WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION Nguyen Thi My Linh + Vu Thi Ngoc Duyen Ngon Ngu Anh A – K3 Instructor : Mai Thi Lan Anh REPORTED STATEMENTS - Direct Speech and Indirect Speech - Indirect Statements - Tell or say? - Change of tenses - Cases the tenses remain unchanged - Pronouns and Adjectives in indirect speech - Expressions of time and place in indirect speech - Modal verbs (might, ought to, should, would,…) and “used to” in indirect statements I – Direct speech and Indirect speech : • Speech may be reported in two ways: directly or indirectly When we report what we or other people have said or thought, we can use direct speech, but we usually use indirect speech • Direct speech (also called quoted speech) state or writes a speaker’s exact words When writing direct speech, put quotation mark before and after the speech you are quoting -Example: Dave said: “I’ve lost my watch” • Indirect speech (also called reported speech) reports some, most, or all of what are speaker said without using the exact words the speaker used Do not use quotation mark when writing indirect speech -Examples: 1.Lan told me that she had had a new dress She said that she was watching TV II - Indirect Statements Tell or say -There is no comma after say in indirect speech, that can usually be omitted after say But it should be kept after other verbs: admit, observe, promise, deny, remind, reply, complain, explain, object, protest, remark, etc… - Example: She said (that) she had read that book Not use : She said (that), she had read that book TELL SAY - We use tell if we say who we are talking -Otherwise, use say : to - Say (that) / Say to somebody (that) (IN - Tell somebody (that) (IN THE PRESENT) THE PRESENT) - Told somebody (that) (IN PAST) + Example : Bella told me that you were ill (Not: Bella said me…) Sarah’s boss told her that she could - Said (that)/ Said to somebody (that) (IN PAST) + Example : Bella said that you were ill (Not: Bella told that…) leave early (Not: Sarah’s boss said Sarah’s boss said that she could leave her…) early (Not: Sarah’s boss told that she…) *Notes: There are a few expressions where *Notes: You can say “say something to we can use tell without a personal object: somebody” tell a lie, tell a joke, tell a story, tell the - Example: David said goodbye to me and time, tell the truth,… left (Not: David said me goodbye…)  PRACTICES : Choose the suitable verb to complete each sentence Put the chosen verb in the correct tense form told 1.She … me she was a film star (say/tell) said 2.Lisa her mother was a famous singer (say/tell) says tells 3.She … she doesn’t gossip but she her friends everything (say/tell) tells 4.Don’t take his work for it, he never the truth (say/tell) said 5.The doctor …… I had to stay in bed (say/tell) - Change of tenses - Verbs tense often change in reported speech When the verb in the main clause (Tom said, etc) in the past, the verb in the noun clause is often shifted to one of past tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Present simple Past simple Present continuous Past continuous Present perfect Past perfect Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous Past simple Past perfect* Past continuous Past continuous/ Past perfect continuous* Past perfect Past perfect (no change) Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous (no change) Future simple Future in the past Future continuous Future continuous in the past 4-Pronouns and Adjectives in indirect speech  Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person, except when the speaker is reporting his own words: -Ex: He said, “I have forgotten the combination of my safe” →He said that he had forgotten the combination of his safe -Ex: I said, “I like my new house” →I said that I like my new house     Subjects Objects Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronounce The table of the changes pronouns and possessive adjective in reported speech Direct speech Indirect speech I He / She We They You I / They / He / She Me Him / Her Us Them You Me /Us Mine His / Hers Ours Theirs Yours Mine / Ours My His / Her Our Their Your My / Our / His / Her / Their 5- Expressions of time and place in indirect speech Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows: The table of the changes of time and place in indirect speech Direct speech Indirect speech Now Then Today That day Tonight That night Yesterday The day before/ the previous day Tomorrow The next/ the following day/ the day after The day after tomorrow In two days' time/ two days after Next + Time The following + Time Last + Time The previous + Time/ The + Time + before Time + ago Time + before/ Time + earlier This, these That, those Here, Over here There, Over there -Ex: She said, “My father died a year ago” →She said that her father had died a year before/ the previous year  But if the speech is made and reported on the same day, these time changes are not necessary: -Ex: At breakfast this morning he said, “I will be very busy today” →At breakfast this morning he said (that) he would be very busy today PRACTICES : Choose the correct answer Emily said, “Our teacher will go to London tomorrow” A Emily said that our teacher would go to London tomorrow B Emily said that their teacher would go to London the next day C Emily said that their teacher go to London the next day Helen: “I was writing a letter yesterday” A Helen told me that she was writing a letter the day before B Helen told me that she had been writing a letter yesterday C Helen told me that she had been writing a letter the day before Robert: “My father flew to New York last year” A Robert told me that his father had flown to New York the year before B Robert told me that his father flew to New York the year before C Robert told me that his father had flown to New York last year “I saw the school-boy here in this room today”, she said A She said that she had seen the school-boy here in this room that day B She said that she had seen the school-boy there in that room that day C She said that she saw the school-boy there in that room today III- Modal verbs in indirect speech We often need to make changes to modal verbs Direct speech Indirect speech Will Would Ex:” We will play football”, he said →He said (that) we would play football Can ” I can play piano well”, Tom said Could →Tom said (that) he could play piano well May “It may rain”, the weatherman said Might → The weatherman said (that) it might rain Must “You must lose kilos!” the doctor said Must/ Had to → The doctor said (that) I must/had to lose kilos NOTE: Shall in reported speech Shall become would when it refers to the future Ex: “I shall tell them everything,” → I decided I would tell them everything Shall become should when it is a suggestion Ex: “We shall go”, Lisa said → Lisa said (that) we should go Ought to, might, should, would, used to, had better, could *in indirect statement often don’t change Ex: He said, “Mary might ring today” → He said that Mary might ring that day You ought to/ you should/you must, if used to express advice rather than obligation, can be reported by advise + object +infinitive Ex: You ought to/should read the instructions,” He said → He said that I should/ought to read the instructions → He advise/urged me to read the instructions Ex: “I know the place well because I used to live here,” he explained → He explained that he knew the place well because he used to live there A: Could for ability Could for present ability does not change: Ex: “I can’t/couldn’t stand on my head” Tom said → He said (that) he couldn’t stand on his head Could for future ability or Could in type conditional sentences can remain unchanged or be reported by would be able to: Ex1: He said, “I could it tomorrow” → He said (that) he could it/would be able to it the next day Ex2: “If I had the tools, I could mend it,” Tony said → Tony said (that) if he had the tools, he could/would be able to mend it Could for past ability can remain unchanged or be reported by had been able to: Ex: She boasted, “I could read when I was three” →She boasted (that) she could/had been able to read when she was three B: Could for permission In type conditional sentences “Could” can remain unchanged or be reported by would be allowed to: Ex: “If I paid my fine I could work out of prison today”, Tom said → Tom said that if he paid his fine he could/would be allowed to work out of prison that day Could can remain unchanged or be reported by was/were allowed to or had been allowed to: Ex: He said, “When I was a boy I could stay up as long as I liked” → He said (that) when he was a boy he could/was allowed to/had been allowed to stay up as long as he liked GENERAL EXERCISES : Complete these sentences into indirect speech 1) Benjamin:”I often have a big hamburger.” he often has a big hamburger → Benjamin says (that) …………………… 2) Hannah:"They live in Boston." they lived in Boston → Hannah said (that) ……………………… 3) Tyler: “Tom doesn't invite girls to his parties." Tom didn't invite girls to his parties → Tyler told me (that) ………………………… 4) Dominic:"She understands Japanese." she understands Japanese → Dominic remarks (that) …………………… 5) Sophia: “Bella doesn't collect stickers.” Bella doesn't collect stickers → Sophia explains (that) …………………………… 6) Andrew: “We didn’t eat fish two days ago” they hadn’t eaten fish two days before → Andrew remarked (that)…………………………… 7) She said, "You should go to bed early" I should go to bed early → She said (that)……………………………… 8) He said, “I cannot drive them home” he couldn’t drive them home → He said (that)……………………………………… 9) “I must go home to make the dinner”, said Mary she had go home to make the dinner → Mary said (that)………………………………… 10) “This story happened long ago”, he said that story had happened long before → He said (that)…………………………………… Choose the correct answer to complete these sentences in reported speech: 'We're going ice-skating.‘ They said they……… ice-skating a Were going b was going c had been going 'You look nice.' He told me that I………nice a Look b looked c looking 'I'll send you a postcard.' He told us that he………us a postcard a Will send b would send c had will send 4. They………that they didn't want to meet us on Tuesday a Said b told c will say The last time I saw Tony, he looked very relaxed He explained that he had been on holiday the…… week a Earlier b following c previous 10 I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it…… raining there a Should be b was c is Someone…… me there’s been an accident on the motorway a told b said c asked She said I……an angel a had been b was c were John often says he…… boxing because it…… a cruel sport a doesn’t like/ is b did not like / were c had not liked / was 10 She said she ……collect it for me after work a would b did c must THANKS FOR YOR ATTENTION !! HAVE A GOOD DAY !! .. .REPORTED STATEMENTS - Direct Speech and Indirect Speech - Indirect Statements - Tell or say? - Change of tenses - Cases the tenses... verbs (might, ought to, should, would,…) and “used to” in indirect statements I – Direct speech and Indirect speech : • Speech may be reported in two ways: directly or indirectly When we report what... speech you are quoting -Example: Dave said: “I’ve lost my watch” • Indirect speech (also called reported speech) reports some, most, or all of what are speaker said without using the exact words