ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS Give the full form of these followings: Give the full form of these followings: 1.USA 1.USA 2.NATO 2.NATO 3.UNO 3.UNO 4.VOA 4.VOA 5.V- Day 5.V- Day 6.TV 6.TV 7.Prof. 7.Prof. 8.Zoo 8.Zoo 9.ITCC 9.ITCC 10.ASEAN 10.ASEAN 11.FM 11.FM 12.Interpol 12.Interpol 13.B.C 13.B.C 14.brunch 14.brunch 15.UNESCO 15.UNESCO United Nations of America North Atlantic Treaty Organization United Nations Organization Voice of America Victory day Television Professor Zoological garden International Training and Consultancy Center Association of South-East Asia Nations Frequency modulation International Criminal Police Organization Before Christ Breakfast and lunch United Nations Educasional, Scientific and Cultural organization So what is Abbreviation? So what is Abbreviation? How many types of Abbreviation? How many types of Abbreviation? How to make Abbreviation? How to make Abbreviation?  An An abbreviation abbreviation is a shortened form of a is a shortened form of a word or word or phrase phrase .( the shortening of a word or .( the shortening of a word or phrase to be used to represent the full form.) phrase to be used to represent the full form.) There are four main types of abbreviations: There are four main types of abbreviations: clipped forms, acronyms, blended forms and clipped forms, acronyms, blended forms and contractions. contractions. Clipped forms Clipped forms of words usually consist of the of words usually consist of the few letters of the full form. few letters of the full form. Eg: Eg: cont. cont. = continued, = continued, in in = inch. = inch. limo limo = limousine, = limousine, hippo hippo = hippopotamus = hippopotamus bus bus = omnibus, = omnibus, taxi taxi = taxicab = taxicab zoo zoo = zoological garden, = zoological garden, deli deli = delicatessen = delicatessen ad = advertisement, dorm = dormitory ad = advertisement, dorm = dormitory memo = memorandum memo = memorandum 1. Clipped forms 1. Clipped forms + + Initial clipping Initial clipping : : the first part of a word is clipped the first part of a word is clipped : : Phone = telephone, plane = airplane…. Phone = telephone, plane = airplane…. + + Final clipping Final clipping : : the last part of a word is clipped the last part of a word is clipped : : Exam = examination, Lab = laboratory, sis = sister, Exam = examination, Lab = laboratory, sis = sister, prof. = professor, doc = document…. prof. = professor, doc = document…. + + Initio- final clipping Initio- final clipping : : both the first and the last parts are both the first and the last parts are clipped. clipped. flu = influenza, tec = detective…. flu = influenza, tec = detective…. + + Medial clipping Medial clipping : : the medial part is clipped the medial part is clipped : : maths = mathematics, specs = spectacles, maths = mathematics, specs = spectacles, V-day = Victory day, H-bomb = Hydro bomb…. V-day = Victory day, H-bomb = Hydro bomb…. 2. Acronyms 2. Acronyms  Acronyms are Acronyms are abbreviations abbreviations that are formed using the that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name.( Acronyms initial components in a phrase or name.( Acronyms also are the new words built from the initials of also are the new words built from the initials of several words. ) several words. ) Eg: Eg: BBC BBC = British Broadcasting Corporation = British Broadcasting Corporation VOA VOA = Voice of America = Voice of America UNO UNO = United Nations Organization = United Nations Organization UNESCO UNESCO = United Nations Educasional, = United Nations Educasional, Scientific and Cultural Organization Scientific and Cultural Organization R&R R&R = rest and recreation = rest and recreation R&D R&D = research and development = research and development ASAP ASAP = as soon as possible. = as soon as possible. ITALY ITALY = I trust and love you. = I trust and love you. BTW BTW = by the way… = by the way… ☼ ☼ There are two special cases of Acronyms: There are two special cases of Acronyms: Monograms Monograms and and Homonymy Homonymy . . Monograms: Monograms: are two or more letters combined are two or more letters combined in one design. They are usually used in in one design. They are usually used in hand-kerchiefs, note-paper and in hand-kerchiefs, note-paper and in wedding invitations. wedding invitations. Homonymy Homonymy : : are based on the use of idetical are based on the use of idetical sounds of words and letters. sounds of words and letters. Eg: I.O.U = I owe you, G9 = good night, Eg: I.O.U = I owe you, G9 = good night, B4 = before, OIC = Oh,I see, N = and B4 = before, OIC = Oh,I see, N = and CU29 = see you to night, 10Q = thank you. CU29 = see you to night, 10Q = thank you. 3. Blending 3. Blending  Blending Blending is the special type of shortening where is the special type of shortening where parts of words merge into one new word. parts of words merge into one new word. Eg: brunch = Eg: brunch = br br eakfast + l eakfast + l unch unch , smog = , smog = sm sm oke + f oke + f og og , , motol ( motel) = motol ( motel) = mo mo tor + ho tor + ho tel tel , , medicare = medicare = medic medic a a l + c l + c are are . . Broccoflower = Broccoflower = brocco brocco li + cauli li + cauli flower flower camcorder = camcorder = cam cam era + re era + re corder corder edutainment = edutainment = edu edu cation + enter cation + enter tainment tainment infomercial = infomercial = info info rmation + com rmation + com mercial mercial simulcast = simulcast = simul simul taneous + broad taneous + broad cast cast spork = spork = sp sp oon + p oon + p ork ork 4. 4. Contractions Contractions C C ontractions ontractions are abbreviated forms in which are abbreviated forms in which letters from the middle of the full form have letters from the middle of the full form have been omitted. been omitted. ► ► A kind of contraction is the type with an A kind of contraction is the type with an apostrophe marking the omission of letters: apostrophe marking the omission of letters: ☻ ☻ The first category of contractions is those The first category of contractions is those formed by an auxiliary verb or form of formed by an auxiliary verb or form of be be plus plus the word the word not not , with the , with the o o replaced by an replaced by an apostrophe, e.g. apostrophe, e.g. don't don't (do not), (do not), wouldn't wouldn't (would not), (would not), can't can't (cannot), (cannot), didn't didn't (did not), (did not), haven't haven't (have not). Notable exceptions include (have not). Notable exceptions include won't won't (will not), (will not), shan't shan't (shall not), and, in non- (shall not), and, in non- standard English, standard English, ain't ain't (is not, are not, am not). (is not, are not, am not). [...]... Eco.=Economics, Poli Sci.= Political Science, B.A= bachelor of arts, M.A = Master of Arts The use of currency sign: USD= United States dollar VND= Viet Nam dong PHP= Philipine peso Institution’s own abbreviation: DOT= Departure of Tourism, Phinabank= Philipine National Bank VCB= Viet Nam commercial Bank - Dates in list, graphs, tables: Jan/ Ja = January, Feb/ Fe = February, Mon= Monday - In the dictionary,... Another kind of contraction is the type with a period ending Eg: Dr = doctor, St = saint or street, dept = department, assn = association Inc = incorporate, Ltd = limited  Here are the common ways of using abbreviation: - Titles (dignity): + personal: Mr = Mister, Mrs = Mistress + professional: Dr = Doctor, Prof = professor, Engr = Engineer + Military: Col.= Colonel, Capt.= Captain, Maj.= Major - Time adverbs: . what is Abbreviation? So what is Abbreviation? How many types of Abbreviation? How many types of Abbreviation? How to make Abbreviation? How to make Abbreviation? . United States dollar USD= United States dollar VND= Viet Nam dong VND= Viet Nam dong PHP= Philipine peso PHP= Philipine peso - Institution’s own abbreviation