CHUYấN 10 MO T (ARTICLES) * PHN I: Lí THUYT I Mo t khụng xỏc nh: a / an * a hay an a: c dựng: - Trc cỏc t c bắt đầu phụ âm hoc nguyờn õm c nh ph õm Vớ d: a book, a pen a university, a one-way street an c dựng - Trc cỏc t c bt u bng nguyờn õm (U, E, O, A, I) hoc trc cỏc t bt u bng ph õm nhng c c nh nguyờn õm Vớ d: an apple, an orange an hour, an honest person - Hoc trc cỏc danh t c vit tt v c nh mt nguyờn õm Vớ d: an L- plate, an SOS, an MP *Cỏch dựng a/ an Dựng trc cỏc danh t m c s ớt Khi danh t ú: c nhc n ln u hoc khụng xỏc nh c th v mt c im, tớnh cht Vớ d: I have a dog and a cat c dựng ch loi no ú (tng ng vi danh t s nhiu khụng cú mo t) Vớ d: A dog is a loyal animal c dựng ch ngh nghip, chc v Vớ d: I am a teacher Trc tờn ngi m ngi núi khụng bit l a Mr Smith ngha l ngi n ụng c gi l Smith v ng ý l ụng ta l ngi l i vi ngi núi Cũn nu khụng cú a tc l ngi núi bit ụng Smith Trong cõu cm thỏn Vớ d: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl! Nhng: Such long queues! What pretty girls Dựng vi such: such a/ an + singular countable noun Vớ d: It is such an interesting book Dựng vi so: so + adj + a/ an + singular countable noun Vớ d: He is so good a player Dựng vi too: too+ adj + a/ an + singular countable noun Vớ d: This is too difficult a lesson for them c dựng cỏc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh Vớ d: a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many+ plural noun, a great deal of + uncountable noun, many a+ singular noun, a large/ small amount of +uncountable noun, a good many of/ a good number of + plural noun, a few, a little, only a few, only a little 9 Dựng trc nhng s m nht nh, c bit l ch hng trm, hng ngn Vớ d: a hundred, a thousand, a million, a billion 11 Vi t half: - trc half nú theo sau n v nguyờn Vớ d: a kilo and a half v cng cú th l one and a half kilos Chỳ ý:: 1/2 kg = half a kilo (không có a Trc half) - dựng trc half nú i vi danh t khỏc to thnh t ghộp Vớ d: a half-holiday na kỡ ngh, a half-share: na c phn - half a dozen; half an hour 12 Dựng trc cỏc phõn s nh 1/3, /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one fifth 13 Dựng cỏc thnh ng ch giỏ c, tc , t l Vớ d: five dolars a kilo; four times a day; once a week; 60km an hour 14 There + (be) + (N) is + a/an + singular noun is + uncountable noun are+ plural noun 15 T time cỏc cm t: Have a good time Have a hard time Have a difficult time 16 Thng c dựng sau h t (ng t ni) hoc sau as phõn loi ngi hay vt ú thuc loi no, nhúm no, kiu no Vớ d: He is a liar The play was a comedy He remained a bachelor all his life Dont use your plate as an astray II Mo t xỏc nh: The c s dng danh t c xỏc nh c th v tớnh cht, c im, v trớ hoc c nhc n ln th cõu The + noun + preposition + noun Vớ d: the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America - The + (n) + of the + (n) Vớ d: The leg of the table; The back of the house - Most + plural noun: Vớ d: Most women want to be beautiful (ph n núi chung) Most of the + plural noun: Vớ d: Most of the women in my school want to be beautiful (khụng phi ph n núi chung m l ph n trng tụi) All + plural noun vs all of the + plural noun Some + plural noun vs some of the + plural noun The + danh t + mnh quan h Vớ d: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him Trc danh t c nhc n ln u nhng c ngm hiu gia ngi núi v ngi nghe Vớ d: Janes teacher asked her a question but she doesnt know the answer The + tớnh t so sỏnh bc nht, s th t hoc only, next, last Vớ d: The first week; the only way, the next day, the last person Note: - núi v trỡnh t ca quy trỡnh no ú the khụng c dựng: First, Second, Third, Next, Lastly, - next v last khụng c s dng cỏc cm trng ng ch thi gian: next Tuesday, last week The + danh t s ớt tng trng cho mt nhúm thỳ vt hoc vt thỡ cú th b the đổi danh t sang s nhiu Vớ d: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes Nhng i vi danh t man (ch loi ngi) thỡ khụng cú quỏn t (a, the) ng trc Vớ d: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse The + adj: i din cho lp ngi, nú khụng cú hỡnh thỏi s nhiu nhng c coi l danh t s nhiu v ng t sau nú phi c chia s nhiu Vớ d: the old = ngi gi núi chung; The disabled = nhng ngi tn tt; The unemployed = nhng ngi tht nghip The homeless, the wounded, the injured, the sick, the unlucky, the needy, the strong, the weak, The English, the American Dựng trc tờn cỏc khu vc, vựng ó ni ting v mt a lý hoc lch s Vớ d: The Shahara The Netherlands - The + phng hng Vớ d: He lives in the North (of Viet Nam) The + East / West/ South/ North + noun Vớ d: the East/ West end The North / South Pole - Gii t (to, in, on, at, from) + the + phng hng: to the North Nhng khụng c dựng the trc cỏc t ch phng hng ny, nu nú i kốm vi tờn ca mt chõu lc hoc quc gia Vớ d: South Africa, North America, West Germany - Khụng c dựng the trc cỏc t ch phng hng nú i vi cỏc ng t nh: go, travel, turn, look, sail, fly, walk, move Vớ d: go north/ south 10 The + cỏc ban nhc ph thụng Vớ d: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles The + tờn cỏc t bỏo ln/cỏc tu bin Vớ d: the Times, the Titanic The + tờn h s nhiu cú ngha l gia ỡnh h nh Vớ d: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) 10 The + Tờn s ớt + cm t/ mnh cú th c s dng phõn bit ngi ny vi ngi khỏc cựng tờn Vớ d: We have two Mr Smiths Which you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter 11 Vi cỏc bui ngy: in the morning; in the afternoon, in the evening (but at noon, at night, at mid-night.) 12 Danh t m c s nhiu cú the v khụng cú the Danh t m c s nhiu The + danh t m c s nhiu Ch loi Ch i tng c th, xỏc nh Dogs are loyal The dog that is under the table is lovely 13 Vi trng hc nu cú of hoc for theo sau thỡ dựng the: The university of architecture; - the school for the blind Nu khụng cú of thỡ khụng dựng mo t: Foreign Trade university 14 Vi cỏc nhc c: play the guitar/ the piano/ the violin 15 Vi cỏc th ch quõn s: the army, the police, the air force, the navy, the military 16 Vi t same: the same + (N) Vớ d: We have the same grade Twins often have the same interest The same as + (N)/ (Pro.) Your pen is the same as my pen/ mine The same + (N) + as +(N)/ (Pro.) Vớ d: Her mother has the same car as her father 17 Vi dng so sỏnh kp The + so sỏnh hn + S+ V, the + so sỏnh hn + S+ V Vớ d: The hotter it is, the more uncomfortable I feel 18 Vi tờn sụng, sui, i dng, kờnh o, rng nỳi Vớ d: The Red River, the River Nile, the Volga, the Thames, the Amazon, The pacific Ocean, The Atlantic Ocean, the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal, The Alps, the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rockies (nhng khụng dựng the danh t riờng ng sau: Lake Ba Be, Mountain Everest) 19 Vi th nht: the sun, the moon, the sky, the atmosphere, the Great Wall of China, the stars, the equator 20 Vi tờn nc ( dng s nhiu hoc cú cỏc t nh: Republic, Union, Kingdom, States) Vớ d: The US, The United Kindom, The Soviet Union, The Republic of South Africa, The Philippines (thụng thng khụng dựng mo t vi tờn nc) 21 Vi mụn hc c th: The applied Maths (mụn hc núi chung khụng dựng mo t: English, Mathematics, Literature ) 22 Vi cỏc giai on lch s Vớ d: The stone Age; The middle Age; The Renaissance; The Industrial Revolution 23 office cú the v khụng cú the The office (be)in office C quan, phũng ng chc 24 Trong cỏc cỏch din t: At the moment; at the end of; in the end; at the beginning of; at the age of; for the time being 25 Vi radio, cinema v theatre: Vớ d: Listen to the radio 26 Vi s tũa nh v cụng trỡnh ni ting: the Empire State Building, the White House, the Royal Palace, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Vatican 27 Vi tờn riờng ca cỏc vin bo tng/ phũng trng by ngh thut, rp hỏt, rp chiu phim, khỏch sn, nh hng: the National Museum, the Globe Theatre, the Odeon Cinema, the Continential Hotel, the Bombay Restaurant *Nhng nu nh hng, khỏch sn c t tờn theo tờn ca ngi sỏng lp thỡ khụng dựng mo t Vớ d: McDonald, Matildas restaurant III Khụng dựng mo t: Khụng dựng mo t trc danh t s nhiu v danh t khụng m c vi ngha chung Vớ d: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen Nhng: The water in this bottle can be drunk (vỡ cú cm gii t b ngha) Elephants are intelligent animals Nhng: The elephants in this zoo are intelligent (mang ngha c th) Không dùng m t Trc s danh t nh: home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college, university với ng t giới t chuyển ng (chỉ tới lm mục đích chính) Vớ d: He is at home I arrived home before dark I sent him home We go to bed (để ng) to church (để cầu nguyn) to court (để kin tụng) to hospital (chữa bnh) to prison (đi tù) to school / college/ university (để học) Tng t in bed at church in court in hospital at school/ college/ university We can be We can be / get back (hoặc be/ get home) from school/ college/university leave school leave hospital be released from prison Vi mc ớch khỏc thỡ phi dựng the We can Vớ d: I went to the church to see the stained glass He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures Student go to the university for a class party Sea Go to sea (thy th bin) to be at the sea (hnh khỏch/thy thy i trờn bin) Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside: i tm bin, ngh mỏt We can live by / near the sea Work and office Work (ni lm vic) Go to work nhng office li phi cú the Go to the office Vớ d: He is at / in the office Nu to be in office (khụng cú the) ngha l ang gi chc To be out of office thụi gi chc Town The cú th b i núi v th trn hoc ch th Vớ d: We sometimes go to town to buy clothes We were in town last Monday Go to town / to be in town Vi mc ớch chớnh l i mua hng Khụng dựng trc tờn ng ph nú cú tờn c th: street, avenue, road, lane, Vớ d: She lives on Ly Thai To street But: I cant remember the name of the street (the + n of the + n) There is a road (cu trỳc there) Khụng dựng mo t vi tờn nc, tờn tiu bang, thnh ph Vớ d: Viet Nam, Ha Noi, Bac Ninh, California (tr s trng hp ó cp trờn) Khụng dựng mo t vi sõn ng, cụng viờn, trung tõm thng mi, qung trng, nh ga, sõn bay Vớ d: My inh Stadium, Thong Nhat Park, Trang Tien Plaza, Crescent Mall ; Times Square, Kenedy Airport; Victoria Station (but: the Mall of America) Khụng dựng mo t vi tờn ngụn ng Vớ d: English is difficult 10 Khụng dựng mo t vi cỏc ba n: breakfast, lunch, dinner/ supper Vớ d: I often have breakfast at 30 (nhng a/ an cú th c dựng cú tớnh t ng trc: I had a very nice breakfast with my mother) 11 Khụng dựng mo t vi cỏc mụn hc núi chung: Maths Nhng li dựng the vi mụn hc c th: the applied Maths 12 Khụng dựng mo t trc cỏc mụn th thao: Vớ d: He is playing golf/ tennis 13 Khụng dựng mo t trc cỏc danh t tru tng: Vớ d: Life is complicated Nhng: He is studying the life of Beethoven (vỡ cú cm gii t b ngha) 14 Khụng dựng mo t vi danh t ch bnh tt: cancer, heart disease, high blood, measles, mumps, 15 Khụng dựng mo t vi cỏc phng tin i li: by car, by bus, by plane 16 Khụng dựng mo t vi television/ TV: watch TV Nhng: Can you turn off the television? ( õy television khụng mang ngha truyn hỡnh m l cỏi TV c th c ngm hiu gia ngi núi v ngi nghe) 17 Khụng dựng mo t vi tớnh t ch nh, i t ch nh, tớnh t s hu, tớnh t bt nh, i t quan h, v cỏc t nh: enough, another, either, neither, much, every, some, any, no 18 Khụng dựng mo t vi cỏc hnh tinh: Venus, Mars, Jupiter 19 Khụng dựng mo t trc tờn riờng dng s hu cỏch Vớ d: Tims house Nhng: the bosss house 20 Khụng dựng mo t trc tờn ca cỏc o, h, nỳi, i Vớ d: Phu Quoc, Lake Michigan, Lake Babe, Everest, North Hill Nhng dựng mo t the nu chỳng dng s nhiu: the Canary Islands, the British Isles, the Philippines; the Great Lakes, the Alps 21 Khụng dựng mo t trc cỏc t ch ngy thỏng hoc ngy l Vớ d: on Monday, in June, at Christmas Nhng vi cỏc cú th dựng the hoc khụng dựng the Vớ d: in (the) summer the luụn c dựng cm t in the fall Bng dựng the v khụng dựng the mt s trng hp c bit Dựng the Trc cỏc i dng, sụng ngũi, bin, vnh v cỏc h s nhiu Vớ d: The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Khụng dựng the Trc tờn h (hay cỏc h s t) Vớ d: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie Gulf, the Great Lakes Trc tờn cỏc dóy nỳi Vớ d: The Rockey Moutains Trc tờn vt th nht trờn th gii hoc v tr Vớ d: the earth, the moon, the Great Wall Trc School/college/university + of + noun Vớ d: The University of Florida The college of Arts and Sciences Trc cỏc s thứ tự + noun Vớ d: The first world war The third chapter Trc tờn cỏc nớc đợc coi l quần đảo Vớ d: The Philippines Trc tờn cỏc nhc cụ Vớ d: To play the piano Trc tờn cỏc mụn hc c th Vớ d: The applied Math The theoretical Physics Trc tờn ngn nỳi Vớ d: Mount Mckinley Trc tờn cỏc hnh tinh hoc cỏc chũm Vớ d: Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion Trc tờn cỏc trng Trc ó l tờn riờng Vớ d: Coopers Art school, Stetson University Trc cỏc danh t mà sau l s đếm Vớ d: World war one chapter three Trc tờn cỏc nớc có t t trở lờn Ngoi trừ Great Britain Vớ d: The United States, the United Kingdom, the Central Africal Republic Trc tờn cỏc nớc có t nh: Sweden, Venezuela cỏc nớc đợc đứng Trc new tính t phơng hớng Vớ d: New Zealand, South Africa Trc tờn cỏc lục đa, tiểu bang, tnh, thnh ph, qun, huyn Vớ d: Europe, California Trc tờn môn thể thao Vớ d: Base ball, basket ball Trc cỏc mụn hc chung Trc tờn cỏc danh t trừu tợng mang ngha c Vớ d: Mathematics th Vớ d: The happiness he had after the marriage is very important Trc tờn cỏc danh t trừu tợng mang ngha chung Trc tờn cỏc ba n c th Vớ d: Freedom, happiness Vớ d: The beakfast we had yesterday was delicious Trc tờn cỏc ba n: breakfast, lunch, dinner Trc cỏc t ch b phn c th cỏc cm gii t ON, IN, OVER, BY Vớ d: He cut himself on the thumb Trc cỏc t ch b phn c th (dựng tớnh t s The victim was shot in the chest hu thay th) Vớ d: She cut her finger * PHN II: BI TP VN DNG Exercise 1: Choose the best option to complete the following sentences My mother goes to church in morning A x B every C the I eat orange everyday A an B orange C the orange s Harry is sailor A a B an C the We had _ dinner in a restaurant A a B an C x Mary loves _ flowers A a B an C the is a star A Sun B A sun C The sun London is _ capital of England A an B a C x I want apple from that basket A a B an C the She works six days _ week A in B for 10 I bought umbrella to go out in the rain D a D any orange D X D the D X D Suns D the D X A a 11 B an C a D X C x D the My daughter is learning to play violin at her school A a B an 12 Please give me pen that is on the counter A a B an 13 Our neighbour has cat and dog A a/ a B an/ a 14 It is funniest book that I have ever read C x D the C the D X C the/ the D X/ X A a B an 15 I usually go to school by bike C the D X A a B an C x Exercise 2:Choose the best answer to complete the sentences: There are billions of stars in _ space A a B an C X He tried to park his car but _ space wasnt big enough A the B a C an Can you turn off _ television, please? A X B a C an We had _ meal in a restaurant A a B X C the Thank you That was very nice lunch A a B an C the My daughter plays _ piano very well A the B a C X Jill went to hospital to see her friend A x B the C a Mrs Lan went to school to meet her sons daughter A x B the C a We visited _ two years ago D the D the D X D the D an D X D an D an D an 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 A Canada and the United States B the Canada and the United States C the Canada and United States D Canada and United States Are you going away next week? No, _ week after next A a B the C some D X We havent been to for years A cinema B the cinema C a cinema D any cinema It took us quite a long time to get here It was journey A three hour B a three- hours C a three- hour D three- hours I cant work here Theres so much A noise B noises C the noise D a noise Ive seen good films recently A a B the C some D an I often watch television for two hours every night A some B the C any D X The injured man was taken to _ A hospital B any hospital C the hospital D hospitals She went out without _ money A any B an C a D x Did _ police find person who stole your bicycle? A a /a B the / the C a / the D the / a 19 Can anyone give me hand, please because I have just fallen over? A a B an C the D X 20 I dont know what to Its problem A quite difficult B a quite difficult C quite a difficult D the quite difficult 21 I have left my book in kitchen and I would like you to get it for me A a B an C the D X 22 Please meet me at the train station in hour from now A a B an C the Exercise 3: Choose the best answer that is made from the given words I/ not have/ time/ breakfast/ this morning A I didnt have time for the breakfast this morning B I didnt have the time for the breakfast this morning C I didnt have time for breakfast this morning D I didnt have time to breakfast this morning Opinion/ violent films/ not show/ television A To my opinion, violent films should not be shown on television B In my opinion, violent films should not be shown on television C In my opinion, the violent films should not be shown on television D For my opinion, violent films should not be shown on television Music/ play/ important part/ film A Music plays an important part in film B The music plays a important part in film C Music plays the important part in a film D X D Music plays an important part in a film Margaret/ loved/ have/ holidays/ seaside A Margaret loved having holidays at the seaside B Margaret loved having holidays in the seaside C Margaret loved having holidays at seaside D Margaret loved have holidays at the seaside Aunt/ sent/ me/ wonderful present A My aunt sent me wonderful present B My aunt sent me a wonderful present C My aunt sent a wonderful present me D My aunt sent me the wonderful present Exercise 4: Identify the one underlined word or phrase (A,B,C or D) that must be changed in order to make the sentence correct I visited Mexico and United States last year A B C D France and Britain are separated by Channel A B C D Next year we are going skiing in Swiss Alps A B C D The word restroom is an euphemism for toilet A B C D The mechanic in the orange shirt put the quart of oil into the engine A B C D If you are in the hurry, I can get it for you now A B C D Is this the kind of the party you like? A B C D My grandmother had a bad heart and a arthritis A B C D The most people believe that marriage and family life are the basis of our society A B C D 10 In Britain the coffee is more expensive than tea A B C D Exercise 5:Choose the best answer to complete the sentences: _driver was _strong athletic young man A The/the B The/a C A/ the D A/a He took _cigar from his mouth and blew away _long trail of smoke A the/a B a/a C the/the D a/the We sat _side by _side smoking and thinking A /a B /the C the/ D / We got back to _inn as _night was falling A the/the B a/the C the/ D the/a It was _ late afternoon and their shadows lay long across _road A /the B / C the/the D a/the _invitations to _dinner for 16 people were sent out A /the B /a C the/the D a/the He worked hard and often got out of _bed at _night to make sure that he had written _point down A /the/a B //a C the/the/ D a/the/ They stood for _moment, then all together slowly moved towards _church A /the B / C the/a D a/the Do you usually go to _church? A a Occasionally B an C the D 10 They are at _sea now They write that they are having _marvelous time A the/the B a/the C / D the/a 11 Ill drive you to _town this morning A a B C the D an 12 Although it was _early afternoon, all _lights in _restaurant were on A /the/the B //a C the/the/ D a/the/ 13 _Nile flows right through _city A /the B /a C the/the D a/the 14 It was _sort of _occasion when one wants to help but doesnt know how A the/the B a/the C the/a D the/ P N Exercise 1: C A C 10 B A 11 D D 12 C D 13 A C 14 C D 15 D B 16 Exercise 2: C B 13 A 19 A A B 14 C 20 C Exercise 3: C B D A B D D D D B A 10 B B Exercise 4: C B Exercise 5: 1B 6B 11B 2A 7B 12A D A 15 D 21 C 3D 8D 13C A 10 B 16 C 22 B A 11 B 17 A 4C 9D 14D A 12 C 18 B 5B 10D ... C the/a D the/ P N Exercise 1: C A C 10 B A 11 D D 12 C D 13 A C 14 C D 15 D B 16 Exercise 2: C B 13 A 19 A A B 14 C 20 C Exercise 3: C B D A B D D D D B A 10 B B Exercise 4: C B Exercise 5: 1B... Exercise 4: C B Exercise 5: 1B 6B 11B 2A 7B 12A D A 15 D 21 C 3D 8D 13C A 10 B 16 C 22 B A 11 B 17 A 4C 9D 14D A 12 C 18 B 5B 10D ... Victoria Station (but: the Mall of America) Khụng dựng mo t vi tờn ngụn ng Vớ d: English is difficult 10 Khụng dựng mo t vi cỏc ba n: breakfast, lunch, dinner/ supper Vớ d: I often have breakfast at