Sentence-Combining Practice Grade 11 i_ii_Anc_889915.indd 21 4/9/08 4:54:19 PM Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the program Any other reproduction, for sale or other use, is expressly prohibited Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 978-0-07-889915-7 MHID: 0-07-889915-X Printed in the United States of America 10 047 12 11 10 09 08 i_ii_Anc_889915.indd 22 4/9/08 4:54:19 PM Contents Introduction iv Compound Sentences Compound Elements Items in a Series Modifiers Before a Noun Coordinate and Compound Adjectives Set-off Adjectives and Other Modifiers Other Set-off Elements Elements Set Off for Contrast Appositives Possessive Apostrophes 10 Adjective Phrases 11 Verbal Phrases as Adjectives 12 Adverbs and Phrases Acting as Adverbs 13 Essential Adjective Clauses with That and Who 14 Essential Adjective Clauses with Whom and Whose 15 Subject-Verb Agreement 16 Nonessential Adjective Clauses 17 Adverb Clauses I 18 Adverb Clauses II 19 Adverb Clauses III 20 Conjunctive Adverbs 21 But, However, Although, and Despite 22 Correlative Conjunctions 23 Noun Clauses I 24 Noun Clauses II 25 Verbal Phrases as Nouns 26 Absolute Phrases 27 Descriptive Writing I: The Vertebra 28 Descriptive Writing II: First Car 29 Narrative Writing I: Blackout 30 Narrative Writing II: The Cradle 31 Expository Writing I: Keeping Warm 32 Expository Writing II: The Polygraph 33 Persuasive Writing I: The Polygraph: Cons 34 Persuasive Writing II: The Polygraph: Pros 35 Answers 36 iii Sentence-Combining Practice Introduction Sentence combining (S-C) is a way to warm up before the game In the writing game, as in most other games, things tend to happen at once All at the same time you’re trying to think of what to say, how to express it, how to spell the words, how to punctuate the sentences, and where to go next In this game, too, it helps if you’ve practiced each skill separately Combining sentences slows you down and gives you time to experiment The words are already there, and your task is simply to combine sentences meaningfully You don’t have to worry about what you’ll write in the following sentence or where to go next Getting Started There are two kinds of sentence-combining exercises in this book: signaled and unsignaled Signaled exercises give you specific suggestions on how to combine groups of sentences, called clusters Unsignaled (or open) sentence clusters encourage you to experiment on your own Signaled Exercises Signaled exercises help you by pointing toward particular choices, though even with these you may have more than one good option In these sentence-combining worksheets, signaling takes three forms: information is underlined, put in brackets [ ], or set in CAPITAL LETTERS To understand how these forms are used, study the examples below Underlining Certain information may be repeated in two or more sentences in a cluster Underlining shows you the words that are new The new information should be added to the new sentence a The woman turned and smiled b The woman was in the booth These sentences could be rewritten so that the repeated information (the part of b that isn’t underlined) is left out The new information is added to the following sentence: The woman in the booth turned and smiled Now try this cluster: a The woman in the booth turned and smiled b The booth was near the front Brackets When you combine two or more sentences, you may occasionally have to change slightly the form of a word; you may have to add a punctuation mark; you may have to include a signal word—or you may have to two of these things, or all three of them In signaled exercises an important clue to the change is suggested in brackets In the following cluster we’ve included in brackets the punctuation mark and the change in form a He walked to the window b He brushed the hair from his eyes [, + ing] He walked to the window, brushing the hair from his eyes Notice that the word brushed has to be changed to brush before the -ing is added iv Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 Sentence-Combining Practice In the following cluster we signaled a hyphen in the brackets Notice what happens to miles when we add the hyphen Note also the signal word and, telling how to incorporate c a She enjoyed a morning jog b The jog was three miles [-] c She enjoyed a quick shower [and] She enjoyed a three-mile morning jog and a quick shower Punctuation marks occur singly or in pairs A pair of marks, such as [— .—], shows you one way to embed information in the middle of a sentence Study the cluster below a Deborah was much in demand at parties b Deborah was a gifted guitarist [— —] Deborah—a gifted guitarist—was much in demand at parties In the next cluster a signal word in the brackets suggests another way of combining sentences Try it a Ralph pushed the dish away b Ralph hated chicken livers [, who ] Capital Letters The CAPITAL LETTERS used in the third form of signaling spell out the neutral word SOMETHING This word is often found in the first sentence of a cluster It shows where the following sentence or part of that sentence should go a He tried SOMETHING b He would lift the manhole cover [to] He tried to lift the manhole cover a Martha asked SOMETHING b I was feeling some way [how] Martha asked how I was feeling Here are two more clusters to try Recheck the examples if you’re puzzled a We realized SOMETHING b Joanne was going to win [that] a He asked SOMETHING b They had left for some reason [why] Unsignaled Exercises Unsignaled (or open) exercises invite you to try all sorts of combinations until you find the one you like best For example, see how many different combinations you can make from this sentence cluster a Toni was ill b Her parents were concerned Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 v Sentence-Combining Practice The possibilities are numerous Here, to give you the feel of open sentence combining, are just a few combinations: Toni was ill, and her parents were concerned Because Toni was ill, her parents were concerned Toni’s illness concerned her parents Toni’s parents were concerned about her illness Toni’s illness Toni’s parents Of concern to Toni’s parents was the fact that You could probably come up with more versions When doing unsignaled exercises, try whispering different versions to yourself, or work with a friend or a group to try out various possibilities Listen to your friends, and listen even more carefully to your own voice Experiment and Enjoy The purpose of these sentence-combining sheets is to help you learn to enjoy writing—to help you find your own things to say and your own voice in which to say them The signals are merely a first step toward that goal You will find that in most exercises only the first few clusters will be signaled Signaling will then be phased out, except for an occasional hint at a tough spot This will allow you to start slowly each time, and if you become puzzled later on, you can go back and look again at how you did an exercise before For a review of sentence-combining hints and for further practice, turn to Unit in your textbook As you work with these sheets, experiment and enjoy Listen to the sentences your friends offer, and offer them your own And listen closely to your own voice You already know more than you think you vi Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Compound Sentences Key Information A simple way to combine sentences is to use a coordinating conjunction The coordinating conjunctions are and, but, or, nor, for, and yet a She found the right road b She couldn‘t turn [, but] c It was flooded [for] She found the right road, but she couldn‘t turn, for it was flooded ■ Directions Use a comma plus a coordinating conjunction to join the sentences in each cluster a The trash needed to be taken out b The kitchen sink was ready for a good scrubbing [, and] a Charles may go out for cross-country b He may just focus on his studies this term [, or] a I’ve decided to look into the Peace Corps b A desk job doesn’t appeal to me right now [, for] a This may be the breakthrough we’ve been looking for b It may be just another false alarm [, or] a Many of the relay stations are out of commission b They’re doing their best to get the calls through [, but] Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc a He’s going back to school next term b He’s tired of flipping burgers for a living [, for] a They’re not listed in the phone directory b We [not] have their address [, nor] a A weather front moved through after midnight b The next day was free of air pollution [, and] c Tanya continued to have difficulty breathing [, but] a Some of the women were put to work b They had their own tools [, for] c Most of them had to wait till the truck arrived [, but] 10 a They waited at least a half-hour b The waiter never returned [, but] c The maitre d’ would not look their way [, and] Writer’s Choice: Sentence Combining-Practice, Grade 11 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Compound Elements Key Information Sometimes we combine sentences that share information One way to avoid repeating the shared information is by using compound elements a The tenants declared a workday b The tenants cleaned up the grounds [and] The tenants declared a workday and cleaned up the grounds ■ Directions Use the coordinating conjunctions and, or, but, and yet to combine the sentences in each cluster Include only the new information (which is underlined in the first few items) from sentence b (and, in items and 10, from sentence c as well) a Kenji watched a documentary on Ireland b Kenji read the newspaper [and] a Kenji watched a documentary on Ireland b Kenji watched the evening news [and] a Ursula knew him in the first grade at Boyson School b Donna knew him in the first grade at Boyson School [and] a Mr Ruggiero was a demanding boss b Mr Ruggiero was a fair boss [but] a Nick’s recipes have all been inexpensive b Nick’s recipes have all been tasty [yet] c Nick’s recipes have all been easy to fix [and] a Highway is narrow through that stretch b Highway is winding through that stretch a Leticia was beginning to feel the cold b Duane was beginning to feel the cold a We had thoroughly enjoyed their visit b We were anxious to have them leave 10 a They had found no work in Libertyville b They had found little work in Preston c They had found steady work in Cache Junction Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc a We don’t know whether they’re coming at six o’clock b We don’t know whether they’re coming at seven o’clock Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Items in a Series Key Information Three or more items in a series require punctuation, usually a comma The last two items are usually connected with a coordinating conjunction, which is always preceded by a comma a Lynne folded the letter b Lynne sealed it in an envelope [,] c Lynne searched the drawer for a stamp [, and] Lynne folded the letter, sealed it in an envelope, and searched the drawer for a stamp ■ Directions Combine each cluster so that the new information (which is underlined in the first few items) forms a series Connect the last two items in the series with the coordinating conjunction and, but, or or a Gloria worked on the fence b Sean worked on the fence [,] c Their cousin James worked on the fence [, and] Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc a You may choose the chocolate mousse for dessert b You may choose the fresh strawberries for dessert [,] c You may choose the pecan pie for dessert [, or] a They laughed at the funny lines b They cried at the sad lines [,] c They chuckled at the silly lines [, and] a He had searched the locker room for his backpack b He had searched his apartment for his backpack [,] c He had searched Ray’s car for his backpack [, and] a You may write him b You may call him [,] c You may not communicate with him at all [, or] a They offered us food b They offered us shelter [,] c They offered us comfort [, and] a The policy covers yearly checkups b The policy covers office visits c The policy covers hospitalization a She fed the baby before leaving for work b She bathed the baby before leaving for work c She rocked the baby before leaving for work d She did not sing to the baby before leaving for work a Her wallet dropped to the floor b Her checkbook dropped to the floor c Her loose change dropped to the floor 10 a b c d e He shopped at the market He prepared the food He cooked the dinner He did not serve the guests He did not the dishes Writer’s Choice: Sentence Combining-Practice, Grade 11 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Modifiers Before a Noun Key Information Placing an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, or a participle before a noun often condenses information very effectively a The politician was greeted by the crowd b The politician was youthful c The crowd was enthusiastic The youthful politician was greeted by the enthusiastic crowd ■ Directions Combine each cluster so that the new information (which is underlined in the first few items) is used as a modifier before a noun a Three dumpsters stood at the end of the alley b The dumpsters were large a He tossed the bananas onto the compost heap b The bananas were blackened a An old wall separated their properties b The wall was of stone a She found a ring under the cushions b The ring was old c The cushions were of the sofa a The child watched the dancers b The child was fascinated c The dancers were graceful a For emphasis the man kept poking his finger into my chest b The man was persistent c The finger was his index one a Two cans of olives sat on the shelf b The cans were dented c The olives were black d The shelf was highest a b c d 10 a b c d e Some carp rested in the shade of the leaves The carp were variegated The carp were Japanese The leaves were waterlily Music welled up from the grounds The music was stirring The music was martial The grounds were for parades The grounds were distant Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc a Shells were scattered across the floor b The shells were from peanuts c The floor was tile Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Descriptive Writing I: The Vertebra 28 ■ Directions Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish He picked up the vertebra He was surprised at SOMETHING [and + — —] It felt so light [how] He turned it slowly 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 The following was so except for the spurs of bone [,] It was like a biscuit in color It was like a biscuit in weight [,] It was like a biscuit in size [,] It was like a biscuit in shape [, and] 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Three spurs of bone radiated from a hole in the back The hole was the size of a dime [-ed] They splayed like fingers [-ing] The fingers were thin The fingers were like blades [-] 4.1 4.2 4.3 He brought the bone near his nose He could sense the faint odor It was the odor of formaldehyde 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 He held it close to his left eye He could see the fine latticework It was where the central blade-like finger was chipped The latticework was of the bone marrow It was an amber geometry It was like a honeycomb 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 He began to wonder something This had been part of someone’s back Someone’s spinal cord had passed through the hole The hole was the size of a dime 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 The spinal cord had shuttled messages The messages were electrochemical Perhaps the messages had moved the legs of a runner The runner had run long distances Perhaps the messages had moved the hands of an artist Perhaps the messages had moved the hands of a poet Perhaps the messages had moved the hands of a carpenter 8.1 8.2 8.3 He placed the vertebra back on the shelf He had taken it from the shelf The placing was with a certain reverence Writer’s Choice: Scentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 28 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Descriptive Writing II: First Car 29 ■ Directions Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Angel walked over to the driveway The car sat there The car looked as large as a pyramid The car looked as ancient as a pyramid 2.1 2.2 2.3 He had asked his father for something sporty He had begged his father for something sporty This monster was as sporty as a tank 3.1 Was there a good side? 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 The paint was a dull grayish blue It had the sheen of dry clay The body was badly rusted The body was free of dents The chrome bumpers were shiny The chrome bumpers were straight 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 The car was a 1973 model The car was three years older than Angel The odometer showed only seventy-one thousand miles This was less than the mileage on his father’s car 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 The upholstery was a dusty gray The upholstery was not a color Angel would have chosen The upholstery showed no wear The headliner was sound 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 It had no tape deck It had no stereo speakers It had a radio The radio was AM/FM 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 He had wanted a car with chrome wheels He had wanted a car with fancy tires At least these were radials The tread showed almost no wear 9.1 9.2 9.3 And there was a final point The final point was the most important to Angel This car was a gift from his father Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 29 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Narrative Writing I: Blackout 30 ■ Directions Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish It is late It is nearly midnight [, ,] The power fails [when] It flickers briefly and then goes off altogether [-ing + -ing] 2.1 2.2 2.3 Selma is alone in the office The cleaning crew is now several floors below [, for] The cleaning crew has finished for the night [, + -ing ,] 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Her first feeling is anger The anger is not merely for the text The computer may have dumped it The anger is also for the delay She couldn’t have anticipated the delay 4.1 4.2 4.3 Then she is swept by a wave of fear It starts in her stomach and sweeps upward It prickles her scalp 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 The darkness is total It is oppressive It is nearly stifling It envelops her like a shroud 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Selma inhales deeply She exhales slowly She feels her chest rise and fall She tries to let the grip of fear loosen She tries to let the grip of fear slacken 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 She wishes she were across the hall She wishes she were in her own office It has a window Through it she would be able to see the street The street is seventeen stories below 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 She moves in the direction of the doorway Her high heels are in her left hand Her stockinged feet inch across the carpet Her hands sweep the air in front of her They are like some giant beetle’s antennae 9.1 9.2 She senses the wall before she touches it The wall echoes the sound of her heavy breathing 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Then she begins to search for the door She walks crabwise Her hands explore the wall The exploring is with frantic urgency She finds the knob Writer’s Choice: Scentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 30 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Narrative Writing II: The Cradle 31 ■ Directions Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The old man started SOMETHING He ran the steel wool over the wood His strokes were soft His strokes were even His strokes were steady 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 The fine dust sifted down It settled on the workbench It settled on the floor The floor was smooth concrete It settled on his shoes His shoes had square toes 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 He had finished the final buffing The buffing was with the steel wool He had wiped all the sawdust from the cradle He reached up to the cupboard The cupboard was above the workbench He took down a pint can The can was on the top shelf The can was of walnut stain 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 He wiped the lid clean with an old rag He pried the lid off with a screwdriver He peered inside He tipped the can slightly This was to see how much was left 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 The old man was satisfied with SOMETHING There was enough stain for the job The old man selected an ice-cream stick The selection was from a paper cup The old man began to stir the liquid The liquid was dark brown A sharp smell teased his nostrils 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 He could see SOMETHING The stain was thoroughly mixed He took a clean cloth from a drawer He shook the cloth three or four times This was to free the lint from it He folded it into a pad 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 He dipped the corner of the cloth into the stain He began to rub the side of the cradle He brought the grain into sharp relief The grain was rich His gnarled fingers darkened as he worked Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 31 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Expository Writing I: Keeping Warm 32 ■ Directions Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine clusters if you wish All animals react to temperatures The temperatures are of the environment [-al] The temperatures rise and fall [as] 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Some animals are particularly sensitive These animals have cold blood The sensitivity is to fluctuations The fluctuations are of temperature 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 The temperature drops [When] All cold-blooded animals must become briefly torpid All cold-blooded animals must hibernate [and] All cold-blooded animals must die [or] 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Other animals are less sensitive These animals have warm blood The sensitivity is to changes The changes are in the temperature Nature has provided them with ways They can generate body heat They can retain body heat 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Mammals are warm-blooded Birds are warm-blooded They retain heat in the same way That way is with insulation For birds the insulation is feathers For most mammals the insulation is fur For most mammals the insulation is hair [or] 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Some mammals have little hair Some mammals have no hair They must rely on another sort of insulation That insulation is body fat 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Sea-dwelling mammals typically rely on body fat The fat keeps them warm They are in frigid water These mammals include whales, seals, and walruses 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Humans insulate themselves with clothing Humans typically have little body hair Some humans have almost no body fat The clothing is sometimes made from the hair of other animals The clothing is sometimes made from plant fibers The clothing is sometimes made from artificial materials 9.1 9.2 9.3 Clothing, hair, and feathers work on the same principle They create a layer of warm air The layer is between the animal and the environment Writer’s Choice: Scentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 32 1.1 1.2 1.3 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Expository Writing II: The Polygraph 33 ■ Directions Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The polygraph is a combination of three instruments The polygraph is popularly known as the lie detector One instrument is the pneumograph One instrument is the sphygmomanometer One instrument is the galvanometer 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 A person is hooked up to the polygraph The person is actually hooked up to the separate instruments Each of them gives a separate output The output is recorded on a single graph 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 The subject breathes The pneumograph measures the breathing patterns The pneumograph records the breathing patterns It detects the extent of movement It detects the rate of movement The movement is of the chest 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 The subject’s heart beats The sphygmomanometer detects changes The changes are in the pulse rate The changes are in the heart rate [(or )] The changes are in blood pressure 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 The subject perspires The galvanometer detects increased conductivity The galvanometer records increased conductivity The conductivity is of electrical impulses The electrical impulses are in the muscles The electrical impulses are in the skin 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 The subject answers a question truthfully His or her breathing remains steady His or her heartbeat remains steady The galvanic skin response remains relatively flat 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 The subject lies or dissembles His or her breathing becomes irregular His or her breathing becomes shallow The heartbeat increases sharply The blood pressure increases sharply The galvanic skin response shows spikes and troughs 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 These patterns are recorded on a single graph They are recorded simultaneously They are recorded one above the other This allows analysts to make correlations The correlations help resolve ambiguous responses Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 33 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Persuasive Writing I: The Polygraph: Cons 34 ■ Directions Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish In the early 1980s polygraphs were used Polygraphs are also called “lie detectors.” [, ,] They were used on millions of people each year Most of them were job applicants [,] 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Employers used the polygraph for SOMETHING They screened prospective employees [to] The purpose was to learn SOMETHING Some might have used drugs [who] Some might have stolen from previous employers [or] 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Laws now prohibit SOMETHING Companies use the polygraph to screen employees [from + -ing] This is largely owing to the case of Shama Holleman [,] She was fired from her job after failing a polygraph test [, who] Its results were later proved to be in error [whose] 4.1 4.2 4.3 Government agencies can still administer polygraphs [Nonetheless] Some security services can still administer polygraphs Some drug companies can still administer polygraphs 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Police also routinely use the polygraph They question suspects in criminal cases They test the credibility of witnesses in criminal cases The results of the test cannot be used in court 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 There is a reason for SOMETHING Polygraph results cannot be used for SOMETHING They cannot determine eligibility for employment They cannot determine guilt or innocence in a court of law They are not always accurate 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Polygraph results rely on SOMETHING People react to stress in some way [how] People can control responses to some degree [what] The responses are in breathing The responses are in heart rate The responses are in nervous perspiration 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Someone skilled in techniques might beat the machine The techniques include yoga The techniques include transcendental meditation These techniques include other methods of highly focused concentration Someone terrified by the whole experience might fail He or she is innocent Writer’s Choice: Scentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 34 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Persuasive Writing II: The Polygraph: Pros 35 ■ Directions Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The polygraph is not perfect [Though] Many still consider SOMETHING The polygraph is a useful tool The tool assists fallible humans in SOMETHING They arrive at the truth 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Two people offer contrasting versions of the same event Only one version, at most, can be accurate The person is more likely to be believed The person submits to a polygraph test 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 The evidence may not be introduced in a court of law A polygraph test may help SOMETHING It convinces investigators of innocence The innocence is of a subject It turns the investigation in another direction The other direction is more fruitful [, ,] 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 There may be a few “false positives.” Some reputations may be temporarily damaged Some reputations may even be permanently damaged Many feel SOMETHING That is a small price to pay for SOMETHING We keep the public safe 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Certain occupations must be kept free of drug users These occupations include public transportation These occupations include law enforcement These occupations include public health The polygraph could be one instrument The instrument could detect potential abusers 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 SOMETHING is especially crucial We screen candidates for jobs The jobs are in law enforcement We weed out the unscrupulous We weed out the bigoted 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 A polygraph test could be one way There would be many ways [among] The ways would keep persons from SOMETHING The persons are unfit to enforce the law The persons work with the public 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Advocates of the polygraph adhere to a principle The principle is simple SOMETHING is better than SOMETHING We err on the side of justice We err on the side of lawlessness Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 35 Sentence-Combining Practice Answers Note: In the exercises on pages 1–27, there is sometimes more than one possible answer In the exercises on pages 28–35, the range of possible answers is far broader ■ PAGE Compound Sentences The trash needed to be taken out, and the sink was ready for a good scrubbing Charles may go out for cross-country, or he may just focus on his studies this term I’ve decided to look into the Peace Corps, for a desk job doesn’t appeal to me right now This may be the breakthrough we’ve been looking for, or it may be just another false alarm Many of the relay stations are out of commission, but they’re doing their best to get the calls through He’s going back to school next term, for he’s tired of flipping burgers for a living They’re not listed in the phone directory, nor we have their address A weather front moved through after midnight, and the next day was free of air pollution, but Tanya continued to have difficulty breathing Some of the women were put to work, for they had their own tools, but most of them had to wait till the truck arrived 10 They waited at least a half-hour, but the waiter never returned, and the maitre d’ would not look their way ■ PAGE ■ PAGE Items in a Series Gloria, Sean, and their cousin James worked on the fence You may choose the chocolate mousse, the fresh strawberries, or the pecan pie for dessert They laughed at the funny lines, cried at the sad lines, and chuckled at the silly lines 36 Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 ■ PAGE Modifiers Before a Noun Three large dumpsters stood at the end of the alley He tossed the blackened bananas onto the compost heap An old stone wall separated their properties She found an old ring under the sofa cushions Peanut shells were scattered across the tile floor The fascinated child watched the graceful dancers For emphasis the persistent man kept poking his index finger into my chest Two dented cans of black olives sat on the highest shelf Some variegated Japanese carp rested in the shade of the waterlily leaves 10 Stirring martial music welled up from the distant parade grounds ■ PAGE Coordinate and Compound Adjectives He drew a long, deep breath The hard-packed soil was poor for gardening The hard-packed and bricklike soil was poor for gardening She offered a choice of meat-filled or cheese-filled ravioli The narrow, leaf-covered path led into a dense woods A friendly, inquisitive youngster watched me work The panther gave a deep, full-throated warning She bought full-coverage, no-fault insurance for her car The energy-efficient, wind-powered equipment is proving practical 10 Two four-year-old children played on the steep-sloped bank ■ PAGE Set-off Adjectives and Other Modifiers Winded and perspiring, he crawled up from the ravine Tall and straight as a spear, she stood beside the fire The players—spent and bruised but pleased with their performance—made their way to the locker room The ewe, exhausted, nuzzled the newborn lamb Crisp and fresh from the garden, two heads of lettuce lay in the sink He lifted the bowl of soup—savory and steaming hot—closer to his face Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Compound Elements Kenji watched a documentary on Ireland and read the newspaper Kenji watched a documentary on Ireland and the evening news Ursula and Donna knew him in the first grade at Boyson School Mr Ruggiero was a demanding but fair boss Nick’s recipes have all been inexpensive yet tasty and easy to fix We don’t know whether they’re coming at six o’clock or at seven o’clock Highway is narrow and winding through that stretch Leticia and Duane were beginning to feel the cold We had thoroughly enjoyed their visit but were anxious to have them leave 10 They had found no work in Libertyville and little work in Preston, but they had found steady work in Cache Junction He had searched the locker room, his apartment, and Ray’s car for his backpack You may write him, call him, or not communicate with him at all They offered us food, shelter, and comfort The policy covers yearly checkups, office visits, and hospitalization She fed, bathed, and rocked the baby before leaving for work, but she did not sing to the baby Her wallet, checkbook, and loose change dropped to the floor 10 He shopped at the market, prepared the food, and cooked the dinner, but he did not serve the guests or the dishes Sentence-Combining Practice The garden, cool and inviting, lay beyond the fence Ms Stimson, confident and thoroughly prepared, strode to the podium Lithe and rippling, the boa constrictor slithered along the branch 10 They ate apples, crisp and juicy, and cheese, sharp and crumbly ■ PAGE Other Set-off Elements As an opponent he was persistent, one might say relentless He tossed—essentially fired—the football toward me It was disquieting, even unnerving, to watch him leave She called our names in a melodic—almost operatic— voice Anna stepped—indeed, plunged—from the porch We felt satisfied (less than overjoyed, but satisfied) with the decision Our quarters were satisfactory—indeed, in some respects almost splendid Mr Tanaka would usher—indeed, propel and at times nearly hurl—the dog from the room He recited—or at least mouthed the words to—his poem and then gave us a smile 10 We cleaned the kitchen speedily—not to say thoroughly, but certainly speedily Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE Elements Set Off for Contrast Fishing can be a pleasurable—but costly—hobby We tried (though were not always able) to hide our feelings It was a time of intensely emotional—if meager—output for Arnold They promised to ask—or if need be, to plead with— him for help This is an adequate—though not altogether desirable—set of alternatives We spent two (though it seemed like six) hours watching their slides The children were willing and eager (but only occasionally helpful) workers in the shop He owed—but failed to acknowledge (even to himself)—a debt to Ms Ramirez They brought over—but refused to help us eat—a platter of fried chicken 10 She denies (though witnesses affirm) that she was in Fresno at the time ■ PAGE Appositives Chocolate comes from the seeds of a tree, the cacao All three agreed on their favorite day of the week, Saturday Most of her parents’ albums were by two groups: the Rolling Stones and the Beatles While in Utah they visited the capital, Salt Lake City She had memorized two of Robert Frost’s poems: “The Road Not Taken” and “Fire and Ice.” John F Kennedy—the thirty-fifth president of the United States—was assassinated on November 22, 1963 Yuki (a tax auditor) cooks gourmet meals as a hobby A bicycle, a gift from his parents, is parked at the curb Martha, a Tory, and Tom, a Whig, rarely talked politics 10 Her husband—a short, affable man with a red beard—was in the foreign service when they met ■ PAGE 10 Possessive Apostrophes The car’s antenna was broken The wind had dislodged the birds’ nests Tony’s essay was excellent Yusuf ’s uncle drove us to the soccer game The Rosses’ new car has air bags I asked to borrow Lloyd and Renee’s car We have been studying our country’s history The children’s books were arranged in uniform rows The Williamses’ children are staying at their grandparents’ cabin 10 Omar’s sister discovered the foxes’ den ■ PAGE 11 Adjective Phrases An assortment of nuts and bolts lay on the counter The fire marshal asked the people in the aisles and along the back of the hall to move The meeting of the dog owners’ association took place at the home of my neighbor The woman in charge granted the request for additional time for mopping up The halo around the moon is a ring of ice crystals The magazine on the stack near the computer was the one Frieda had asked about The pencil in the old marmalade jar on the desk is mine A flock of ducks from the marina below the old highway landed nearby The confusion results from a disagreement about the definition of the terms 10 A request for an extension of the deadline for submitting bids on the new city hall had the committee of city planners upset ■ PAGE 12 Verbal Phrases as Adjectives The players leaving the stadium were elated Some building materials left by the construction workers were stacked in the garage An agreement to submit the issue to binding arbitration was reached The woman standing next to me raised the issue downplayed by the council at an earlier meeting The four boys helping Dan move the appliances ate the pizza delivered that morning The person credited with conceiving the plan is Katrina Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 37 Sentence-Combining Practice Two boys using kindling were the first to start a campfire An essay written by an eleventh-grader recently arrived in the United States won the prize given by a local service group Emergency supplies flown in by helicopter were distributed to groups of refugees hiding in caves and huddling together in the open 10 The child sitting alone in a room marked Playroom held a doll fashioned from scraps of cloth and held together by strips of red ribbon ■ PAGE 13 Adverbs and Phrases Acting as Adverbs Martha willingly took on the project On June 14, 1962, they left for Sumatra On his hands and knees Jim frantically searched the carpet for his contact lens To muffle the traffic noises and discourage break-ins, she customarily closes the windows in her bedroom before going to bed We cleaned our room thoroughly to prepare for tomorrow’s inspection The man in the restaurant laughed loudly and heartily Later that evening Jennifer shot baskets in the backyard with her brother After the show they talked intimately long into the morning hours about their hopes and ambitions According to Fritz, the meeting was boring as usual despite the revised agenda 10 After feeding him just before noon, she gently and lovingly put the baby down ■ PAGE 14 ■ PAGE 15 Essential Adjective Clauses with Whom and Whose He’s a person whom everyone likes immediately We can’t locate the woman whose car was damaged 38 Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 ■ PAGE 16 Subject-Verb Agreement The instructions for assembing the dresser are not clear The woman who had delivered the floral arrangements was waiting to be paid A man selling pumpkins and ears of flint corn has set up his display across the street Each of the applicants disappointed by the decision has something to learn from this The collection of paintings from famous galleries was quite valuable The request for nine laser printers has not been received in Trenton The program featuring all the new music students begins with a piano solo One of the students responsible for cleaning up after the dance feels ill A listing of those who were accepted into the honor society includes the names of Maria and David 10 A display that featured the instruments of three rock groups was insured for a million dollars ■ PAGE 17 Nonessential Adjective Clauses Oregon and Washington are separated by the Columbia River, which empties into the Pacific near Astoria, Oregon Mr Toscanelli, who was a musician by profession, had also studied mathematics Jack’s sourdough bread—for which he is famous— takes three days to prepare Rosa Parks (whose simple act helped end segregation) was working as a seamstress in 1955 Bernard, who was named head of the ski team and whom local experts have long admired, has a reputation as a world-class skier On Monday she wants the final draft, which must be letter-perfect The final draft, which she says must be letter-perfect, is due Monday Ms Pearson—against whom the judge had ruled— was in no mood to celebrate Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Essential Adjective Clauses with That and Who He spent all the money that his uncle had left him The woman who had given the lecture was questioned by the audience The vehicles that were parked overnight were impounded Harry never got the message that Ramona had given to Sam Joe’s neighbor asked to borrow the wheelbarrow that was stored in the garage Joe’s neighbor asked to borrow the wheelbarrow that Joe lent me last week I had put a jar of mayonnaise in the cooler our friends took with them to Mexico This is the box that he kept her letters in Terry is the person who was asked to organize the swim team 10 I need a cookbook that contains a recipe for meat loaf The children whose mother you just called are headed home The man whom you just asked to get you a cup of coffee is the new vice-president of sales The boy whose mother manages the computer store is on the phone Your assignment is to describe someone whom you trusted totally when you were a child Ali is a person about whom you hear nothing but nice things They are the people whose home I lived in while I was in France The man whose kitchen equipment we bought had been a chef 10 Barbara McClintock is the one whom many consider to be the greatest living geneticist Sentence-Combining Practice He is an expert on bird behavior, about which I know absolutely nothing 10 She often thought of Francis, whom she had dated in high school and in whose old car she had learned to drive ■ PAGE 18 Adverb Clauses I When he awoke, the sky was almost light After they had picked out all the burs, they bathed both dogs in a large tub As soon as she finished her homework, the power failed Wherever he travels on the Mediterranean coast, he feels at home Until he was eleven years old, he had never seen a zebra Where the maples and aspens left off, the pines took over While Louise was on the phone, Kevin brought in her gift As he opened the door to leave, the phone rang As he began to lose his balance and topple from the log into the river, she grabbed the back of his jacket 10 After Manuel had washed the final load but before he had put it into the dryer, he found two more pairs of dirty socks Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 19 Adverb Clauses II Although her thigh cramped after the twelfth mile, she completed the marathon Jason, even though he lacked experience, proved to be their most productive worker Even though he had very little time to spare, Ray drove his sister to school Whereas they succeeded in controlling the infestation this year, there’s still next year to worry about Though its summers are hot and dry, Santa Fe attracts tourists Although the city set aside another five hundred acres for landfill, the solid-waste problem was far from solved Even though they started an hour earlier than scheduled and quit two hours later than usual, they didn’t finish roofing the garage on Saturday Though he was asthmatic and frail as a child and suffered from malnutrition in his early teens, he lived to be ninety-five Although she had meager savings and lucrative offers from several large corporations, she chose to work for a small nonprofit organization 10 The neighbors, even if they can’t get funding and find it difficult to get city approval, want to renovate the abandoned store ■ PAGE 20 Adverb Clauses III Because she needed money for law school, she worked summers in a cannery in Alaska If the rains don’t let up, the seed potatoes may rot in the ground Linda called the subscription office since her Sunday paper was late again Whenever the assembly runs a bit late, Ms Skinner extends the lunch periods Whenever his stomach growled, he’d shift in his seat and cough If you still feel that way in the morning, you should make an appointment with Dr Kim Whenever we let the cat into the house, he heads straight for the potted palm Unless you’re anxious to hire a professional, I’d like a crack at fixing your carburetor If the snow lets up and they get the roads cleared, we’re heading south tomorrow 10 Unless Paula has been misinformed or I misunderstood her completely, Claude and Mina are coeditors of the paper ■ PAGE 21 Conjunctive Adverbs I’ve never tried this recipe; however, Wanda claims that it is superb They won’t try anything without her; nevertheless, she refuses to take part in the plans Their five children are all adolescents; consequently, it’s difficult to get through by phone Both wore seat belts, and the air bags inflated on impact; therefore, neither the driver nor the passenger suffered injury His credentials look good; still, we can’t hire until April She has almost no work experience; moreover, she lacks self-confidence Her family lived in Boston till she was eleven; they moved, subsequently, to Winnemucca, Nevada We recognize that you have been under some stress lately; nevertheless, we feel that this doesn’t excuse your being late every day I could save money by repairing it myself; I don’t know the first thing about furnaces, however 10 His doctor told him to drink one quart of water a day; he’s decided, however, to drink fruit juice instead ■ PAGE 22 But, However, Although, and Despite (1) Lewis was ill, but he reported for work (2) Though Lewis was ill, he reported for work (3) Though ill, Lewis reported for work (4) Despite his illness, Lewis reported for work (1) Peter was elated; he tried, however, to remain calm (2) Although he was elated, Peter tried to remain calm (3) Although elated, Peter tried to remain calm (4) In spite of his elation, Peter tried to remain calm (1) Maria was disappointed with the results; she didn’t complain at all, however (2) Though Maria was disappointed with the results, she didn’t complain at all (3) Maria, though disappointed with the results, Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 39 Sentence-Combining Practice 10 ■ PAGE 23 Correlative Conjunctions Either the battery is dead, or the radio is broken Either she is refusing to answer the phone, or she is not home Either someone on a higher floor is washing windows, or it’s raining (1) Not only can he sew, but he can also repair a sewing machine (2) Neither can he sew, nor can he repair a sewing machine (1) Not only were the carrots fresh from the garden, 40 Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 10 but they were also prepared the way we like them (2) Neither were the carrots fresh from the garden, nor were they prepared the way we like them (1) Not only did he have a headache, but he also complained of dizziness (2) Neither did he have a headache, nor did he complain of dizziness (1) Not only did the plane arrive on time, but it also departed on schedule (2) Neither did the plane arrive on time, nor did it depart on schedule (1) Not only was it my place to advise him, but I was also ultimately responsible for his work (2) Neither was it my place to advise him, nor was I ultimately responsible for his work (1) Not only did Hector say that the misunderstanding could have been prevented, but he also made us feel it was our fault (2) Neither did Hector say that the misunderstanding could have been prevented, nor did he make us feel it was our fault (1) Not only were they very helpful during her convalescence, but they also refused compensation for all that they had done (2) Neither were they very helpful during her convalescence, nor did they refuse compensation for all that they had done ■ PAGE 24 Noun Clauses I We knew how Donna was feeling We asked Bob what his problem was Who had borrowed the chess board was never determined Why they refused to participate puzzled us The waiter asked who had ordered the broiled salmon We asked when they were married She inquired how long her appointment would last Which mushrooms aren’t safe needs to be established Anita refused to speculate as to why the play had closed 10 We wondered how they knew what they knew ■ PAGE 25 Noun Clauses II Sheila hoped that the car would start Sheila wondered whether she should get a new battery My mother didn’t know if my sister had gotten home Harlan claims he turned in the assignment That Rebecca hadn’t read the chapter was obvious Whether those were grounds for dismissal was never discussed We question whether he knows what he’s doing That he knows what he’s doing seems clear I wonder whether she realizes that the insurance on her car has lapsed 10 Whether Martin found out if he is working tomorrow is doubtful ■ PAGE 26 Verbal Phrases as Nouns Forgiving one’s enemies can make one feel better They consider learning a new language very useful To make a quilt from strips of cloth takes patience as Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc didn’t complain at all (4) Despite Maria’s disappointment with the results, she didn’t complain at all (1) They are usually impractical, but they are hardheaded when it comes to finances (2) Although they are usually impractical, they are hardheaded when it comes to finances (3) Although usually impractical, they are hardheaded when it comes to finances (4) Despite their usual impracticality, they are hardheaded when it comes to finances (1) The right of eminent domain is rarely used these days; it remains, however, a powerful legal tool (2) The right of eminent domain—though it is rarely used these days—remains a powerful legal tool (3) The right of eminent domain, though rarely used these days, remains a powerful legal tool (4) The right of eminent domain, despite its rare use these days, remains a powerful legal tool [Note: For 6–10 the third option (the shortened clause) does not work because the subject is not the same in each sentence of the cluster Combining the clusters according to the third option produces misplaced modifiers.] (1) The hour was late; the guests stayed on, however (2) Even though the hour was late, the guests stayed on (4) Despite the lateness of the hour, the guests stayed on (1) The cat was nervous, but the guests insisted on trying to pick her up (2) Even though the cat was nervous, the guests insisted on trying to pick her up (4) Despite the cat’s nervousness, the guests insisted on trying to pick her up (1) The book on Renaissance art was expensive, but Howard wanted to buy it anyway (2) Though the book on Renaissance art was expensive, Howard wanted to buy it anyway (4) Despite its expensiveness, Howard wanted to buy the book on Renaissance art anyway (1) Some of these issues are tough; I’m starting, however, to get a feel for them (2) Though some of these issues are tough, I’m starting to get a feel for them (4) In spite of their toughness, I’m starting to get a feel for some of these issues (1) They searched thoroughly, but they couldn’t locate the reference book in the library (2) Even though they searched thoroughly, they couldn’t locate the reference book in the library (4) In spite of their thorough search, they couldn’t locate the reference book in the library Sentence-Combining Practice well as practice Salvador tried to swim across the lake Sam promised to bring two canteens and a compass By managing to right the canoe at the last minute, they avoided an accident The Campos children started collecting aluminum cans for recycling He thought doing less than one’s best was inexcusable We knew that pledging to work as a team would pay off in the long run 10 She rejoiced in starting to feel confident about combining clusters into single sentences Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 27 Absolute Phrases The dogs, their coats matted with burs and caked with mud, finally returned Regina sat at the end of the sofa, her legs crossed and her hands fidgeting with the fringe on a throw pillow Jason, his eyes focused, his hair falling across his forehead, and his right hand turning the pages, hunches over the desk His chest swelling with pride, he watched his daughter perform Donetta returned to the living room, her voice animated, her face revealing no distress His eyes darting both ways as he gauged the traffic, he crossed the street and entered the library, the heavy doors slowly swinging closed behind him They sprang immediately into action, Heather picking up the clothes and trash, Brian vacuuming the carpet The children—their hair combed and their faces scrubbed—came to the door They sat and talked, the stereo playing in the background and a fire crackling in the fireplace 10 She pulled to the side of the road and waited, the wind whipping across the highway and a dense cloud of dust obscuring everything and blasting her car with a sound like radio static ■ PAGE 28 Descriptive Writing I: The Vertebra He picked up the vertebra and—surprised at how light it felt—turned it slowly Except for the spurs of bone, it was like a biscuit in color, weight, size, and shape Three spurs of bone radiated from a dime-sized hole in the back, splaying like thin, blade-like fingers When he brought the bone near his nose, he could sense the faint odor of formaldehyde Holding it close to his left eye, he could see—where the central blade-like finger was chipped—the fine latticework of the bone marrow, an amber geometry like a honeycomb He began to wonder whose back this had been part of and whose spinal cord had passed through the dime-sized hole The spinal cord had shuttled electrochemical messages, messages that perhaps had moved the legs of a long distance runner, the hands of an artist or a poet or a carpenter With a certain reverence he placed the vertebra back on the shelf from which he had taken it ■ PAGE 29 Descriptive Writing II: First Car Angel walked over to the driveway, where the car sat looking as large and ancient as a pyramid He had asked— begged—his father for something sporty, but this monster was as sporty as a tank Was there a good side? The paint was a dull grayish blue with the sheen of dry clay, but the body, though badly rusted, was free of dents, and the chrome bumpers were shiny and straight Though the car was a 1973 model (three years older than Angel), the odometer showed only seventy-one thousand miles, less than the mileage on his father’s car Though the upholstery was a dusty gray—not a color Angel would have chosen—it showed no wear, and the headliner was sound It had no tape deck or stereo speakers, but it had an AM/FM radio He had wanted a car with chrome wheels and fancy tires; at least these were radials, and the tread showed almost no wear And there was a final point, most important to Angel: this car was a gift from his father ■ PAGE 30 Narrative Writing I: Blackout It is late, nearly midnight, when the power fails, flickering briefly and then going off altogether Selma is alone in the office, for the cleaning crew, having finished for the night, is now several floors below Her first feeling is anger—not merely for the text the computer may have dumped but also for the delay she couldn’t have anticipated Then she is swept by a wave of fear, which starts in her stomach and sweeps upward, prickling her scalp The darkness—total, oppressive, nearly stifling—envelops her like a shroud Selma inhales deeply and exhales slowly, feeling her chest rise and fall, trying to let the grip of fear loosen and slacken She wishes she were across the hall in her own office, which has a window through which she would be able to see the street seventeen stories below With her high heels in her left hand, she moves in the direction of the doorway, her stockinged feet inching across the carpet, her hands sweeping the air in front of her like some giant beetle’s antennae She senses the wall before she touches it, the wall echoing the sound of her heavy breathing Then, walking crabwise, she begins to search for the door, her hands exploring the wall with frantic urgency until she finds the knob ■ PAGE 31 Narrative Writing II: The Cradle The old man started to run the steel wool over the wood, his strokes soft, even, and steady The fine dust sifted down, settling on the workbench, on the smooth concrete floor, and on his square-toed shoes When he had finished the final buffing with the steel wool and had wiped all the sawdust from the cradle, he reached up to the cupboard above the workbench and from the top shelf took down a pint can of walnut stain Wiping the lid clean with an old rag, he pried it off with a screwdriver and peered inside, tipping the can slightly to see how much was left As soon as he was satisfied that there was enough stain for the job, the old man selected an ice-cream stick from a paper cup and began to stir the dark-brown liquid, a sharp smell teasing Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 41 Sentence-Combining Practice his nostrils When he could see that the stain was thoroughly mixed, he took a clean cloth from a drawer, shook it three or four times to free the lint from it, and folded it into a pad After dipping the corner of the cloth into the stain, he began to rub the side of the cradle, bringing the rich grain into sharp relief, his gnarled fingers darkening as he worked ■ PAGE 32 Expository Writing I: Keeping Warm All animals react to environmental temperatures as they rise and fall Some animals—the cold-blooded ones—are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in temperature When the temperature drops, all cold-blooded animals must become briefly torpid and hibernate or die Other animals—the warmblooded ones—are less sensitive to changes in the temperature since nature has provided them with ways of generating and retaining body heat Mammals and birds, both warmblooded, retain heat the same way— that is, with insulation: feathers for birds and fur or hair for most mammals Some mammals have little or no hair and must rely on another sort of insulation: body fat Seadwelling mammals—including whales, seals, and walruses—typically rely on body fat to keep them warm in frigid water Humans, who typically have little body hair and some of whom have almost no body fat, insulate themselves with clothing, which is sometimes made from animal hair, plant fibers, or artificial materials Clothing, hair, and feathers work on the same principle, creating a layer of warm air between the animal and the environment ■ PAGE 33 42 Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 Persuasive Writing I: The Polygraph: Cons In the early 1980s polygraphs, also called “lie detectors,” were used on millions of people each year, most of them job applicants Employers used the polygraph to screen prospective employees to learn who might have used drugs or stolen from previous employers Laws now prohibit companies from using the polygraph to screen employees, largely owing to the case of Shama Holleman, who was fired from her job after failing a polygraph test whose results were later proved to be in error Nonetheless, government agencies, some security services, and some drug companies can still administer polygraphs Police also routinely use the polygraph to question suspects and to test the credibility of witnesses in criminal cases, though the results cannot be used in court There is a reason polygraph results cannot be used to determine eligibility for employment or to determine guilt or innocence in a court of law: they are not always accurate Polygraph results rely on how people react to stress and to what degree they can control responses in breathing, heart rate, and nervous perspiration Someone skilled in techniques including yoga, transcendental meditation, and other methods of highly focused concentration might beat the machine, whereas someone terrified by the whole experience might fail, even if he or she is innocent ■ PAGE 35 Persuasive Writing II: The Polygraph: Pros Though the polygraph is not perfect, many still consider it a useful tool for assisting fallible humans in arriving at the truth When two people offer contrasting versions of the same event, only one of which, at most, can be accurate, the person who submits to a polygraph test is more likely to be believed The evidence may not be introduced in a court of law, but a polygraph test may help convince investigators of a subject’s innocence and turn the investigation in another, more fruitful, direction While there may be a few “false positives” and some reputations may be temporarily (or even permanently) damaged, many feel that this is a small price to pay for keeping the public safe Certain occupations—including public transportation, law enforcement, and public health—must be kept free of drug users, and the polygraph could be one instrument for detecting potential abusers That we screen candidates for jobs in law enforcement to weed out the unscrupulous and the bigoted is especially crucial A polygraph test could be one way among many to keep persons unfit to enforce the law from working with the public Advocates of the polygraph adhere to the simple principle that to err on the side of justice is better than to err on the side of lawlessness Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Expository Writing II: The Polygraph The polygraph (popularly known as the lie detector) is a combination of three instruments: the pneumograph, the sphygmomanometer, and the galvanometer A person hooked up to the polygraph is actually hooked up to the separate instruments, each of them giving a separate output, which is recorded on a single graph When the subject breathes, the pneumograph measures and records the breathing patterns, detecting the extent and rate of chest movement As the subject’s heart beats, the sphygmomanometer detects changes in the pulse (or heart) rate and in blood pressure If the subject perspires, the galvanometer detects and records increased conductivity of electrical impulses in the muscles and skin When the subject answers a question truthfully, his or her breathing and heartbeat remain steady, and the galvanic skin response remains relatively flat If the subject lies or dissembles, however, his or her breathing becomes irregular and shallow, the heartbeat and blood pressure increase sharply, and the galvanic skin response shows spikes and troughs These patterns are recorded simultaneously—one above the other—on a single graph, allowing analysts to make correlations that help resolve ambiguous responses ■ PAGE 34 ... to be changed to brush before the -ing is added iv Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 Sentence-Combining Practice In the following cluster we signaled a hyphen in the brackets... cluster a Toni was ill b Her parents were concerned Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 v Sentence-Combining Practice The possibilities are numerous Here, to give you the feel... voice You already know more than you think you vi Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 11 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Compound Sentences Key