... reduction Productivity improvement – 13 The Heritage of OM Division of labor (Adam Smith 17 76; Charles Babbage 18 52) Standardized parts (Whitney 18 00) Scientific Management (Taylor 18 81) Coordinated... (Ford/ Sorenson 19 13) Gantt charts (Gantt 19 16) Motion study (Frank and Lillian Gilbreth 19 22) Quality control (Shewhart 19 24; Deming 19 50) © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc – 14 The Heritage of... Employment Employment (millions) 12 0 – 10 0 – 80 – Service 60 – 40 – 20 – 0– Manufacturing | | | | | | | 19 50 19 70 19 90 2 010 (est) 19 60 19 80 2000 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc Figure 1. 5 (A) – 26 Industrial