Header Page of 126 B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NễNG LM TP.H CH MINH - CNG NGHIấN CU NH HNG CA AXIT HU C V KH NNG TRUNG HềA AXIT CA KHU PHN N TNG TRNG V SC KHE HEO CON SAU CAI SA H v tờn: PHAN NGC QU Khúa: 2010 2012 Chuyờn ngnh: Chn nuụi Mó s ngnh: 606240 Thnh ph H Chớ Minh - Thỏng 10/2012 Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NễNG LM TP.H CH MINH - CNG NGHIấN CU NH HNG CA AXIT HU C V KH NNG TRUNG HềA AXIT CA KHU PHN N TNG TRNG V SC KHE HEO CON SAU CAI SA Cỏn b hng dn: TS CH MINH TNG PGS.TS NGUYN NGC HI Hc viờn thc hin: PHAN NGC QU Khúa: 2010 2012 Chuyờn ngnh: CHN NUễI Thnh ph H Chớ Minh - Thỏng 10/2012 Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 MC LC MC LC i DANH SCH CC T VIT TT iv DANH SCH CC BNG, HèNH v M U t Mc tiờu Yờu cu Chng TNG QUAN 1.1 Kh nng trung hũa axit ca thc n chn nuụi 1.1.1 Khỏi nim v kh nng trung hũa axit ca thc n 1.1.2 í ngha ca kh nng trung hũa axit .4 1.1.3 Yu t nh hng n ABC ca thc n chn nuụi 1.2 Hot ng tiờu húa trờn heo giai on cai sa 1.2.1 pH d dy v tm quan trng i vi heo cai sa .7 1.2.2 Hot ng ca enzyme tiờu húa cai sa 1.2.3 H VSV ng tiờu húa 1.3 Cỏc cht axit húa dinh dng ng vt 12 1.3.1 nh ngha .12 13.2 C ch tỏc dng ca cht axit húa dinh dng ng vt 13 1.3.2.1 Gim pH d dy 13 1.3.2.2 Gim s lng vi khun gõy bnh .15 1.3.2.3 L ngun nng lng d dy-rut 18 1.3.2.4 Gim tc lm trng d dy 18 1.3.2.5 Kớch thớch s phõn tit enzyme ni sinh v hỡnh thỏi ca d dy-rut .19 i Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 1.3.2.6 Ci thin hp thu cht khoỏng 19 1.3.2.7 Kớch thớch hot ng bin dng trung gian .20 1.3.3 Cỏc yu t nh hng hiu qu s dng cht axit húa 20 1.3.3.1 c tớnh v mc ca cht axit húa s dng 21 1.3.3.2 Thnh phn v tớnh cht ca khu phn 22 1.3.3.3 i tng ng vt s dng .23 1.3.3.4 Cỏc yu t khỏc 24 Chng NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 25 2.1 Thi gian v a im .25 2.2 Ni dung nghiờn cu 25 2.2.1 Ni dung 1: Kho sỏt ABC, BUF ca thc liu v TATM cho heo SCS v s liờn h gia ABC-LT v ABC-TT ca khu phn 25 2.2.2 Ni dung 2: ỏnh giỏ nh hng ca axit hu c v ABC ca khu phn n kh nng tng trng v sc khe ca heo SCS 25 2.3 Phng phỏp nghiờn cu 25 2.3.1 Kho sỏt ABC v BUF ca thc liu v TATM cho heo SCS v s liờn h gia ABC-LT v ABC-TT ca khu phn 25 2.3.2 ỏnh giỏ nh hng ca axit hu c v ABC ca khu phn n tng trng v sc khe ca heo SCS 28 2.4 Phng phỏp o lng, ly mu v theo dừi cỏc ch tiờu 30 2.4.1 o lng ABC v BUF ca thc liu v TATM 30 2.4.2 Phng trỡnh hi qui tuyn tớnh v h s tng quan gia ABC-LT v ABCTT 31 2.4.3 Tng trng hng ngy, tiờu th thc n hng ngy v h s chuyn húa thc n 31 2.4.4 T l tiờu chy v tn sut s dng khỏng sinh hng ngy 32 ii Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 2.4.5 T l nuụi sng 32 2.4.6 nh lng VSV (E.coli v Clostridium perfringens) gam phõn v nh tớnh Salmonella phõn 32 2.4.6.1 Ly mu phõn v bo qun 32 2.4.6.2 nh lng vi khun E Coli gam phõn 32 2.4.6.3 nh lng vi khun Clostridium perfringens gam phõn 34 2.4.6.4 nh tớnh vi khun Salmonella phõn 36 2.4.7 o pH phõn 36 2.5 Cỏc cụng thc tớnh toỏn 37 2.6 Phng phỏp x lý s liu 38 TI LIU THAM KHO 41 iii Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 DANH SCH CC T VIT TT ACB Kh nng trung hũa axit BUF m axit VSV Vi sinh vt TATM Thc n thng mi SCS Sau cai sa ABC-LT Kh nng trung hũa axit lý thuyt ABC-TT Kh nng trung hũa axit thc t HMB Axit 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylthio Butanoic ABC-TL Kh nng trung hũa axit thc liu BUF-TL m axit thc liu iv Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 DANH SCH CC BNG, HèNH Trang Bng 1.1 nh hng la tui n hot lc enzyme tuyn ty trờn heo Hỡnh 1.1 S lng Lactobacilli v Coliform cht cha hi trng heo trc v sau cai sa lỳc 21 ngy 11 Hỡnh 1.2 Gii hn pH i vi s phỏt trin ca vi sinh vt ng rut 12 Bng 1.2 nh hng ca b sung axit vo thc n i vi pH cht cha ng tiờu húa ca heo cai sa 14 Bng 1.3 nh hng ca axit formic b sung thc n n s lng vi khun cỏc phn ca ng rut heo (log10 CFU/g cht cha) 15 Hỡnh 1.3 C ch kim soỏt nng H+ ni bo bng bm H+-ATPase liờn kt mng 16 Hỡnh 1.4 C ch tỏc ng ca axit hu c vi vi khun nhy cm pH (Coliform, Clostridia, Salmonella, Listeria spp.) 17 Bng 1.4 Tớnh cht lý húa ca mt s axit hu c v mui 21 Hỡnh 1.5 nh hng ca pH lờn hot tớnh khỏng khun ca axit HCl, lactic, formic v 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic 22 Bng 2.1 Thc liu d nh kho sỏt 26 Bng 2.2 Mu thc n thng mi cho heo sau cai sa 27 Bng 2.3 Nhu cu dinh dng ca heo SCS giai on 28- 56 ngy tui 27 Bng 2.4 S b trớ thớ nghim 29 Bng 2.5 Nhu cu dinh dng ca heo SCS giai on 28- 56 ngy tui ca tri ang ỏp dng 30 v Footer Page of 126 Header Page of 126 Footer Page of 126 Header Page 10 of 126 M U t giai on cai sa, heo rt d b stress Mt nhng yu t gõy stress cho heo l s thay i loi thc n, t thc n dng lng v m (sa m) sang thc n dng rn v khụ (khu phn), v s thay i ỏng k nht l thnh phn v cht lng dinh dng Hu qu l heo chm tng trng, bin dng kộm, nguy c mc bnh ng tiờu húa cao (c bit l tiờu chy) khc phc nhng bt li ny, vic u tiờn phi lm l ci thin tt thc n cho heo cai sa Kh nng tiờu húa v s dng cỏc dng cht cng nh sc khe ca heo chu nh hng nhiu bi pH ng tiờu húa pH thp, cỏc enzyme tiờu húa hot ng tt hn, c bit l pepsin ch c hot húa pH d dy thp Mc pH d dy thp cng rt cn thit kim soỏt qun th vi sinh vt (VSV) d dy: kỡm hóm hot ng ca cỏc vi khun gõy bnh (Salmonella, E coli), to thun li cho vi khun cú li phỏt trin (Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium) í tng v vic gim pH d dy bng cỏch b sung cỏc axit vo thc n hoc s dng thc n cú kh nng trung hũa axit (ABC - Acid Binding Capacity) hay thc n cú m axit (BUF - Acid Buffering Capacity) thp cng c cỏc nh khoa hc quan tõm nghiờn cu (Jasaitis v ctv, 1987; Bolduan v ctv, 1988; Lawlor v ctv, 2005) B sung cỏc axit hu c vo thc n ó to cỏc nh hng tớch cc nh c ch c s phỏt trin ca cỏc VSV gõy hi ng rut v thỳc y tng trng ca heo (Ravindran v Kornegay, 1993; Gabert v Sauer, 1994) Tuy nhiờn, nh hng ca axit lờn kh nng tng trng ca heo bin ng rt ln v khụng n nh Theo Ch Minh Tựng v Quỏch Tuyt Anh (2011), cú nhiu yu t tỏc ng lờn ỏp ng v tng trng v tiờu húa dng cht i vi vic b sung axit vo thc n heo v ABC ca thc n l mt yu t ỏng chỳ ý Do Footer Page 10 of 126 Header Page 43 of 126 Dựng que cy vũng ria dch mu t cỏc ng (+) trờn mụi trng canh EC sang mụi trng thch a EMB (Eosin methylene-blue lactose sucrose agar) cỏc a ny 370C 24 gi tỡm khun lc E coli gi nh (trũn, dt hỡnh a v cú ỏnh kim tớm) Chn khun lc cú ng kớnh ln hn mm v cy vo cỏc mụi trng MRVP, Simmon Citrate Agar thc hin cỏc th nghim IMViC Khun lc E.coli gi nh cho kt qu th nghim IMViC tun t l ++ - - chớnh l E.coli ng nghim cho kt qu mụi trng EC v khun lc E.coli gi nh trờn mụi trng EMB cho kt qu th nghim IMViC nh trờn l ng nghim cú E.coli (+) Thc hin tng t cho tt c cỏc ng nghim cho kt qu (+) mụi trng EC v to c khun lc E.coli gi nh trờn mụi trng EMB Ghi nhn s lng cỏc ng nghim cú E.coli (+) mi pha loóng ca mu d Cỏch c kt qu tt c cỏc trng hp nờu trờn, t s lng cỏc ng nghim cú E.coli (+) mi pha loóng ca mu, dựng bng MPN thớch hp (bng x tc ng nghim) tớnh mt VSV mu v biu din di dng tr s MPN/gam mu 2.4.6.3 nh lng vi khun Clostridium perfringens gam phõn S lng Clostridium perfringens c m theo phng phỏp m khun lc a Nguyờn tc Vi khun Clostridium perfringens mụi trng thch TSC (Tryptose Sulfide Cycloserin) iu kin k khớ s phỏt trin thnh cỏc khun lc cú mu en Chn khun lc in hỡnh, xỏc nh tớnh cht sinh vt hoỏ hc theo thng quy b Chun b dung dch mu Cõn chớnh xỏc 25 gam phõn cho vo bỡnh nún cha sn 225 ml nc mui m pepton BPW (Buffered peptone water) Lc u 2- 3phỳt Thu c dung dch mu th 10-1 34 Footer Page 43 of 126 Header Page 44 of 126 - Hỳt chớnh xỏc ml dung dch mu th 10-1 cho sang ng nghim cha sn ml BPW Lc u - phỳt Thu c dung dch 10-2 - Tip tc lm tng t nh vy, ta thu c cỏc dung dch mu th tng ng 10-3, 10-4, 10-5 c Phng phỏp tin hnh - Rút - ml thch TSC vo mi a petri ó c ỏnh du nng pha loóng Lc cho thch lỏng u mt a - Khi thch ụng cht, ly pippet hỳt chớnh xỏc ml mi nng pha loóng dung dch mu th nh lờn mt thch Mi nng cy hai a petri tng ng - Rút tip 15 ml thch TSC vo mi a petri ó c lỏng mu th Lc trn u cho thch ph u khp b mt a petri - Khi thch ụng cht, lt ngc a, t vo bỡnh k khớ (vớ d, cỏc tỳi húa cht to k khớ hoc t m nuụi vi khun k khớ) - t bỡnh k khớ vo t m 350C/20 -24 gi d c kt qu - m ton b cỏc khun lc cú cỏc c tớnh: trũn, li, b u, nhn, cú mu en - Tớnh s lng vi khun Clostridium perfringens/1 gam mu bng trung bỡnh cng gia cỏc a nuụi cy cựng nng pha loóng nhõn vi h s pha loóng tng ng * Ghi chỳ: - Ch m cỏc a thch cú khong 20 - 200 khun lc tớnh kt qu - Nu cỏc khun lc phõn b trờn a nuụi cy khụng rừ rng thỡ phi lm li 35 Footer Page 44 of 126 Header Page 45 of 126 2.4.6.4 nh tớnh vi khun Salmonella phõn 25 gam mu + 225 ml peptone m BPW (Buffered peptone water) 370C/18-20h Hỳt 0,1 ml dch tin tng sinh sang 10 ml mụi trng RV (Rappaport Vassiliadis) 420C/24h Cy phõn lp trờn mụi trng XLD (Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar) 370C/24h Chn khun lc in hỡnh (Cú vũng trũn sut, mu , tõm en, vựng mụi trng xung quanh hng ) Th sinh húa (TSI, canh urea, LDC, canh tryptone) c kt qu S 2.1 Phng phỏp nh tớnh Salmonella phõn 2.4.7 o pH phõn Mu phõn thu thp nh mc 3.4.6 c pha loóng vi nc ct theo t l 1:7,5 v trng lng o pH ca dung dch sau pha loóng bng mỏy o pH (Walsh v ctv, 2007) 36 Footer Page 45 of 126 Header Page 46 of 126 2.5 Cỏc cụng thc tớnh toỏn Kh nng trung hũa axit ca thc liu pH (ABC-TL) ABC-TL = Lng axit thờm vo t pH x 0,1 x 1000 (meq/kg) Trng lng vt cht khụ ca mu m axit ca thc liu pH (BUF-TL) BUF-TL = Kh nng trung hũa axit pH chờnh lch pH lỳc u v cui (meq/kg) Kh nng trung hũa axit ca TATM pH (ABC-TATM) ABC-TATM = Lng axit thờm vo t pH x 0,1 Trng lng vt cht khụ ca mu x 1000 (meq/kg) m axit ca TATM pH (BUF-TATM) BUF-TATM = Kh nng trung hũa axit pH chờnh lch pH lỳc u v cui (meq/kg) Kh nng trung hũa axit ca khu phn theo lý thuyt pH ABC-LT = Trng lng thc liu x ABC-TL 1000 (meq/kg) Kh nng trung hũa axit ca khu phn theo thc t pH ABC-TT = Lng axit thờm vo t pH x 0,1 x 1000 (meq/kg) Trng lng vt cht khụ ca mu Phng trỡnh hi qui tuyn tớnh v h s tng quan Cỏc giỏ tr ABC-LT v ABC-TT c s dng xỏc nh phng trỡnh hi qui tuyn tớnh v h s tng quan gia ABC-LT v ABC-TT Tng trng tuyt i (TTT, g/con/ngy): TTT = Tng tng trng / Tng s ngy nuụi Thc n tiờu th (TTT, g/con/ngy) TTT = Tng lng thc n tiờu th / Tng s ngy nuụi 37 Footer Page 46 of 126 Header Page 47 of 126 H s chuyn húa thc n (HSCHT, kg T/kg tng trng) HSCHT = Tng lng thc n tiờu th / Tng tng trng T l heo tiờu chy (TLHCTC, %) TLHTC = (Tng s tiờu chy/ Tng s kho sỏt) T l ngy tiờu chy (TLNCTC, %) TLNCTC = (Tng s ngy tiờu chy / Tng s ngy nuụi) x 100 T l nuụi sng (TLNS, %) TLNS = (S heo cũn sng / S heo nuụi) x 100 Tn sut s dng khỏng sinh hng ngy (TSSDKSHN, %) TSSDKS = (Tng s lt iu tr bng khỏng sinh/Tng S ngy nuụi) x 100 2.6 Phng phỏp x lý s liu Cỏc s liu thu thp c x lý da vo phn mm thng kờ sinh hc SAS (SAS Inst Inc., Cary, NC) i vi mi thc liu v thc n thng mi, chỳng tụi tớnh toỏn v bỏo cỏo giỏ tr bỡnh quõn v lch chun ca cỏc ch tiờu nh pH thc liu, ABC-TL, BUF-TL, ABC-TATM v BUF-TATM i vi khu phn, phng trỡnh hi qui gia ABC-LT v ABC-TT c thit lp da trờn 60 khu phn cho heo SCS Mụ hỡnh thng kờ nh sau: y = bx + a Trong ú: y l ABC-TT ca khu phn b l h s hi qui tuyn tớnh, biu th nghiờng a l h s chn x l ABC-LT ca khu phn S liu thu ni dung c x lý theo kiu hon ton ngu nhiờn yu t ễ chung l n v thớ nghim v l trng lng heo lỳc bt u thớ nghim S khỏc bit gia cỏc nghim thc c xỏc nh da vo trung bỡnh bỡnh phng nh nht v trc nghim Tukey Cỏc ch tiờu v t l ngy tiờu chy, t 38 Footer Page 47 of 126 Header Page 48 of 126 l cht v tn sut s dng khỏng sinh c chuyn dng sang arsin trc x lý thng kờ nh hng ca cỏc nghim thc c xem l cú ý ngha P < 0,05 39 Footer Page 48 of 126 Header Page 49 of 126 TI LIU THAM KHO Barrow P A., Fuller R and Newport M J., 1977 Changes in the microflora and physiology of the anteriorintestinal tract of pigs weaned at days with special reference to the pathogenesis of diarrhea Infection and Immunity 18: 586-595 Bearson B.L., Wilson L and Foster J.W., 1998 A low pH-inducible, PhoPQ-dependent acid tolerance response protects Salmonella typhimurium against inorganic acid stress Journal of Bacteriology 180 (9): 2409-2417 Bergstrom J R., Nelssen J L., Tokach M D., Goodband R D., Loughmiller J A., Musser R E and Nessmith W B Jr., 1996 An evaluation of several diet acidifers com-monly used in pig starter diets to improve growth performance Kansas Agri-cultural Experiment Station Progress Report 772: 74-78 Biomin, 2010 Advantages of organic acids for hog feed and feed raw materials Feed Business Asia, 40-44 Blank R., Mosenthin R., Sauer W C and Huang S., 1999 Effect of fumaric acid and dietary buffering capacity on ileal and fecal amino acid digestibilities in early-weaned pigs Journal of Animal Science 77: 29742984 Bolduan G., 1988 The regulation of the intestinal flora in piglets and sows a new feeding strategy In: From Research and Practical Experience No 23 pp 1-17 Ludwigshafen: BASF Bolduan G., Jung H., Schnabel E and Schneider R., 1988 Recent advances in the nutrition of weaner pigs Pig News and Information 9: 381-385 Bosi P., Jung H J., Han In K., Perini S., Cacciavillani J A., Casini L., Creston D., Gremokolini C and Mattuzzi S., 1999 Effects of dietary buffering characteristic and protected or unprotected acids on piglet growth, 40 Footer Page 49 of 126 Header Page 50 of 126 digestibility and characteristics of gut content Asian - Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 12 (7): 1104-1110 Canibe N., Steien S H., ỉverland M and Jensen B B., 2001 Effect of Kdiformate in starter diets on acidity, microbiotia, and the amount of organic acids in the digestive tract of piglet, and on gastric alterations Journal of Animal Science 79: 2123-2133 10 Ch Minh Tựng v Quỏch Tuyt Anh, 2011 Tng quan v nh hng ca vic b sung axit thc n heo Tp khoa hc k thut chn nuụi 8: 8-17 11 Corthier G., Muller M.C., Elmer G.W., Lucan F and Dubos-Ramare F., 1989 Interrelationships between digestive proteolytic activities and production and quantitation of toxins in pseudo-membranous colitis inducted by Clostridium difcile in gnotobiotic mice Infection and Immunity 57: 39223927 12 Cranwell P D., 1985 The development of acid and pepsin (EC 23 1) secretory capacity in the pig; the effects of age and weaning: Studies in anaesthetized pigs British Journal of Nutrition 54: 305-320 13 Cranwell P D., Noakes D E and Hill K J., 1976 Gastric secretion and fermentation in the suckling pig British Journal of Nutrition 36: 71-86 14 Cranwell P.D and Moughan P.J., 1989 Biological limitations imposed by the digestive system to the growth performance of weaned pigs In: Manipulating Pig Production 11 (eds J L Barnett and D P Hennessy) Werribee, Victoria, Australia: Australian Pig Science Association, pp 140159 15 Dibner J J and Buttin P., 2002 Use of organic acids as a model to study the impact of gut microora on nutrition and metabolism Journal Applied Poultry Resreach 11: 453-463 16 Ducluzeau R., 1983 Implantation and developenzymet of the gut flora in the newborn animal Annales de Recherches Veterinaires 14: 354-359 41 Footer Page 50 of 126 Header Page 51 of 126 17 Easter R A., 1988 Acidification of diets for pigs In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (eds W Haresign and D J A Cole) Butterworths, London UK pp 61-72 18 Ettle T., Mentschel K and Roth F X., 2004 Effect of organic acids on dietary self-selection by the piglet Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition Physiology 13: 125 19 Foster J.W., 1991 Salmonella acid shock proteins are required for the adaptative acid tolerance response Journal of Bacteriology 73 (21): 6896 6902 20 Fuller R., 1977 The importance of lactobacilli in maintaining normal microbial balance in the crop British Poultry Science 18: 89-94 21 Gabert V.M and Sauer W C., 1994 The effects of supplementing diets for weanling pigs with organic acids A review Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 3: 73-87 22 Galfi P and Bokori J., 1990 Feeding trial in pigs with a diet containing sodium n-butyrate Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 38: 3-17 23 Gauthier R., 2002 Intestinal health, the key to productivity - the case of organic acids Precongreso Cientifico Avicola IASA XXVII convencion ANECA-WPDC Puerto Vallarta, Jal Mexico 24 Gedek B., 1993 Probiotics as bioregulators In: Vitamine und weitere Zusatzstoffe in der Ernọhrung von Mensch und Tier (eds G Flachowsky and R Schubert) Symposium (30/09-01/10), Jena, Thỹringen, pp 253-262 25 Giesting D W and Easter R A., 1985 Response of starter pigs to supplementation of corn soybean meal diets with organic acids Journal of Animal Science 60 (5): 1288-1294 26 Giesting D W., Roos M A and Easter R A., 1991 Evaluation of the effect of fumaric acid and sodium bicarbonate addition on performance of starter pigs fed diets of different types Journal of Animal Science 69: 2489-2496 42 Footer Page 51 of 126 Header Page 52 of 126 27 Grassmann E., Roth F X and Kirchgessner M., 1992 Metabolic effects of formic acid in daily use: Nutritive value of organic acids in piglet rearing Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 67: 250-257 28 Harada E., Kiriyama H., Kobayashi E and Tsuchita H., 1988 Postnatal development of biliary and pancreatic exocrine secretion in piglets Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 91: 43-51 29 Harada E., Niiyama M and Syuto B., 1986 Comparison of pancreatic exocrine secretion via endogenous secretin by intestinal infusion of hydrochloric acid and monocarboxyic acid in anesthetized piglets The Japanese Journal of Physiology 36: 843-856 30 Hartman P A., Hays W E., Baker R O., Neage L W and Carton D V., 1961 Digestive enzyme development in the young pigs Journal of Animal Science 20: 114-123 31 Inoue R., Tsukahara T., Nakanishi N and Ushida K., 2005 Development of the intestinal microbiota in piglet Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 51: 257- 265 32 Jasaitis D K., Wohlt J E and Evans J L., 1987 Influence of feed-ion content on buffering capacity of ruminant feedstuffs in vitro Journal of Dairy Science 70: 1391 - 1403 33 Jensen M S., Jensen S K and Jakobsen K., 1997 Development of digestive enzymes in pigs with emphasis on lipolytic activity in the Stomach and Pancreas Journal of Animal Science 75: 437-445 34 Jongbloed A W., 1987 In: Phosphorus in the feeding of pigs Agricultural University of Wageningen, p 343 35 Jongbloed A W., Mroz Z., Weij-Jongbloed R van der and Kemme P A., 2000 The effects of mircobial phytase, organic acid and their interaction in diets for growing pigs Livestock Production Science 67: 113-122 36 Kidder D E and Manners M J., 1978 Digestibility In: Digestion in the pig (eds D E Kidder and M J Manners) Kingeton Press, Bath, UK, page 190 43 Footer Page 52 of 126 Header Page 53 of 126 37 Kirchegessner M and Roth F X., 1982 Fumaric acid as a feed additive in pig nutrition Pig News and Information 3: 259 38 Kirchgessner M and Roth F X., 1988 Nutritive effects of organic acids in piglet rearing and pig fattening ĩbersichten zur Tierernọhrung 16: 93-108 39 Kirchgessner M and Roth F.X., 1991 Nutritive effects of organic acids Zentralblatt fỹr Hygiene und Umweltmedizin 191: 265-276 40 Lambert R J and Stratford M., 1999 Weak acid perservatives: modeling microbial inhibition and response Journal of Applied Microbiology 86: 157164 41 Lawlor P G., Lynch P B and Caffrey P J., 1994 Measurements of the acid binding capacity of ingredients used in diets for starter pigs Journal of Animal Production 58: 468 42 Lawlor P G., Lynch P B., Caffrey P J., OReilly J J and OConnell M K., 2005 Measurements of the acid-binding capacity of ingredients used in pig diets Irish Veterinary Journal 58 (8): 447 - 452 43 Levic J., Prodanovic O and Sredanovic S., 2005 Understanding the buffering capacity in feedstuffs Biotechnology Animal Husbandry 21: 309 313 44 Lewis C J., Hartman P A., Lin C H., Baker R O and Carton D V., 1957 Digestive enzyme development in the young pigs Journal of Animal Science 20: 114 45 Lindemann M D., Cornelius S G., El Kandelgy S M., Moser R L and Pettigrew J E., 1986 Effect of age, weaning and diet on digestive enzyme levels in the piglet Journal of Animal Science 62: 1298-1307 46 Lupton J R and Krutz P P., 1993 Relationship of colonic luminal shortchin fatty acids and pH to in vivo cell proliferation in rats Journal of Nutrition 123: 1522-1530 44 Footer Page 53 of 126 Header Page 54 of 126 47 Mahan D C., Newton E A and Cera K R., 1996 Effect of supplemental sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, or hydrochlorich acid in starter pig diets containing dried whey Journal of Animal Science 74:1217-1222 48 Makkink C., 2001 Acid binding capacity in feedstuffs Feed International 22 (10): 24 27 49 Mathew A G., Franklin M A., Upchurch W G and Chattin S E., 1996 Influence of weaning age on ileal microflora and fermentation acids in young pigs Nutrition Research 16 (5): 817-827 50 Mayer E A., 1994 The physiology of gastric storage and emptying In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract 3rd ed vol (ed L R Johnson) Lippencott Raven Press, New York, pp 929-976 51 Mroz Z., 2000 Supplementary organic acids and their interactive effects with microbial phytase in diets for pigs and poultry In: Phytase in Animal Nutrition Proc nnu.Conf, Lublin, Poland page 52 Nursey I., 1997 The control of Salmonella Kraftfutter 10, 419 - 422 53 ỉverland M., Granli T., Kjos N P., Fjetland O., Steien S H and Stokstad M., 2000 Effect of dietary formates on growth performance, carcass traits, sensory quality, intestinal microflora, and stomach alterations in growingfinishing pigs Journal of Animal Science 78: 1875-1884 54 Partanen K H and Mroz Z., 1999 Organic acids for performance enhancement in pig diets Nutrition Research Reviews 12: 117 - 145 55 Partanen K., 2001 Organic acids Their efcacy and modes of action in pigs In: Gut Environment of Pigs (eds A Piva, K E Bach Knudsen, and J E Lindberg) Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, p 201 56 Pluske J R., Pethick D W., Hopwood D E and Hampson D J., 2002 Nutritional influences on some maior enteric bacterial diseases of pigs Nutrient Research Reviews 15: 333-371 57 Pratt V.C., Tappenden K A., McBurney M I and Field C J., 1996 Short chain fatty acid-supplemented total parenteral nutrition improves nonspecific 45 Footer Page 54 of 126 Header Page 55 of 126 immunity after intestinal resection in rats Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 20: 264-271 58 Prohaszka L and Baron F., 1980 The predisposing role of high dietary protein supplies in enteropathogenic E coli infections of weaned pigs Zentralblatt fỹr eterinọrmedicin 27: 222 - 232 59 Radecki S V., Juhl M R and Miller E R., 1988 Fumaric and citric acids as feed additives in starter pig diets: Effect on performance and nutrient balance Journal of Animal Science 66: 2598-2605 60 Ravindran V and Kornegay E T., 1993 Acidification of weaner pig diets: A review Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 62: 313-322 61 Reither B., Marshal V M and Philips S M., 1980 The antibiotic acitivity of the lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide system in the calf abomasum Research in Veterinary Science 28: 116-122 62 Risley C R., Kornegay E T., Lindemann M D., Wood C M and Eigel W N., 1992 Effect of feeding organic acids on selected intestinal content measurements at varying times postweaning in pigs Journal of Animal Science 70: 196-206 63 Roe A J., McLaggan D., Davidson I., Oayrne C and Booth I R., 1998 Perturbation of anion balance during inhibition of growth of Escherichia coli by weak acids Journal of Bacteriology 180 (4): 767-772 64 Roselli M., Finamore A., Britti M.S., Bosi P., Oswald I and Enzymegheri E., 2005 Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pigs: Evaluation of probiotics, zinc or organic acids as protective agents for the intestinal mucosa A comparison of in vitro and in vivo results Animal Research 54: 203-218 65 Roth F X and Kirchgessner M., 1989 Significance of dietary pH and buffering capacity in piglet nutrition pH and buffering capacity in diets supplemtented with organic acids Landwirtschaftliche Forschung 42: 157167 46 Footer Page 55 of 126 Header Page 56 of 126 66 Roth F X., Kirchgessner M and Paulicks B R., 1996 Nutritive use of feed additives based on diformates in the rearing and fattening of pigs and their effects on performance Agricultural and Biological Research 49 (4): 307317 67 Sakata T., Adachi M., Hashida M., Sato N and Kojima T., 1995 Effect of nbutyric acid on epithelial cell proliferation of pig colonic mucosa in shortterm culture Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 102: 163-164 68 Schoenherr W D., 1994 Phosphoric acid-based acidifiers explored for starter diets Feedstuffs 66 (40, Sept 26) 69 Sciopini R., Zaghini G and Biavati B., 1978 Researches on the use of acidified diets for early weaning of piglets Zootechnol Nutr Anim 4: 201218 70 Sissons J W., 1989 Potential of probiotic organisms prevent diarrhea and promote digestion in farm animals - A review Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 49: 1-13 71 Smith H W and Jones J E T., 1963 Observations on the alimentary tract and its bacterial flora in healthy and diseased pigs Journal of Pathology & Bacteriology 86: 387-412 72 Smulders A C M J., Veldman A., and Enting H., 1999 Effect of antimicrobial growth promoter in feeds with different levels of undigestible protein on broiler performance Proc World's Poultry Science Association WPSA, Veldhoven, The Netherlands 73 Stonerock R., 2009 Possibilities of Salmonella control with the aid of acidifiers In: Acidifiers in Animal Nutrition: A Guide for Feed Preservation and Acidification to Promote Animal Performance 2nd edition (ed C Lỹckstọdt) Nottingham University Press, Erber AG, Austria, pp 21 - 29 74 Taylor W H., 1959 Studies on gastric proteolysis Biochemical Journal 71: 627-632 47 Footer Page 56 of 126 Header Page 57 of 126 75 Thaela M J., Jensen M S., Pierzynowski S G., Jakob S and Jensen B B., 1998 Effect of lactic acid supplementation on pancreatic secretion in pigs after weaning Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences (1): 181-183 76 Trn Th Dõn, 2004 Sinh sn heo nỏi v sinh lý heo NXB Nụng nghip, Tp.HCM, trang 66-103 77 Tschierschwitz A., Grassmann E., Kirchgessner M and Roth F X., 1982 The effect of fumaric acid supplements on activities of liver enzymes (GOT, GPT, SUCCDH) with different supplies of energy and protein to growing rats Zeitschrift fur Tierphysiologie, Tierernahrung und Futtermittelkunde 48: 253-259 78 Walsh M C., Sholly D M., Hinson R B., Saddoris K L., Sutton A L., Radcliffe J S., Odgaard R., Murphy J and Richert B T., 2007 Effects of water and diet acidification with anh without antibiotics on weanling pig growth ang microbial shedding Journal of Animal Science 85: 1799-1808 48 Footer Page 57 of 126 ... DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NÔNG LÂM TP.HỒ CHÍ MINH - ĐỀ CƢƠNG NGHIÊN CỨU ẢNH HƢỞNG CỦA AXIT HỮU CƠ VÀ KHẢ NĂNG TRUNG HÒA AXIT CỦA KHẨU PHẦN ĐẾN TĂNG TRƢỞNG VÀ SỨC KHỎE HEO CON. .. QUAN 1.1 Khả trung hòa axit thức ăn chăn nuôi 1.1.1 Khái niệm khả trung hòa axit thức ăn 1.1.2 Ý nghĩa khả trung hòa axit .4 1.1.3 Yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến ABC thức ăn chăn... hệ ABC-LT ABC-TT phần 25 2.2.2 Nội dung 2: Đánh giá ảnh hưởng axit hữu ABC phần đến khả tăng trưởng sức khỏe heo SCS 25 2.3 Phương pháp nghiên cứu 25 2.3.1 Khảo sát ABC BUF