EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUES TO MOTIVATE STUDENTS TO LISTEN TO ENGLISH I The problem of teaching listening A new series of English textbooks for students have been used in schools in Viet Nam for some years and there has been a lot of feedback from teachers who have used them One of the problems they face is that they are not satisfied with their teaching of listening Although they have been trying to find ways to make their listening activities more effective, the results they obtain are not as good as what they want Some conclusions have been made to explain the situation Many teachers stated that the new textbooks which contain a large amount of knowledge hinder the students’ learning Others stated that they have many weak students who lack vocabulary, grammatical knowledge and have poor pronunciation, reduce classroom learning potential learning environment Sometimes the problem originates from the teachers themselves Many teachers think that if they teach in a class with many weak students, they can’t spend a lot of time teaching listening They not use all of activities they had designed when writing lesson plans because if they do, the weak students can’t keep up II What the teachers know about teaching listening All qualified English language teachers know that a listening activity consists of three stages and each stage has its own purpose There are many different activities to use in each stage The most important listening skills they should train the students to gain are listening for gist and listening for specific information They help the students to focus on the information required to finish the listening tasks What the teacher’s (as mentioned) only work well in the class where there are many good students Many teachers have the opportunity to attend the workshops on teaching listening They are trained to use lots of techniques for each stage of the listening They tried them out at the workshop in the presence of their peers They received feedback from fellow teachers and useful tips from the trainers After the workshops, the teachers went back to their schools with the eagerness to apply what they had learnt into their own language classes Some classes were successful while other’s still had problems There were no improvements from the students when they listened to the tape or did the activities instructed by the teacher This shows that no matter how effective the listening activity itself can be, teachers and students are still facing obstacles in the classroom III What we should to help develop listening skills in English language students A Issues relating to the language learners After finding out that our teachers used the listening techniques they were trained in the workshop, but not successfully in every language class, we looked into other issues relating to language learning which have been discovered so far Psychology We should take into account the psychology of learning habits and skills Certain psychological factors should be considered such as memory We should consider their mental condition, their ability Motivation and learning - Students learn well if they are well-motivated We can motivate even unmotivated students Learning styles - Visual learners learn through seeing - Auditory learners learn through listening - Tactile/Kinaesthetic learners learn through moving, doing and touching Types of Multiple Intelligence - Visual/Spatial Intelligence: ability to perceive the visual - Verbal/Linguistic Intelligence: ability to use words and language - Logical/Mathematical Intelligence: ability to use reason, logic and numbers - Bodily/Kinaesthetic Intelligence: ability to control body movements and handle objects skilfully - Musical/Rhythmic Intelligence: ability to produce and appreciate music - Interpersonal Intelligence: ability to relate and understand others - Intrapersonal Intelligence: ability to self-reflect and be aware of one’s inner state of being It is believed that each person has at least or types of intelligence So we cannot think that learners are unintelligent people Students The students who usually lack basic knowledge or skills, have difficulty in comprehension Some teachers say that in the classroom the weak students often lack concentration Students are easily confused so in the classroom the teacher should give clear, step by step, instructions The teacher should anticipate that students may need extra help, extra explanations B What we to motivate students in Listening At the pre-listening stage: have more time at the pre-listening stage by shortening the post-listening stage At this stage, we carefully prepare the lesson reading the typescripts and using The Teaching Listening Checklist The following activities can be used based on the content of each lesson: - Revise vocabulary - Revise grammatical structure - Create a gap-filling task or other tasks based on the typescript - Train listening skills - Train micro skills for listening - Give some listening tips TEACHING LISTENING CHECKLIST When teaching Listening, you help your students…? discriminate between sounds recognize words identify grammatical groupings of words connect linguistic cues to intonation and stress use their background knowledge and context to predict and to confirm meaning recall important words and ideas deal realistically with the situation think about their relationship to the speaker get clarification 10 organize what they hear 11 plan their response 12 know their reason for listening 13 pay attention to the key content words 14 guess unknown words and expressions 15 activate what they know about the topic LISTENING SKILLS - Listening for general information - Listening for details - Listening for specific information - Recognising words - Listening for the main idea - students listen to identify the overall ideas expressed in the whole recording - Listening for details – students listen for groups of words and phrases at sentence level - Listening for specific information – students listen for particular information at word level - Predicting – students try to guess key information contained in the recording before they listen - Inferring meaning – students listen to identify the difference between what the speaker says and what they actually mean - Identifying emotion – students listen to identify the mood of certain speakers - Listening for opinions – students listen to identify the attitude of certain speakers - Inferring relationships – students listen to identify who the people are in the recording and what the relationship is between them - Recognizing context – students listen to aural and contextual clues to identify where the conversation takes place, who is speaking, etc MICROSKILLS OF LISTENING COMPREHENSION Retain chunks of language of different length in short term memory Discriminate among the distinctive sounds of English Recognize English stress patterns, words in stressed and unstressed positions, rhythmic structure Recognize reduced forms of words Distinguish word boundaries, recognize a core of words, and interpret word order patterns and their significance Process speech at different rates of delivery Process speech containing pauses, errors, corrections, and other performance variables Recognize grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs, etc.), systems (e.g tense, agreement, pluralisation), patterns, rules, and elliptical forms Detect sentence constituents and distinguish between major and minor constituents 10 Recognize that a particular meaning may be expressed in different grammatical forms 11 Recognize cohesive devices in spoken discourse 12 Recognize the communicative functions of utterances, according to situations, participants, goals 13 Inter situations, participants, goals using real world knowledge 14 From events, ideas, etc, described, predict outcomes, infer links and connections between events, deduce causes and effects, and detect such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, given information, generalization, and exemplification 15 Distinguish between literal and implied meanings 16 Use facial, kinesics, “body language”, and other nonverbal clues to decipher meanings 17 Develop and use a battery of listening strategies, such as detecting key words, guessing the meaning of words form context, appeal for help, and signalling comprehension of lack thereof At the while-listening stage: - Remember to tell the aim of listening before you let the students to listen to the tape - Write a very easy question so that the students can answer after the first listening (to encourage them to listen, to make them have a feeling of success) - Write more additional questions to the listening tasks to make them easy for the students - Ask the students to guess before they listening to the tape (Do not say what they guess is wrong or right, ask why they guess so if necessary) - Be flexible when getting the students to listen to the tape Read the listening text if you find it helpful to your students AN EXAMPLE OF LISTENING LESSON FOR STUDENTS * Unit – Listening, Task – The 10th Form Textbook ▪ The following is the listening Task (page 16) from the Textbook and Tape script * Task 1: You will hear Mr Lam, a cyclo driver, talk about his morning Activities Listen to his talk and number the pictures in their correct order * Tapescript Hello everyone, my name is Lam I'm a cyclo driver in Ho Chi Minh City I usually have a busy working day I get up at five thirty in the morning I start work at six My first passenger is usually an old man I take him from District to District After I drop him at a cafe near Ho Chi Minh City College of Education, I pedal to Thai Binh Market My next passenger is a lady who does shopping there every two days I help her put all her purchases into the cyclo and then take her to her shop in Tran Hung Dao Street At about ten thirty I ride off toward Nguyen Thi Minh Khai School There I park my cyclo, chat with some of my fellows and wait for my third passengers They are two school pupils, a girl and a boy I take them home At twelve I have lunch at a food stall near Ben Thanh Market After lunch, I park my cyclo under a tree, take a short rest and then continue my afternoon's work In The Tieng Anh 10 textbook in Viet Nam, activities in the three stages are ready for the teachers to use The problem is that many students are still weak at learning English, particularly, listening Sometimes they are fed up with listening activities because they are forced to listen to stories or conversations from the cassette players, and grasp nothing Sometimes they feel happy in listening activities, because they just pretend to some activities the teacher asks them to do, pretend to listen to the tape carefully, finish one or two tasks in the textbook and wait for the answers to the tasks the teacher tell them or someone of their classmates who is lucky to get the teacher’s book In the Listening lesson of Unit – The 10th form Textbook currently used in upper secondary schools in Viet Nam, the teacher has to go through the two tasks For Task 1, the students are asked to listen and number the pictures in the correct order We can the following activities to help the students complete the task successfully and develop further their language skills A At the pre-listening stage: Revise vocabulary: get up, old man, a lady, fellows, school pupils, take a short rest Use the pictures in the textbook to help the students to find out the Vietnamese equivalence Helps the students to find out the Vietnamese equivalence of other English words given in the task: district, routine, office, pedal, purchase, drop, ride, park, food stall, passenger Note: After the two above activities, students can obtain more words needed for listening to the task Ask the students to pay attention to some clues: + The time: five thirty, six, after, twelve + The words: first passenger, next passenger, third passengers 3.a Ask the students to use the given words to complete the spaces in the following sentences (The sentences are extracted from the listening text): work get up park food stall ride off a I …… at five thirty in the morning b At about ten thirty I …… toward Nguyen Thi Minh Khai School c I start … at six d At twelve I have lunch at a …… near Ben Thanh Market e After lunch, I …… my cycle under a tree 3.b Tell the students that the above sentence belongs to a paragraph about the daily routine of a cyclo driver, but they are not in their correct order Ask the students to put them (You can use Vietnamese for the instruction if you find it helpful and you want to save the time in case your students not understand the instruction in English) Ask the students to put the following sentences in their correct order (The sentences are extracted from the listening text): a My next passenger is a lady who does shopping there every two days b My third passengers are two school pupils, a girl and a boy c My first passenger is usually an old man Note: The activities 3.b and serve to help the students to be familiar with the ordering task Ask one student to mime what a cyclo driver does everyday Note: This activity will change the atmosphere in the classroom because it is funny and it helps the tactile learners to show themselves Activities 1, is for visual learners or students having verbal intelligence Activities 3.b and are for students having logical intelligence A During the listening stage: - Ask the students to listen to the tape for the first time and answer the following questions: The listening text is about …… A a cycle driver B a school student C a college lecturer - For the second or third, or fourth listening the teacher should help the students to finish the listening task in the textbook * Have the students listen to the tape When the students take the listening test, they listen to the tape twice and then use what they have heard to the test After some days the students will be informed the test result If the teacher the same in the class, that means he does not teach but test listening In the listening lesson, the teacher has to finish the lesson in 45 minutes with the two listening tasks in the textbook If we ask the teachers how many times they should let the students to listen to the tape we can get various answers Some of them say at least three times, the others say more than three or as many as possible The ways they are as follow: The teacher lets the students listen to the tape twice and ask them to the listening task in the textbook and then call out the answers to the questions If the students not give the correct answers, the teacher lets them listen to the tape more The teacher lets the students listen to the tape once and asks the students to the listening task in the textbook And then he lets them to listen to the tape the second time, asks the students to the task After the third time of listening the teacher starts to ask the students to give the answers The teacher lets the students listen to the tape three times in succession and then asks the students to the listening task The same steps are repeated for the listening task Nothing wrong with the above mentioned steps the teachers use and the times they let the students listen to the tape Three or four times of listening are all helpful providing that the students’ listening skills are developed What we want to discuss here is that if you not help the students to listen (if you are not the helper) they cannot hear IV Conclusion Our way of teaching listening is that we change our attitudes towards the students’ ability in listening, prepare the lesson plans carefully in class, exploit the transcript, try our best to lead the listening lessons in a flexible way and study other issues in relation to teaching and learning such as motivation, psychology and learning styles You, certainly, have your own difficulties in teaching listening and you have your own way of teaching listening and helping your students to listen in English But one more thing I would like to say is that not think or say about your difficulties in teaching listening When you think you have difficulties, you cannot anything because everything will be difficult for you Identify the difficulties you have and your students have and find the way to overcome those ... fourth listening the teacher should help the students to finish the listening task in the textbook * Have the students listen to the tape When the students take the listening test, they listen to. .. lets them listen to the tape more The teacher lets the students listen to the tape once and asks the students to the listening task in the textbook And then he lets them to listen to the tape... – students listen to identify the mood of certain speakers - Listening for opinions – students listen to identify the attitude of certain speakers - Inferring relationships – students listen to