NHỮNG TRỌNG ĐIỂM NGỮ PHÁP CẦN LƯU Ý 1/ ĐẠI TỪ * Đại từ nghi vấn: who, whose, whom, … - What + be …like? Dùng hỏi tính cách, tính chất Ex: What was the exam like? – It was very difficult What is David like? – He is very sociable - What does he / she / it …look like? Dùng hỏi vẻ bên Ex: What does she look like? – She is tall - What about + V-ing = How about + V-ing …? Đưa gợi ý đề nghị - Which (nào, nào, người nào) Ex: Which is your favourite subject? Ex: Which of these photos would you like? - Which of + determiner W + N (plural) Which of us is going to the washing-up? - Which of + pronoun Note: + Which lựa chọn số lượng có giới hạn There’s fruit juice, coffee and tea Which will you have? + What dùng có lựa chọn rộng rãi What would you like to drink? * Đại từ phân bổ: - All (tất cả): chủ ngữ, tân ngữ bổ ngữ All were eager to leave I’ll all I can Wallet, ticket and a bunch of keys, that’s all in his pocket - All of + determiner + N (plural/uncountable) + V(plural/singular) - All of us / you / them + V (plural) All (of) my friends like reading All of the money has been spent I’m going to invite all of you - All of + N (singular) = the whole - Most (phần lớn, hầu hết) I’ve eaten all of the cake = I’ve eaten the whole cake - Most + determiner + N + V(plural/singular) - Most of us / you / them + V (plural) Most of the people here know each other He spends most of his free time in the library Most of us enjoy shopping - Each (mỗi) - Each of + determiner + N (plural) + V(singular) - Each of us / you / them + V (singular) * Đại từ hỗ tương: đại từ mối quan hệ qua lại hai nhiều người vật với nhau, gồm each other one another (nhau, lẫn nhau) Sue and Ann don’t like each other / one another They sat for two hours without talking to each other / one another Không dùng each other sau từ meet, marry similar They married in 1990 (not: They married each other.) 2/ DANH TỪ 2.1 Danh từ ghép: - danh từ gồm hai nhiều từ kết hợp với Danh từ ghép viết thành hai từ riêng biệt, có gạch ngang hai từ kết hợp thành từ Ex: world peace, non-stop train, writing-table - cách thành lập danh từ ghép: a Danh từ + danh từ (Noun + noun) toothpick (tăm) schoolboy tennis ball bus driver river bank b Tính từ + danh từ (Adjective + Noun) quicksilver (thủy ngân) greenhouse (nhà kính) blackbird (chim két) c Danh từ + danh động từ (Noun + gerund): loại công việc weigh-lifting (cử tạ) fruit-picking (việc hái quả) coal-mining (việc khai thác than) d Danh động từ + danh từ (Gerund + noun) waiting-room (phòng chờ) swimming pool (hồ bơi) driving licence (bằng lái xe) washing-machine (máy giặt) e Các trường hợp khác: - Tính từ + động từ: whitewash (nước vôi) - Động từ + danh từ: pickpocket (tên móc túi) - Trạng từ + động từ: outbreak (sự bùng nổ) - Động từ + trạng từ: breakdown (sự suy sụp) - Danh từ + giới từ: passer-by (khách qua đường), looker-on (người xem) - Danh từ + tính từ: secretary-general (tổng thư ký, tổng bí thư) 2.2 Danh từ số nhiều từ có nguồn gốc từ tiếng Hy Lạp Latin: Số bacterium curriculum Số nhiều bacteria curricula datum criterion phenomenon basis crisis data criteria phenomena bases crises analysis hypothesis analyses hypotheses Nghĩa vi khuẩn chương trình giảng dạy kiện tiêu chuẩn tượng tảng khủng hoảng phân tích giả thuyết 2.3 Danh từ đếm danh từ không đếm * Cách thành lập danh từ số nhiều: - Thêm –s vào danh từ số - Thêm –es sau danh từ số tận s, ss, sh, ch, x, z, zz - Thêm –s trước o nguyên âm: radios, micros - Thêm –es trước o phụ âm: potatoes, tomatoes, heroes - Thêm – s trước y nguyên âm: plays, boys - Thêm – es trước y phụ âm: lorries - Danh từ tận f /fe đổi thành –ves: leaf  leaves thief  thieves - Thêm –s vào sau danh từ tận f / fe khác: beliefs,cafes - Một số từ có số nhiều bất qui tắc: child – children foot – feet goose – geese ox – oxen man – men mouse – mice fish - fish tooth – teeth woman – women sheep – sheep deer – deer 3/ TỪ CHỈ SỐ LƯỢNG Với danh từ đếm - some / any (một vài) - many - a large number of - a great number of - plenty of Với danh từ không đếm dược - some / any (một ít) - much - a large amount of - a great deal of - plenty of 2 - a lot of / lots of - few / a few - every / each - several (nhiều) - lot of / lots of - little / a little - some: dùng câu khẳng định, câu yêu cầu, lời mời, lời đề nghỉ - any: dùng câu phủ định, nghi vấn - many, much dùng câu phủ định, nghi vấn - a lot of, plenty of, a great number of … dùng câu khẳng định - many, much dùng câu khẳng định có từ very, too, so, as - few, little (ít, không nhiều): thường có nghĩa phủ định, không đủ để dùng - a few / a little (một vài, ít): thường có nghĩa khẳng định, đủ để dùng He drank so much wine that he felt sick Would you like some more coffee? We haven’t got any butter There aren’t any chairs in the room Hurry up! There is little time Let’s go and have a drink We have got a little time before the train leaves 4/ SỐ CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ: - Số thập phân, phân số, đo lường + động từ số Three quarters of a ton is too much - All, some, plenty + of + danh từ số  động từ số - Half, part, a lot, + of + danh từ số nhiều  động từ số nhiều Some of the milk was sour A lot of my friends want to emigrate - No + danh từ số  động từ số - No + danh từ số nhiều  động từ số nhiều No people think alike No student has finished their assigmnet 5/ LIÊN TỪ (Conjunctions) a Liên từ kết hợp: dùng để nối từ, cụm từ mệnh đề độc lập có chức ngữ pháp: and, but, or, nor, so, yet (tuy nhiên, nhưng), for (vì) The new method is simple, yet effective I told her to leave, for I was very tired - Liên từ tương quan: not only … but also, both … and, either … or, neither … nor, whether …or (có … hay), Peter neither spoke nor did anything I have not decided whether to travel abroad or buy a new car - Một số trạng từ dùng từ nối để nối hai mệnh đề câu độc lập: hence (do đó), however (tuy nhiên), furthermore (hơn nữa), moreover (hơn nữa), therefore (vì vậy), nevertheless (tuy nhiên), meanwhile (trong đó), otherwise (nếu không thì, kẻo), consequently (vì vậy, cho nên) I had better write it down, otherwise I will forget it We must be early; otherwise we won’t get a seat b Liên từ phụ thuộc: nối mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính: after, before, since, when, whenever, while, until, till, as, where, wherever, because, so that, in order that, although, though, even though, even if, unless, in case, provided / providing that, supposed / supposing that, as if, as though, as long as (miễn là,với điều kiện là)… - besides (giới từ): bên cạnh Besides + Nound / pronoun / V-ing Besides doing the cooking, I look after the garden - besides (trạng từ): ra, đứng trước mệnh đề I can’t go now I am too busy Besides my passport is out of date - in spite of the fact that / despite the fact that + S + V - reason why + S + V: lý The reason why grass is green was a mystery to the little boy 3 - reason for + Noun: lý The reason for the disaster was engine failure, not human error WISH / IF ONLY Hiện tại: S + wish + S + QKĐ If only + S + QKĐ I am poor now  I wish / If only I were rich Quá khứ: S + wish + S + QKHT If only + S + QKHT I didn’t meet her  I wish / if only I had met her Tương lai: S + wish + S + would / could + V1 If only + S + would / could + V1 I wish I could attend your wedding next week CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH: Lưu ý mệnh đề mệnh đề trạng ngữ mục đích không chủ từ không nên dùng cụm từ mục đích Ta dùng cấu trúc for + O + to-inf I left the door unlocked so that my son could get in I left the door unlocked for my son to get in CHỈ KẾT QUẢ: - so many / so few + danh từ đếm số nhiều + that + clause - so much / little + danh từ không đếm + that + clause There were so few people at the meeting that it was canceled I have got so little time that I can’t manage to have lunch with you - Cấu trúc khác so … that S + V + so + adj + a + Noun (đếm số ít) + that + S + V It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors - Có thể dùng such trước danh từ tính từ She is such a baby that we never dare to leave her alone (Nó trẻ không dám để nhà mình) - So dùng với many, much, few, little; such dùng với a lot of Why did you buy so much food? = Why did you buy such a lot of food? - So đặt đầu câu để nhấn mạnh, theo sau phải đảo ngữ So terrible was the storm that whole roofs were ripped out CHỈ LÝ DO - because of + Noun / pronoun/ V-ing - due to / owing to Owing to his carelessness, we had an accident She stayed home because of feeling unwell - because / since / as / seeing that / due to the fact that + S + V As you weren’t there, I left a message Seeing that the weather was bad, they didn’t take part in the trip - for, in that, in as much as dùng để đưa lý lối nói trang trọng (trước for phải có dấu phẩy) - now that = because of the fact that Now that the exams are over, I can enjoy myself 10 CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỘ - No matter + what / who / when / where / why + S + V - No matter + how (adj / adv) + S + V - Whatever (+ noun) / whoever / whenever / wherever + S + V - However (+ adj) + S + V No matter who you are, I still love you Don’t trust him, no matter what he says 4 Phone me when you arrive, no matter how late it is Whatever problems you have, you can phone me Whatever you say, I don’t believe you I’m not opening the door, whoever you are However much he eats, he never gets fat - adj / adv + as / though + S + V: mặc dù, dù Rich as he is, he is unhappy = Rich though he is, he is unhappy 11 CHỈ CÁCH THỨC: thường bắt đầu as, as if, as though He could not come as he promised - As if / As though: dùng diễn tả điều kiện thật khứ * Hiện tại: S + V + as if / as though + S + V (QKĐ) * Quá khứ: S + V + as if / as though + S + V (QKHT) She dresses as if she were an actress He talked about New York as though he had been there before 12 HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT + V1: nên, tốt nên You had better take your umbrella with you today You had better not go out in the rain 13 WOULD RATHER S + would rather (+ not) + V1 + (than) … thích S + would rather + (that) + S + V (QKĐ / QKHT) … I would rather stay at home I would rather stay at home than go to the movie I would rather you went home now - would prefer + to-inf - would rather …than = would prefer …rather than I’d rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema He would prefer to drive rather than take the bus 14 Modal Verbs + be + V-ing: dự đoán việc xảy It’s a.m He must be working 15 Modal Verbs + have + V3/-ed: dự đoán việc không xảy khứ Peter failed the exam again He must have been very sad 16 Thể bị động: - Có hai tân ngữ My mother gave me some money I.O D.O I was given some money by my mother Some money was given to me by my mother Khi đem túc từ vật làm chủ từ câu bị động có hai túc từ cần ý thêm từ: to, for Những từ với to: send, write, give Đi với for: buy - Động từ giác quan: see, look, hear, notice, taste … Active: S + V + O + V1 / V-ing Passive: S + be + V3/-ed + to-inf / V-ing - Từ cảm xúc: like, love, hate, wish, prefer, hope … Active: S + V + O + to-inf Passive: S + V + O + to be + V3/-ed She wanted her mother to give her some money  She wanted some money to be given 5 17 to-inf / V-ing / V1 - help + O + to-inf / V1 - had better, would rather, had sooner, why not + V1 Why not stay for lunch? - advise, recommend, allow, permit, encourage, require + V-ing - advise, recommend, allow, permit, encourage, require + O + to-inf They don’t permit us to smoke here They don’t permit smoking here - what, when, where, how …+ to-inf - after, before, since, when, while + V-ing 18 SO SÁNH - với danh từ: more + noun + than - much, far, a lot, a little: đặt trước so sánh để nhấn mạnh I have more books than Peter does She is much more intelligent than I think - Khi nói gấp lần, ta dùng twice as …as, three times as …as Their house is about three times as big as ours 19 RÚT NGẮN MỆNH ĐỀ - hai hành động có chủ từ xảy lúc  hành động sau diễn đạt cụm phân từ (V-ing) He walked along He whistled a happy tune  He walked along whistling a happy tune - hai hành động có chủ từ xảy liên tiếp  hành động xảy trước diễn đạt cụm phân từ (V-ing) phân từ hoàn thành (Having + V3/-ed) She opened the bottle and then poured milk into his glass  Opening the bottle, she poured milk into his glass He had finished all work; he went out for a while  Having finished all work, he went out for a while - dùng khứ phân từ cho mệnh đề bị động He lived alone He had been forgotten by everybody  He lived alone, forgotten by everybody He was waken by a strange noise He couldn’t sleep any more  Waken by a strange noise, he couldn’t sleep any more 20 It’s time / It’s high time - It’s time / It’s high time + (for + O) + to-inf - It’s time / It’s high time + S + V (QKĐ) It’s high time you got a job It’s time to buy a new car 21 MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định rút gọn cụm danh từ We visited Dalat, which is a city of Lam Dong Province  We visited Dalat, a city of Lam Dong Province George Washington, who was the first president of the United States, was a general in the army  George Washington, the first president of the United States, was a general in the army 22 CÂU CẢM THÁN - How + adj How beautiful! - How + adj / adv + S + V How beautifully you sing! - How + S + V How you’ve grown! (Con lớn nhanh quá) - What + a / an (+ adj) + danh từ đếm số What an intelligent girl! - What (+ adj) + danh từ không đếm được, danh từ số nhiều What awful weather! - What (+ a / an) + adj + N + S + V What a beautiful dress you are wearing! 6 23 TRẬT TỰ TÍNH TỪ GROUP Từ định, mạo từ, sở hữu … Từ số lượng Ý kiến Kích thước Chất lượng Tuổi tác Hình dạng Màu sắc Nguồn gốc 10 Chất liệu 11 Loại 12 Mục đích EXAMPLE - a, an, the, this, these, those, some, several - one, ten, nine … - wonderful, lovely, beautiful … - big, small, long, fat, - important, famous, warm, modern … - old, young, new - round, oval … - red, white, blue - Chinese, Japanese - stone, plastic, paper, leather - an electric kettle, political matters - walking sticks, writing boots 24 MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ - Mệnh đề danh từ có chức danh từ thường bắt đầu từ nghi vấn: that, what, who, whose, which, where, when, why, how, whether, if - Mệnh đề danh từ làm: a Chủ ngữ câu: That he can’t come is disappointing What he is talking about is interesting How the prisoner escaped is a complete mystery Whether she comes or not is unimportant to me b Tân ngữ (túc từ) động từ: Please tell me where you live I wonder if he needs help I know that you must be tired after a long journey c Tân ngữ cho giới từ: We argued for hours about when we should start Pay attention to what I am saying d Bổ ngữ cho câu: (thường đứng sau động từ to be) That is not what I want What surprised me was that he spoke English very well e Mệnh đề đồng cách cho danh từ (mệnh đề quan hệ) The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true Note: Trong mệnh đề danh từ, chủ ngữ đứng trước động từ Khong đảo ngữ câu nghi vấn I couldn’t hear what he said I wonder whose house that is 25 ĐẢO NGỮ Hình thức đảo ngữ dùng khi: - Trạng ngữ phủ định từ giơi hạn (hardly, seldom, rarely, little, nerver) đứng đầu câu Never before have I seen such an awful behaviour Seldom does she go to school late - Các trạng từ thường theo sau hình thức đảo ngữ: never, seldom, rarely, hardly, no sooner …than, only by, only in this way, not only …but also, only then, only later, not often, scarcely when - Only after, only when, only if, not until/ till có hình thức đảo ngữ mệnh đề Not until you finish your homework can you watch TV Only when I called her did I know that she was ill - Câu điều kiện bỏ if  đảo ngữ Were he here, he would help us - Cụm so + adj / adv such + be + noun  đảo ngữ 7 So sad was she that she could not say anything Such was the good book that I couldn’t put it down - Trạng ngữ nơi chốn, phương hướng đứng đầu câu  đảo toàn động từ trước chủ từ Under the bed were there the old shoes Out into the street ran the thieves (Những tên trộm chạy đường) - Here, there, first, last đứng đầu câu  đảo toàn động từ trước chủ từ There comes the bus First is standing the team leader (Đứng đầu người trưởng nhóm) - So, neither, nor đứng đầu câu I work as a teacher So I She can’t swim Neither can he 26 PHRASAL VERBS - account for - blow out - break into - bring in = introduce - burn down - call in - call on = visit - carry on = continue - catch up with - close down - come across - come along / on - come up - cut down = reduce - die out - be fed up with - fix up = arrange - get down - get on - go over = examine - hold on = wait - leave out = omit - look down on - make up - pick out - put forward = suggest - put out = extinguish - run across - run out of - send for - show around khoang - show up = arrive - stand out - take over lực) - talk over = discuss kỹ - throw away / out - turn down = refuse - wear out do, dập tắt lửa (thổi) đột nhập giới thiệu thiêu trụi ghé thăm thăm tiếp tục bắt kịp đóng cửa (doanh nghiệp) tình cờ gặp nhanh lên xảy ra, xuất giảm tuyệt chủng, hẳn buồn phiền, chán xếp làm thất vọng len xe xem xét, kiểm tra đợi bỏ quên, bỏ sót coi thường bịa đặt chọn đề nghị tắt đèn, lửa tình cờ gặp hết mời đến, triệu tập đưa tham quan - bear out = confirm xác nhận - break down hư hỏng, phá vỡ - break out bùng nổ, bùng phát - bring up = raise nuôi nấng - call for ghé qua - call of = cancel hủy bỏ - call up = telephone gọi điện - carry out = execute tiến hành - clear up = tidy dọn dẹp - come about = happen xảy - come off = succeed thành công - come over ghé nhà - count on / upon tin vào, dựa vào - cut off ngừng cung cấp - drop in ghé qua - fill in điền thông tin - get by = manage xoay xở - get off xuống xe - give out = distribute phân phát - hand in nộp - hold up = stop, delay hoãn, ngừng - look back on = remember nhớ lại - make out hiểu - make up for bù, đền bù - pull down phá hủy, phá sập - put in for đòi hỏi, xin - put up with chịu đựng - see off tiễn - sell off bán giảm giá - set off / out khởi hành - show off phô trương, khoe đến bật đảm nhiệm, tiếp tục - shut up - take on - take up thảo luận - think over = consider ném từ chối mòn, rách - try on thử quần áo - turn into trở thành, biến thành - work out = calculate tính toán ngừng nói đảm nhận công việc chiếm (thời gian, sức cân nhắc, nghĩ 8 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN A Lý thuyết I Cấu trúc Câu điều kiện loại - Công thức : IF + S + V/ Vs/Ves , S + WILL/ CAN/ MAY + Vbare inf - Cách dùng: Chỉ việc xảy tương lai - Ex: If it is sunny, I will go fishing Câu điều kiện loại - Công thức : IF + S + Ved , S + WOULD/ COULD/ MIGHT + Vbare inf ( be dùng were dù chủ từ số hay nhiều ) - Cách dùng: Chỉ việc khó xảy tương lai - Ex: If I were you, I would go abroad Câu điều kiện loại - Công thức : IF + S + HAD +P.P , S + WOULD/ COULD/ MIGHT + HAVE + P.P - Cách dùng: Chỉ việc không xảy khứ - Ex: If I hadn’t been absent yesterday, I would have met him Câu điều kiện loại zero - Công thức: IF + S + V/ Vs/Ves, S + V/ Vs/Ves - Cách dùng: Diễn tả chân lí, qui luật - Ex: If water is frozen, it expands Câu điều kiện Hỗn hợp - Công thức: IF + S + HAD +P.P, S + WOULD + Vbare inf - Cách dùng: Mệnh đề điều kiện dùng điều kiện loại điều kiện ngược thực tế khứ, mệnh đề dùng điều kiện loại kết ngược - Ex: If you had not spent too much yesterday, you would not be broke now II Câu điều kiện dạng đảo Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 1: Should + S + Vbare inf, S + Will + Vbare inf - Ex: If he has free time, he’ll play tennis => Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 2: Were + S + to + Vbare inf, S + Would + Vbare inf - Ex: If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book => Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3: Had + S + V3/Ved, S + Would have + P.P - Ex: If he had trained hard, he would have won the match => Had he trained hard, he would have won the match III Lưu ý  Unless = if … not :  Dạng viết lại câu đổi từ câu có if sang dùng unless: - Cách viết lại câu: Unless vào chỗ chữ if, bỏ not, vế giữ nguyên - Ex: If you don’t speak loudly, he won’t hear → Unless you speak loudly, he won’t hear  Dạng viết lại câu đổi từ câu có without sang dùng if : - Cách viết lại câu: Dùng if… not…., bên giữ nguyên ( tùy theo nghĩa mà có câu cụ thể) - Ex: Without your help, I wouldn’t pass the exam ( giúp đỡ bạn ,… ) → If you didn’t help, I wouldn’t pass the exam ( bạn không giúp,… )  Dạng viết lại câu đổi từ câu có Or, otherwise sang dùng if : - Cách viết lại câu: If you don’t ( viết lại, bỏ or, otherwise ) - Ex: Hurry up, or you will be late 10 -> He accused me of taking some of his money S + dreamed + of + v -> John dreamed of passing the exam with flying colours -> Bob had always dreamed of being rich i S + think (thought) + of +vJohn : I think so -> John and his wife were thinking of buying the house k S + admitted + v- l S + looked forward to + vMrs Smith: I think so -> Mr and Mrs Smith looked forward to meeting their children soon * EX: - My father said that New York is bigger than London - The teacher said that the moon moves around the earth - Peter said that he always drinks milk for breakfast EX: - My friend said that I had better contact with her on Monday - She said that her mother arrived on Monday When - He said when he saw them they were playing tennis A I asked Nick where was he going B I asked Nick where he was going 58 C I asked Nick where is he going Phân tích: D I asked Nick where he is going sterday, tomorrow, here, now, last ) a She said to me I wrote to him the day before b She told me she wrote to him yesterday c She told me she had written to him yesterday d She told me she had written to him the day before Phân tích: a Jamei reminded me not to eat so much junk food c Jamei reminded me not to ate so much junk food Phân tích: yesterday b Jamei asked me to not eat so much junk food d Jamei says me not to eat so much junk food / asked sbd not to V) EXERCISES Exercise 1: Change these sentences into Reported Speech: She 10 11 13 14 15 59 F 200 CỤM ĐỘNG TỪ BẮT BUỘC PHẢI THUỘC N U MU N Đ U ĐH phrasal verb meaning example sentence ask sby out invite on a date Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie ask around ask many people the same question I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet add up to sthg equal Your purchases add up to $205.32 back sthg up reverse You'll have to back up your car so that I can get out back sby up support My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job blow up explode The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence blow sthg up add air We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party break down stop functioning (vehicle, machine) Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the get upset The woman broke down when the police told her that her break down snowstorm son had died break sthg down divide into smaller parts Our teacher broke the final project down into three break in force entry to a building Somebody broke in last night and stole our stereo break into sthg enter forcibly The firemen had to break into the room to rescue the break sthg in wear sthg a few times so that it doesn't look/feel separate parts children I need to break these shoes in before we run next week 60 F new break in interrupt The TV station broke in to report the news of the president's death break up end a relationship My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America break up start laughing (informal) The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started escape The prisoners broke out of jail when the guards weren't break out talking looking break out in sthg develop a skin condition I broke out in a rash after our camping trip bring sby down make unhappy This sad music is bringing me down bring sby up raise a child My grandparents brought me up after my parents died bring sthg up start talking about a My mother walks out of the room when my father subject brings up sports bring sthg up vomit call around phone many different places/people We called around but we weren't able to find the car return a phone call I called the company back but the offices were call sby back He drank so much that he brought his dinner up in the toilet part we needed closed for the weekend call sthg off cancel Jason called the wedding off because he wasn't in love with his fiancé call on sby ask for an answer or opinion The professor called on me for question call on sby visit sby We called on you last night but you weren't home call sby up phone Give me your phone number and I will call you up 61 F when we are in town calm down relax after being angry You are still mad You need to calm down before not care for sby/ sthg not like (formal) I don't care for his behaviour catch up get to the same point as sby else You'll have to run faster than that if you want to check in arrive and register at a hotel or airport We will get the hotel keys when we check in check out leave a hotel You have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM check sby/ sthg out look at carefully, investigate The company checks out all new employees check out sby/ sthg look at (informal) Check out the crazy hair on that guy! cheer up become happier She cheered up when she heard the good news cheer sby up make happier I brought you some flowers to cheer you up chip in help If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon clean sthg up tidy, clean come across sthg find unexpectedly come apart separate you drive the car catch up with Marty Please clean up your bedroom before you go outside I came across these old photos when I was tidying the closet The top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough come down with sthg become sick My nephew came down with chicken pox come forward volunteer for a task or to give evidence The woman came forward with her husband's come from some place originate in The art of origami comes from Asia this weekend count on sby/ rely on finger prints I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out 62 sthg cross sthg out draw a line through Please cross out your old address and write your new one cut back on sthg consume less My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets and fatty foods cut sthg down make sthg fall to the ground We had to cut the old tree in our yard down after the storm cut in interrupt Your father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle cut in pull in too closely in front of another vehicle The bus driver got angry when that car cut in cut in start operating (of an engine or electrical device) The air conditioner cuts in when the temperature remove with sthg sharp The doctors cut off his leg because it was severely stop providing The phone company cut off our phone because we cut sthg off cut sthg off gets to 22°C injured didn't pay the bill cut sby off take out of a will My grandparents cut my father off when he remarried cut sthg out remove part of sthg (usually with scissors and paper) I cut this ad out of the newspaper sby/ sthg over beat up, ransack (BrE, informal) He's lucky to be alive His shop was done over by a sthg over again (AmE) My teacher wants me to my essay over because street gang she doesn't like my topic away with sthg discard It's time to away with all of these old tax records sthg up fasten, close Do your coat up before you go outside It's snowing! dress up wear nice clothing It's a fancy restaurant so we have to dress up drop back move back in a Andrea dropped back to third place when she fell 63 position/group off her bike drop in/ by/ over come without an appointment I might drop in/by/over for tea sometime this week drop sby/ sthg off take sby/ sthg somewhere and leave them/it there I have to drop my sister off at work before I come over drop out quit a class, school etc I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult eat out eat at a restaurant I don't feel like cooking tonight Let's eat out end up eventually reach/do/decide We ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre fall apart break into pieces My new dress fell apart in the washing machine fall down fall to the ground The picture that you up last night fell down this morning fall out separate from an interior The money must have fallen out of my pocket fall out (of hair, teeth) become loose and unattached His hair started to fall out when he was only 35 figure sthg out understand, find the answer I need to figure out how to fit the piano and the fill sthg in to write information in blanks, as on a form (BrE) Please fill in the form with your name, address, fill sthg out to write information in blanks, as on a form (AmE) The form must be filled out in capital letters fill sthg up fill to the top I always fill the water jug up when it is empty find out discover We don't know where he lives How can we find out? find sthg out discover We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but bookshelf in this room and phone number Samantha found it out 64 get sthg across/ over communicate, make understandable I tried to get my point across/over to the judge but she wouldn't listen get along/on like each other I was surprised how well my new girlfriend and my sister got along/on get around have mobility My grandfather can get around fine in his new wheelchair get away go on a vacation We worked so hard this year that we had to get away for a week get away with sthg Jason always gets away with cheating in his maths tests without being noticed or punished get back return We got back from our vacation last week get sthg back receive sthg you had before Liz finally got her Science notes back from my room-mate get back at sby My sister got back at me for stealing her shoes She stole my favourite hat retaliate, take revenge get back into become interested sthg in sthg again I finally got back into my novel and finished it get on sthg step onto a vehicle We're going to freeze out here if you don't let us get on the bus get over sthg recover from an illness, loss, difficulty I just got over the flu and now my sister has it get over sthg overcome a problem The company will have to close if it can't get over the new regulations get round to sthg finally find time to (AmE: get around to sthg) I don't know when I am going to get round to writing the thank you cards get together meet (usually for social reasons) Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend get up get out of bed I got up early today to study for my exam get up stand You should get up and give the elderly man your seat give sby away reveal hidden information about sby His wife gave him away to the police give sby away take the bride to the My father gave me away at my wedding altar 65 give sthg away ruin a secret My little sister gave the surprise party away by accident give sthg away give sthg to sby for free The library was giving away old books on Friday give sthg back return a borrowed item I have to give these skates back to Franz before his hockey game give in reluctantly stop fighting or arguing My boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet, but he finally gave in give sthg out give to many people (usually at no cost) They were giving out free perfume samples at the department store give sthg up quit a habit I am giving up smoking as of January 1st give up stop trying My maths homework was too difficult so I gave up go after sby follow sby My brother tried to go after the thief in his car go after sthg try to achieve sthg I went after my dream and now I am a published writer go against sby compete, oppose We are going against the best soccer team in the city tonight go ahead start, proceed Please go ahead and eat before the food gets cold go back return to a place I have to go back home and get my lunch go out leave home to go on a social event We're going out for dinner tonight go out with sby date Jesse has been going out with Luke since they met last winter go over sthg review Please go over your answers before you submit your test go over visit sby nearby I haven't seen Tina for a long time I think I'll go over for an hour or two go without sthg suffer lack or deprivation When I was young, we went without winter boots grow apart stop being friends over time My best friend and I grew apart after she changed schools grow back regrow My roses grew back this summer grow up become an adult When Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman 66 grow out of sthg get too big for Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because she has grown out of grow into sthg grow big enough to fit This bike is too big for him now, but he should grow into it by next year hand sthg down give sthg used to sby else I handed my old comic books down to my little cousin hand sthg in submit I have to hand in my essay by Friday hand sthg out to distribute to a group of people We will hand out the invitations at the door hand sthg over give (usually unwillingly) The police asked the man to hand over his wallet and his weapons hang in stay positive (informal) Hang in there I'm sure you'll find a job very soon hang on wait a short time (informal) Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes! hang out spend time relaxing Instead of going to the party we are just going to hang out at my place (informal) hang up end a phone call He didn't say goodbye before he up hold sby/ sthg back prevent from doing/going I had to hold my dog back because there was a cat in the park hold sthg back hide an emotion Jamie held back his tears at his grandfather's funeral hold on wait a short time Please hold on while I transfer you to the Sales Department hold onto sby/ sthg hold firmly using your hands or arms Hold onto your hat because it's very windy outside hold sby/ sthgup rob A man in a black mask held the bank up this morning keep on doing sthg continue doing Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a boil keep sthg from sby not tell We kept our relationship from our parents for two years keep sby/ sthg out stop from entering Try to keep the wet dog out of the living room her old ones 67 F keep sthg up continue at the same rate If you keep those results up you will get into a great college let sby down fail to support or help, disappoint I need you to be on time Don't let me down this time let sby in allow to enter Can you let the cat in before you go to school? log in (or on) sign in (to a website, database etc) I can't log in to Facebook because I've forgotten my password log out (or off) sign out (of a website, database etc) If you don't log off somebody could get into your account look after sby/ sthg take care of I have to look after my sick grandmother look down on sby think less of, consider inferior Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your dad has looked down on me look for sby/ sthg try to find I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding look forward to sthg be excited about the future I'm looking forward to the Christmas break look into sthg investigate We are going to look into the price of snowboards today look out be careful, vigilant, and take notice Look out! That car's going to hit you! look out for sby/ sthg be especially vigilant for Don't forget to look out for snakes on the hiking trail look sthg over check, examine Can you look over my essay for spelling mistakes? look sthg up search and find information in a reference book or database We can look her phone number up on the Internet look up to sby have a lot of respect for My little sister has always looked up to me make sthg invent, lie about Josie made up a story about why we were late 68 F up sthg make up forgive each other We were angry last night, but we made up at breakfast make sby up apply cosmetics to My sisters made me up for my graduation party mix sthg up confuse two or more things I mixed up the twins' names again! pass away die His uncle passed away last night after a long illness pass out faint It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady passed out pass sthg out give the same thing to many people The professor passed the textbooks out before class pass sthg up decline (usually sthg good) I passed up the job because I am afraid of change pay sby back return owed money Thanks for buying my ticket I'll pay you back on Friday pay for sthg be punished for doing sthg bad That bully will pay for being mean to my little brother pick sthg out choose I picked out three sweaters for you to try on point sby/ sthg out indicate with your finger I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs by put sthg down put what you are holding on a surface or floor You can put the groceries down on the kitchen counter put sby down insult, make sby feel stupid The students put the substitute teacher down because his pants put sthg off postpone We are putting off our trip until January because of the hurricane put sthg out extinguish The neighbours put the fire out before the firemen arrived put sthg together assemble I have to put the crib together before the baby arrives put up with sby/ sthg tolerate I don't think I can put up with three small children in the car put sthg on put clothing/ accessories on your body Don't forget to put on your new earrings for the party were too short 69 F run into sby/ sthg meet unexpectedly I ran into an old school-friend at the mall run over sby/ drive a vehicle over I accidentally ran over your bicycle in the driveway sthg a person or thing run over/ through sthg rehearse, review Let's run over/through these lines one more time before the show run away leave unexpectedly, The child ran away from home and has been missing for three days escape run out have none left We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap send sthg back return (usually by mail) My letter got sent back to me because I used the wrong stamp set sthg up arrange, organize Our boss set a meeting up with the president of the company set sby up trick, trap The police set up the car thief by using a hidden camera shop around compare prices I want to shop around a little before I decide on these boots show off act extra special for people watching (usually boastfully) He always shows off on his skateboard sleep over stay somewhere for You should sleep over tonight if the weather is too bad to drive home the night (informal) sort sthg out organize, resolve a problem We need to sort the bills out before the first of the month stick to sthg continue doing sthg, limit yourself to one particular thing You will lose weight if you stick to the diet switch sthg off stop the energy flow, turn off The light's too bright Could you switch it off switch sthg on start the energy flow, turn on We heard the news as soon as we switched on the car radio take after sby resemble a family member I take after my mother We are both impatient take sthg apart purposely break into pieces He took the car brakes apart and found the problem 70 F take sthg back return an item I have to take our new TV back because it doesn't work take off start to fly My plane takes off in five minutes take sthg off remove sthg (usually clothing) Take off your socks and shoes and come in the lake! take sthg out remove from a place or thing Can you take the garbage out to the street for me? take sby out pay for sby to go somewhere with you My grandparents took us out for dinner and a movie tear sthg up rip into pieces I tore up my ex-boyfriend's letters and gave them back to him think back remember (often + When I think back on my youth, I wish I had studied harder to, sometimes + on) think sthg over consider I'll have to think this job offer over before I make my final decision throw sthg away dispose of We threw our old furniture away when we won the lottery turn sthg down decrease the volume or strength (heat, light etc) Please turn the TV down while the guests are here turn sthg down refuse I turned the job down because I don't want to move turn sthg off stop the energy flow, switch off Your mother wants you to turn the TV off and come for dinner turn sthg on start the energy, switch on It's too dark in here Let's turn some lights on turn sthg up increase the volume or strength (heat, light etc) Can you turn the music up? This is my favourite song turn up appear suddenly Our cat turned up after we put posters up all over the neighbourhood try sthg on sample clothing I'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't think they will fit try sthg out test I am going to try this new brand of detergent out use sthg up finish the supply The kids used all of the toothpaste up so we need to buy some more 71 wake up stop sleeping We have to wake up early for work on Monday warm sby/ sthg up increase the temperature You can warm your feet up in front of the fireplace warm up prepare body for exercise I always warm up by doing sit-ups before I go for a run wear off fade away Most of my make-up wore off before I got to the party work out exercise I work out at the gym three times a week work out be successful Our plan worked out fine work sthg out make a calculation We have to work out the total cost before we buy the house Biên so n: GV Vũ Mai Phương 72 ... Trong mệnh đề danh từ, chủ ngữ đứng trước động từ Khong đảo ngữ câu nghi vấn I couldn’t hear what he said I wonder whose house that is 25 ĐẢO NGỮ Hình thức đảo ngữ dùng khi: - Trạng ngữ phủ định... C 22 A 23 B 24 A 25 B 16 LÝ THUY T VÀ BÀI T P CÂU Đ O NG ( ĐẢO NGỮ GIỮA CHỦ TỪ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ ) Người Anh thường đảo ngữ câu để nhấn mạnh Có nhiều cách đảo ngữ khác I Đảo ngữ trạng từ nơi chốn phương... tảng khủng hoảng phân tích giả thuyết 2.3 Danh từ đếm danh từ khơng đếm * Cách thành lập danh từ số nhiều: - Thêm –s vào danh từ số - Thêm –es sau danh từ số tận s, ss, sh, ch, x, z, zz - Thêm