UNIT 1: The Natural World ≠Environmental impacts of logging terrestrial: thu c b , stabilize: làm n t li n nh array: s p hàng, dàn hàng, s dàn tr n intercept: ch n, ch n ng habitat: môi tr ng s ng The damage includes habitat loss, pollution, and climate change, with the effects spanning the globe from the rain forests of Central Africa beyond: xa, phía bên quá, v t xa h n ra, tr The effects of logging extend beyond just the felling of a swath of trees shelter: ch trú, che ch , b o v , n núp Nutrients, water, and shelter for plants, animals, and microorganisms throughout the ecosystem are also lost integrity: tính tr c, tính toàn b , toàn v n Trees protect the soil beneath then: thus, tree loss can affect soil integrity myriad: vô s , m i nghìn worm: trùng, sâu, giun reptile: bò sát amphibian: l ng c mammal: n g v t có vú dense: dày c , r m r p, n canopy: vòm, tán( cây) intact: không b n h h ng n The rain forest floor, home to myriad plant life as well as insects, worms, reptiles and amphibians, and small mammals relies on a dense canopy of branches and leaves to keep it healthy and intact porous: x p, r porous earth erosion: h n hán furrow: ng r n c disrupt: phá hu compress: ép, è nén spongy: ch hút n c, r A major factor in logging-related soil damage comes from road building, with trucks and other heavy equipment compressing the spongy soil, creating furrows where water collects, and disrupting the underground water flow infertile: c n c i, ko màu m clay: t sét layer: t ng t Eventually, the top soil wears away, leaving behind an infertile layer of rocks and hard clay stream: dòng ch y steady: u n residue: ph n l i shade: bóng algea: t o Vegetable along rivers and stream banks helps maintain a steady water flow by blocking the entry of soil and other residue, and tree shade inhibits the growth of algea defense=defence: b o v che ch Trees provide a natural defence against air pollution emit: s n ra, sinh, t o Trees emit oxygen, and their leaves filter pollutants from the air deteriorate: làm h h ng, gi m giá tr sedimentation: s ó ng c n Water quality in nearby streams and rivers also deteriorates as tree loss contributes to increased sedimentation Bird migration breed: nòi gi ng, d y d , sinh inhabit: to live in Migration is the regular movement of animals between their breeding grounds and the areas that they inhabit during the rest of the year fascinate: h p d n, cu n hút observer: quan sát, theo dõi Many types of animals migrate, but bird imgrationin particular has fascinated observers for centuries imperative(adj) c p bách, c n thi t, b t bu c, m nh l nh (n) m nh l nh, nhu c u, i u ò i h i ph i ý evolve: m ra, làm ti n hoá, lu n ecological: thu c sinh thái h c niche: ch thích h p Migration is an excellent example of how nature has responded to the biological imperative for species to evolve and spread out into all possible ecological niches that can provide the conditions necessary for species to breed and raise young higher latitude: vùng khí hâ m áp h n The most common form of bird migration involves traveling to higher latitudes to breed during the warm season optimal: t t nh t nest: t This form of migration allows birds to breed in areas that provide optimal conditions for nesting and feeding their young continent: ti t , i u , l c a situate upon: t vào v trí primarily: u tiên, tr c h t Because of the way in which the continents are situated upon Earth, migration of this type takes place primarily into the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere arctic: thu c b c c c, giá rét>