stirred, leaves at a fixed rate, which may differ from the entering rate If y͑t͒ denotes the amount of substance in the tank at time t, then yЈ͑t͒ is the rate at which the substance is being added minus the rate at which it is being removed The mathematical description of this situation often leads to a first-order separable differential equation We can use the same type of reasoning to model a variety of phenomena: chemical reactions, discharge of pollutants into a lake, injection of a drug into the bloodstream EXAMPLE A tank contains 20 kg of salt dissolved in 5000 L of water Brine that contains 0.03 kg of salt per liter of water enters the tank at a rate of 25 L͞min The solution is kept thoroughly mixed and drains from the tank at the same rate How much salt remains in the tank after half an hour? SOLUTION Let y͑t͒ be the amount of salt (in kilograms) after t minutes We are given that y͑0͒ 20 and we want to find y͑30͒ We this by finding a differential equation satisfied by y͑t͒ Note that dy͞dt is the rate of change of the amount of salt, so dy ͑rate in͒ Ϫ ͑rate out͒ dt where (rate in) is the rate at which salt enters the tank and (rate out) is the rate at which salt leaves the tank We have ͩ rate in 0.03 kg L ͪͩ 25 L ͪ 0.75 kg SECTION 7.6 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ■ 403 The tank always contains 5000 L of liquid, so the concentration at time t is y͑t͒͞5000 (measured in kilograms per liter) Since the brine flows out at a rate of 25 L͞min, we have rate out ͩ y͑t͒ kg 5000 L ͪͩ 25 L ͪ y͑t͒ kg 200 Thus from Equation we get dy y͑t͒ 150 Ϫ y͑t͒ 0.75 Ϫ dt 200 200 Solving this separable differential equation, we obtain dy y 150 Ϫ y Խ y Խ Ϫln 150 Ϫ y Խ Խ Ϫln 150 Ϫ y y t Ϫ ln 130 200 Խ 150 Ϫ y Խ 130e Ϫt͞200 Therefore 150 Since y͑t͒ is continuous and y͑0͒ 20 and the right side is never 0, we deduce that 150 Ϫ y͑t͒ is always positive Thus 150 Ϫ y 150 Ϫ y and so Խ 100 50 FIGURE t ϩC 200 Since y͑0͒ 20, we have Ϫln 130 C, so Figure shows the graph of the function y͑t͒ of Example Notice that, as time goes by, the amount of salt approaches 150 kg ■ dt 200 Խ y͑t͒ 150 Ϫ 130eϪt͞200 200 400 t The amount of salt after 30 is y͑30͒ 150 Ϫ 130eϪ30͞200 Ϸ 38.1 kg ■ DIRECTION FIELDS Suppose we are given a first-order differential equation of the form yЈ F͑x, y͒ where F͑x, y͒ is some expression in x and y [Recall that a separable equation is the special case in which F͑x, y͒ can be factored as a function of x times a function of y ] Even if it is impossible to find a formula for the solution, we can still visualize the solution curves by means of a direction field If a solution curve passes through a point ͑x, y͒, then its slope at that point is yЈ, which is equal to F͑x, y͒ If we draw short line segments with slope F͑x, y͒ at several points ͑x, y͒, the result is called a direction field (or slope field) These line segments indicate the direction in which a solution curve is heading, so the direction field helps us visualize the general shape of these curves 404 ■ CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION y V EXAMPLE (a) Sketch the direction field for the differential equation yЈ x ϩ y Ϫ (b) Use part (a) to sketch the solution curve that passes through the origin SOLUTION _2 _1 (a) We start by computing the slope at several points in the following chart: x -1 x Ϫ2 Ϫ1 Ϫ2 Ϫ1 _2 y 0 0 1 1 yЈ x ϩ y Ϫ Ϫ1 1 FIGURE Now we draw short line segments with these slopes at these points The result is the direction field shown in Figure (b) We start at the origin and move to the right in the direction of the line segment (which has slope Ϫ1 ) We continue to draw the solution curve so that it moves parallel to the nearby line segments The resulting solution curve is shown in Figure Returning to the origin, we draw the solution curve to the left as well ■ y _2 _1 x The more line segments we draw in a direction field, the clearer the picture becomes Of course, it’s tedious to compute slopes and draw line segments for a huge number of points by hand, but computers are well suited for this task Figure shows a more detailed, computer-drawn direction field for the differential equation in Example It enables us to draw, with reasonable accuracy, the solution curves shown in Figure with y-intercepts Ϫ2, Ϫ1, 0, 1, and -1 _2 FIGURE Module 7.6 shows direction fields and solution curves for a variety of differential equations _3 _3 _3 _3 FIGURE FIGURE 7.6 1– ■ EXERCISES Solve the differential equation dy y dx x dy sx y dx e yЈ y sin x ͑x ϩ 1͒yЈ xy ͑1 ϩ tan y͒yЈ x ϩ e y sin2 dy d y sec du ϩ 2u ϩ t ϩ tu dt dz ϩ e tϩz dt ■ Find the solution of the differential equation that satisfies the given initial condition 9–14 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 10 ■ du 2t ϩ sec 2t , u͑0͒ Ϫ5 dt 2u dy y cos x , dx ϩ y2 y͑0͒ 11 x cos x ͑2y ϩ e 3y ͒yЈ, 12 ■ ■ dP sPt , dt P͑1͒ y͑0͒ SECTION 7.6 13 yЈ tan x a ϩ y, y͑͞3͒ a, 14 25–26 Ͻ x Ͻ ͞2 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 405 Refer to the direction fields in Exercises 21–24 25 Use field II to sketch the graphs of the solutions that satisfy dL kL ln t, L͑1͒ Ϫ1 dt ■ ■ DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ the given initial conditions (a) y͑0͒ (b) y͑0͒ ■ (c) y͑0͒ Ϫ1 26 Use field IV to sketch the graphs of the solutions that 15 Find an equation of the curve that satisfies dy͞dx 4x y satisfy the given initial conditions (a) y͑0͒ Ϫ1 (b) y͑0͒ and whose y-intercept is (c) y͑0͒ 16 Find an equation of the curve that passes through the point ͑1, 1͒ and whose slope at ͑x, y͒ is y 2͞x Sketch a direction field for the differential equation Then use it to sketch three solution curves 27–28 17 (a) Solve the differential equation yЈ 2x s1 Ϫ y 27 yЈ ϩ y (b) Solve the initial-value problem yЈ 2x s1 Ϫ y , y͑0͒ 0, and graph the solution (c) Does the initial-value problem yЈ 2x s1 Ϫ y , y͑0͒ 2, have a solution? Explain ; ■ ; 18 Solve the equation e yЈ ϩ cos x and graph several members of the family of solutions How does the solution curve change as the constant C varies? 19 Solve the initial-value problem yЈ ͑sin x͒͞sin y, y͑0͒ ͞2, and graph the solution (if your CAS does implicit plots) CAS members of the family of solutions (if your CAS does implicit plots) How does the solution curve change as the constant C varies? 23 yЈ x ϩ y Ϫ 24 yЈ sin x sin y y I II y ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ͑1, 0͒ 31 yЈ y ϩ x y, ͑0, 1͒ ■ ■ ■ ■ 30 yЈ Ϫ x y, ͑0, 0͒ 32 yЈ x Ϫ x y, ■ ■ ■ ■ ͑1, 0͒ ■ ■ _2 x 33 Psychologists interested in learning theory study learning k a positive constant inside a concentric sphere with radius m and temperature 25ЊC The temperature T ͑r͒ at a distance r from the common center of the spheres satisfies the differential equation _2 x y IV dT d 2T ϩ 0 dr r dr y If we let S dT͞dr, then S satisfies a first-order differential equation Solve it to find an expression for the temperature T ͑r͒ between the spheres 2 _2 x 35 A glucose solution is administered intravenously into the _2 ■ ■ ■ ■ 34 A sphere with radius m has temperature 15ЊC It lies _2 ■ is a reasonable model for learning (b) Solve the differential equation in part (a) to find an expression for P͑t͒ What is the limit of this expression? III ■ dP k͑M Ϫ P͒ dt _2 ■ curves A learning curve is the graph of a function P͑t͒, the performance of someone learning a skill as a function of the training time t The derivative dP͞dt represents the rate at which performance improves (a) If M is the maximum level of performance of which the learner is capable, explain why the differential equation 21–24 ■ Match the differential equation with its direction field (labeled I–IV) Give reasons for your answer 22 yЈ x͑2 Ϫ y͒ ■ 29 yЈ y Ϫ 2x, ■ 20 Solve the equation yЈ x sx ϩ 1͑͞ ye y ͒ and graph several 21 yЈ Ϫ y ■ 28 yЈ x Ϫ y 29–32 ■ Sketch the direction field of the differential equation Then use it to sketch a solution curve that passes through the given point Ϫy CAS ■ ■ ■ x ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ bloodstream at a constant rate r As the glucose is added, it is converted into other substances and removed from the bloodstream at a rate that is proportional to the concentration at that time Thus a model for the concentration 406 ■ CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION C C͑t͒ of the glucose solution in the bloodstream is dC r Ϫ kC dt where k is a positive constant (a) Suppose that the concentration at time t is C0 Determine the concentration at any time t by solving the differential equation (b) Assuming that C0 Ͻ r͞k, find lim t l ϱ C͑t͒ and interpret your answer 36 A certain small country has $10 billion in paper currency in circulation, and each day $50 million comes into the country’s banks The government decides to introduce new currency by having the banks replace old bills with new ones whenever old currency comes into the banks Let x x ͑t͒ denote the amount of new currency in circulation at time t, with x ͑0͒ (a) Formulate a mathematical model in the form of an initial-value problem that represents the “flow” of the new currency into circulation (b) Solve the initial-value problem found in part (a) (c) How long will it take for the new bills to account for 90% of the currency in circulation? 37 Write the solution of the logistic initial-value problem dP 0.00008P͑1000 Ϫ P͒ dt P͑0͒ 100 and use it to find the population sizes P͑40͒ and P͑80͒ At what time does the population reach 900? 38 The Pacific halibut fishery has been modeled by the differ- 40 Biologists stocked a lake with 400 fish of one species and estimated the species’ carrying capacity in the lake to be 10,000 The number of fish tripled in the first year (a) Assuming that the size of the fish population satisfies the logistic equation, find an expression for the size of the population after t years (b) How long will it take for the population to increase to 5000? 41 (a) Show that if y satisfies the logistic equation (7), then d 2y k y͑M Ϫ y͒͑M Ϫ 2y͒ dt (b) Deduce that a population grows fastest when it reaches half its carrying capacity ; 42 For a fixed value of M (say M 10 ), the family of logistic functions given by Equation depends on the initial value y0 and the proportionality constant k Graph several members of this family How does the graph change when y0 varies? How does it change when k varies? 43 A tank contains 1000 L of brine with 15 kg of dissolved salt Pure water enters the tank at a rate of 10 L͞min The solution is kept thoroughly mixed and drains from the tank at the same rate How much salt is in the tank (a) after t minutes and (b) after 20 minutes? 44 The air in a room with volume 180 m contains 0.15% car- bon dioxide initially Fresher air with only 0.05% carbon dioxide flows into the room at a rate of m 3͞min and the mixed air flows out at the same rate Find the percentage of carbon dioxide in the room as a function of time What happens in the long run? ential equation 45 A vat with 500 gallons of beer contains 4% alcohol (by dy ky͑M Ϫ y͒ dt where y͑t͒ is the biomass (the total mass of the members of the population) in kilograms at time t (measured in years), the carrying capacity is estimated to be M ϫ 10 kg , and k 8.875 ϫ 10Ϫ9 per year (a) If y͑0͒ ϫ 10 kg, find the biomass a year later (b) How long will it take the biomass to reach ϫ 10 kg? 39 One model for the spread of a rumor is that the rate of spread is proportional to the product of the fraction y of the population who have heard the rumor and the fraction who have not heard the rumor (a) Write a differential equation that is satisfied by y (b) Solve the differential equation (c) A small town has 1000 inhabitants At AM, 80 people have heard a rumor By noon half the town has heard it At what time will 90% of the population have heard the rumor? volume) Beer with 6% alcohol is pumped into the vat at a rate of gal͞min and the mixture is pumped out at the same rate What is the percentage of alcohol after an hour? 46 A tank contains 1000 L of pure water Brine that contains 0.05 kg of salt per liter of water enters the tank at a rate of L͞min Brine that contains 0.04 kg of salt per liter of water enters the tank at a rate of 10 L͞min The solution is kept thoroughly mixed and drains from the tank at a rate of 15 L͞min How much salt is in the tank (a) after t minutes and (b) after one hour? 47 When a raindrop falls, it increases in size and so its mass at time t is a function of t, m͑t͒ The rate of growth of the mass is km͑t͒ for some positive constant k When we apply Newton’s Law of Motion to the raindrop, we get ͑mv͒Ј tm, where v is the velocity of the raindrop (directed downward) and t is the acceleration due to gravity The terminal velocity of the raindrop is lim t l ϱ v͑t͒ Find an expression for the terminal velocity in terms of t and k CHAPTER 48 An object of mass m is moving horizontally through a CAS medium which resists the motion with a force that is a function of the velocity; that is, m d 2s dv m f ͑v͒ dt dt 407 (b) Solve the differential equation to find an expression for A͑t͒ Use a computer algebra system to perform the integration gravitational force on an object of mass m that has been projected vertically upward from the Earth’s surface is F the final area of the tissue when growth is complete Most cell divisions occur on the periphery of the tissue and the number of cells on the periphery is proportional to sA͑t͒ So a reasonable model for the growth of tissue is obtained by assuming that the rate of growth of the area is jointly proportional to sA͑t͒ and M Ϫ A͑t͒ (a) Formulate a differential equation and use it to show that the tissue grows fastest when A͑t͒ 13 M mtR ͑x ϩ R͒2 where x x͑t͒ is the object’s distance above the surface at time t, R is the Earth’s radius, and t is the acceleration due to gravity Also, by Newton’s Second Law, F ma m ͑dv͞dt͒ and so m dv mtR Ϫ dt ͑x ϩ R͒2 (a) Suppose a rocket is fired vertically upward with an initial velocity v Let h be the maximum height above the surface reached by the object Show that 49 Let A͑t͒ be the area of a tissue culture at time t and let M be REVIEW ■ 50 According to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, the where v v͑t͒ and s s͑t͒ represent the velocity and position of the object at time t, respectively For example, think of a boat moving through the water (a) Suppose that the resisting force is proportional to the velocity, that is, f ͑v͒ Ϫk v, k a positive constant (This model is appropriate for small values of v.) Let v͑0͒ v0 and s͑0͒ s0 be the initial values of v and s Determine v and s at any time t What is the total distance that the object travels from time t 0? (b) For larger values of v a better model is obtained by supposing that the resisting force is proportional to the square of the velocity, that is, f ͑v͒ Ϫk v 2, k Ͼ (This model was first proposed by Newton.) Let v0 and s0 be the initial values of v and s Determine v and s at any time t What is the total distance that the object travels in this case? REVIEW v0 ͱ 2tRh Rϩh [Hint: By the Chain Rule, m ͑dv͞dt͒ mv ͑dv͞dx͒.] (b) Calculate ve lim h l ϱ v This limit is called the escape velocity for the Earth (c) Use R 3960 mi and t 32 ft͞s2 to calculate ve in feet per second and in miles per second CONCEPT CHECK (a) Draw two typical curves y f ͑x͒ and y t͑x͒, where f ͑x͒ ജ t͑x͒ for a ഛ x ഛ b Show how to approximate the area between these curves by a Riemann sum and sketch the corresponding approximating rectangles Then write an expression for the exact area (b) Explain how the situation changes if the curves have equations x f ͑ y͒ and x t͑ y͒, where f ͑ y͒ ജ t͑ y͒ for c ഛ y ഛ d (b) If S is a solid of revolution, how you find the crosssectional areas? (a) What is the volume of a cylindrical shell? (b) Explain how to use cylindrical shells to find the volume of a solid of revolution (c) Why might you want to use the shell method instead of slicing? (a) How is the length of a curve defined? Suppose that Sue runs faster than Kathy throughout a 1500-meter race What is the physical meaning of the area between their velocity curves for the first minute of the race? (a) Suppose S is a solid with known cross-sectional areas Explain how to approximate the volume of S by a Riemann sum Then write an expression for the exact volume (b) Write an expression for the length of a smooth curve given by y f ͑x͒, a ഛ x ഛ b (c) What if x is given as a function of y? Suppose that you push a book across a 6-meter-long table by exerting a force f ͑x͒ at each point from x to x What does x06 f ͑x͒ dx represent? If f ͑x͒ is measured in newtons, what are the units for the integral? 408 ■ CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION Describe how we can find the hydrostatic force against a 10 (a) What is a differential equation? vertical wall submersed in a fluid (b) What is the order of a differential equation? (c) What is an initial condition? (a) What is the physical significance of the center of mass of a thin plate? (b) If the plate lies between y f ͑x͒ and y 0, where a ഛ x ഛ b, write expressions for the coordinates of the center of mass 11 What is a direction field for the differential equation yЈ F͑x, y͒? 12 What is a separable differential equation? How you solve it? What does the Theorem of Pappus say? EXERCISES 1– ■ Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves y x Ϫ x Ϫ 6, y 20 Ϫ x 2, y x Ϫ 12 y x Ϫ x, x ϩ y 0, x y ϩ 3y ■ ■ x 1, and y Use the Midpoint Rule with n to estimate the following quantities (a) The area of (b) The volume obtained by rotating about the x-axis y0 y e x Ϫ 1, ■ 15 Let be the region bounded by the curves y tan͑x ͒, x1 ; 16 Let be the region bounded by the curves y Ϫ x and ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ y x Ϫ x ϩ Estimate the following quantities (a) The x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the curves (b) The area of (c) The volume generated when is rotated about the x-axis (d) The volume generated when is rotated about the y-axis ■ ■ Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the given curves about the specified axis 5–9 y 2x, y x 2; about the x-axis x ϩ y , y x Ϫ 3; x 0, x Ϫ y ; about the y-axis about x Ϫ1 y x ϩ 1, y Ϫ x 2; 17–20 ■ Each integral represents the volume of a solid Describe the solid about y Ϫ1 x Ϫ y a 2, x a ϩ h (where a Ͼ 0, h Ͼ 0); about the y-axis ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 10 y cos x, y 0, x 3͞2, x 5͞2; ■ ■ ■ 19 y 20 y [͑2 Ϫ x ■ about x ■ ■ 2 x cos x dx 18 y ͞2 2 cos2x dx 2 y͑4 Ϫ y ͒ dy ■ ■ ͒ Ϫ (2 Ϫ sx )2 ] dx 2 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 21 The base of a solid is a circular disk with radius Find the about y 12 y x 3, y 8, x 0; ■ ͞2 ■ about the y-axis 11 y x 3, y x 2; y ■ Set up, but not evaluate, an integral for the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the given curves about the specified axis 10 –12 17 ■ ■ ■ ■ 13 Find the volumes of the solids obtained by rotating the region bounded by the curves y x and y x about the following lines (a) The x-axis (b) The y-axis (c) y 2 14 Let be the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves y x and y 2x Ϫ x Calculate the following quantities (a) The area of (b) The volume obtained by rotating about the x-axis (c) The volume obtained by rotating about the y-axis ■ volume of the solid if parallel cross-sections perpendicular to the base are isosceles right triangles with hypotenuse lying along the base 22 The base of a solid is the region bounded by the parabolas y x and y Ϫ x Find the volume of the solid if the cross-sections perpendicular to the x-axis are squares with one side lying along the base 23 The height of a monument is 20 m A horizontal cross- section at a distance x meters from the top is an equilateral triangle with side 14 x meters Find the volume of the monument 24 (a) The base of a solid is a square with vertices located at ͑1, 0͒, ͑0, 1͒, ͑Ϫ1, 0͒, and ͑0, Ϫ1͒ Each cross-section CHAPTER perpendicular to the x-axis is a semicircle Find the volume of the solid (b) Show that by cutting the solid of part (a), we can rearrange it to form a cone Thus compute its volume more simply 25–26 ■ 0ഛxഛ3 26 y ln (sin x) , ͞3 ഛ x ഛ 1 ■ 409 just covers the gate Find the hydrostatic force on one side of the gate 34 Find the centroid of the region shown y (3, 2) ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Ϫx the curve y e ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ , ഛ x ഛ 35–36 ■ Find the centroid of the region bounded by the given curves 35 y Ϫ x 2, 28 Find the length of the curve y y sst Ϫ dt x ഛ x ഛ 16 x 27 Use Simpson’s Rule with n to estimate the length of 29 A force of 30 N is required to maintain a spring stretched from its natural length of 12 cm to a length of 15 cm How much work is done in stretching the spring from 12 cm to 20 cm? 36 y sin x, ■ weighs 10 lb͞ft How much work is required to raise the elevator from the basement to the third floor, a distance of 30 ft? 31 A tank full of water has the shape of a paraboloid of revolu- tion as shown in the figure; that is, its shape is obtained by rotating a parabola about a vertical axis (a) If its height is ft and the radius at the top is ft, find the work required to pump the water out of the tank (b) After 4000 ft-lb of work has been done, what is the depth of the water remaining in the tank? ■ ■ yxϩ2 x ͞4, y 0, ■ ■ ■ ■ 32 A trough is filled with water and its vertical ends have the shape of the parabolic region in the figure Find the hydrostatic force on one end of the trough ft ft 33 A gate in an irrigation canal is constructed in the form of a trapezoid ft wide at the bottom, ft wide at the top, and ft high It is placed vertically in the canal so that the water ■ ■ ■ ■ 38 Use the Theorem of Pappus and the fact that the volume of a sphere of radius r is 43 r to find the centroid of the semicircular region bounded by the curve y sr Ϫ x and the x-axis 39– 40 ■ Solve the differential equation 39 ͑3y ϩ 2y͒yЈ x cos x ■ ■ 41– 42 41 ■ ft ■ center ͑1, 0͒ is rotated about the y-axis ■ ■ ■ ■ 40 ■ ■ dr ϩ 2tr r, dt ■ dx Ϫ t ϩ x Ϫ tx dt ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Solve the initial-value problem r͑0͒ 42 ͑1 ϩ cos x͒yЈ ͑1 ϩ eϪy ͒ sin x , ft x 3͞4 37 Find the volume obtained when the circle of radius with 30 A 1600-lb elevator is suspended by a 200-ft cable that ; ■ Find the length of the curve 25 y ͑x ϩ 4͒ 3͞2, ■ REVIEW ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ y͑0͒ ■ ■ 43 (a) Sketch a direction field for the differential equation yЈ x͞y Then use it to sketch the four solutions that satisfy the initial conditions y͑0͒ 1, y͑0͒ Ϫ1, y͑2͒ 1, and y͑Ϫ2͒ (b) Check your work in part (a) by solving the differential equation explicitly What type of curve is each solution curve? 44 Let 1 be the region bounded by y x 2, y 0, and x b, where b Ͼ Let 2 be the region bounded by y x 2, x 0, and y b (a) Is there a value of b such that 1 and 2 have the same area? (b) Is there a value of b such that 1 sweeps out the same volume when rotated about the x-axis and the y-axis? (c) Is there a value of b such that 1 and 2 sweep out the same volume when rotated about the x-axis? (d) Is there a value of b such that 1 and 2 sweep out the same volume when rotated about the y-axis? ... Acceleration Review 587 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 5 91 11. 1 Functions of Several Variables 11 .2 Limits and Continuity 11 .5 11 .6 11 .7 11 .8 5 91 6 01 609 Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations 617 The Chain Rule... study of calculus by investigating how the values of functions change and approach limits 1. 1 Year Population (millions) 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90 2000 16 50 17 50 18 60 2070... Lagrange Multipliers 652 Review 659 11 .3 Partial Derivatives 11 .4 578 482 ■ v vi ■ CONTENTS 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 12 .1 12.2 12 .3 12 .4 12 .5 12 .6 12 .7 12 .8 13 Double Integrals over Rectangles 663