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1. Foundations. 2. Financial Background: A Review of Accounting, Financial Statements, and Taxes. 3. Cash Flows and Financial Analysis. 4. Financial Planning. 5. The Financial System, Corporate Governance, and Interest. Part II: DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW AND THE VALUE OF SECURITIES. 6. Time Value of Money. 7. The Valuation and Characteristics of Bonds. 8. The Valuation and Characteristics of Stock. 9. Risk and Return. Part III: BUSINESS INVESTMENT DECISIONS--CAPITAL BUDGETING. 10. Capital Budgeting. 11. Cash Flow Estimation. 12. Risk Topics and Real Options in Capital Budgeting. 13. Cost of Capital. Part IV: LONG-TERM FINANCING ISSUES. 14. Capital Structure and Leverage. 15. Dividends. Part V: OPERATIONS ISSUES--WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING. 16. The Management of Working Capital. 17. Corporate Restructuring. 18. International Finance.
Chapter 10 - Capital Budgeting Capital Budgeting A major part of the financial management of the firm Kinds Of Spending In Business Short term - to support day to day operations Long term - to support long lived equipment and projects Long term money and the things acquired with it are both called capital Capital Budgeting Planning and Justifying How Capital Dollars Are Spent On Long Term Projects Provides methods for evaluating whether projects make financial sense and for choosing among them Capital Budgeting Capital budgeting involves planning and justifying large expenditures on longterm projects – Projects can be classified as: Replacement – low risk Expansion – moderate risk New venture – high risk Characteristics of Business Projects Project Types and Risk – Capital projects have increasing risk according to whether they are replacements, expansions or new ventures Stand-Alone and Mutually Exclusive Projects – Stand-alone project has no competing alternatives – Mutually exclusive projects involve selecting one project from among two or more alternatives Characteristics of Business Projects Project Cash Flows – Reduce projects to a series of cash flows: C0 $(50,000) C1 (10,000) C2 15,000 C3 15,000 C4 15,000 C5 5,000 – Business projects: early cash outflows and later inflows – C0 is the Initial Outlay and usually required to get started Characteristics of Business Projects The Cost of Capital – The average rate a firm pays investors for use of its long term money Firms raise money from two sources: debt and equity Capital Budgeting Techniques Payback Period – How many years to recover initial cost Net Present Value – Present value of inflows less outflows Internal Rate of Return – Project’s return on investment Profitability Index – Ratio of present value of inflows to outflows Capital Budgeting Techniques Payback Payback period is the time it takes to recover early cash outflows – Shorter paybacks are better Payback Decision Rules – Stand-alone projects – Mutually Exclusive Projects Weaknesses of the Payback Method – Ignores time value of money – Ignores cash flows after payback period Concept Connection Example 10-1 Payback Period Payback period is easily visualized by the cumulative cash flows Example 10-2: Weakness of the Payback Technique Use the payback period technique to choose between mutually exclusive projects A and B Project A’s payback is years as its initial outlay is fully recovered in that time Project B doesn’t fully recover until sometime in the 4th year Thus, according to the payback method, Project A is better than B But project B is clearly better because of the large inflows in the last two years 10 Comparing IRR and NPV NPV and IRR not always select the same project in mutually exclusive decisions A conflict can arise if NPV profiles cross in the first quadrant In the event of a conflict The selection of the NPV method is preferred 25 Figure 10-2 Projects for Which IRR and NPV Can Give Different Solutions At a cost of capital of k1, Project A is better than Project B, while at k2 the opposite is true 26 PROJECTS WITH A SINGLE OUTFLOW AND REGULAR INFLOWS Many projects are characterized by an initial outflow and a series of equal, regular inflows: PV of annuity formula makes the pattern easy to work with NPV: NPV = C0 + C [PVFAk,n] IRR: = C0 + C [PVFAIRR,n] Example 10-6 – Regular Cash Inflows Find the NPV and IRR for the following project if the cost of capital is 12% C0 C1 C2 ($5,000) C3 $2,000 $2,000 Solution: For NPV NPV = C0 + C[PVFAk,n] = -$5,000 + $2,000[PVFA12,3] = -$5,000 + $2,000(2.4018) = -$196.40 For IRR = C0 + C[PVFAIRR,n] = -$5,000 + $2,000[PVFAIRR,3] PVFAIRR,3 = $5,000 / $2,000 = 2.5000 From which IRR is between 9% and 10% $2,000 Profitability Index (PI) Is a variation on the NPV method A ratio of the present value of a project’s inflows to the present value of a project’s outflows Projects are acceptable if PI>1 29 Profitability Index (PI) Also known as the benefit/cost ratio – Positive future cash flows are the benefit – Negative initial outlay is the cost C1 PI = ( 1+k ) + C2 ( 1+k ) +K + Cn ( 1+k ) n C0 or present value of inflows PI = present value of outflows 30 Profitability Index (PI) Decision Rules – Stand-alone Projects If PI > 1.0 ⇒ accept If PI < 1.0 ⇒ reject – Mutually Exclusive Projects PIA > PIB choose Project A over Project B Comparison with NPV – With mutually exclusive projects the two methods may not lead to the same choices 31 Comparing Projects with Unequal Lives If a significant difference exists between mutually exclusive projects’ lives, a direct comparison is meaningless The problem arises due to the NPV method – Longer lived projects almost always have higher NPVs 32 Comparing Projects with Unequal Lives Two solutions exist – Replacement Chain Method Extends projects until a common time horizon is reached – Equivalent Annual Annuity (EAA) Method Replaces each project with an equivalent perpetuity that equates to the project’s original NPV 33 Concept Connection Example 10-8 Replacement Chain The IRR method argues for undertaking the Short-Lived Project while the NPV method argues for the Long-Lived Project We’ll correct for the unequal life problem by using both the Replacement Chain Method and the EAA Method Both methods will lead to the same decision Thus, choosing the Long-Lived Project is a better decision than choosing the Short-Lived Project twice 34 Concept Connection Example 10-8 Replacement Chain Which of the two following mutually exclusive projects should a firm purchase? 35 Concept Connection Example 10-9 Equivalent Annual Annuity (EAA) The EAA Method equates each project’s original NPV to an equivalent annual annuity For the Short-Lived Project the EAA is $167.95 (the equivalent of receiving $432.82 spread out over years at 8%); while the Long-Lived Project has an EAA of $187.58 (the equivalent of receiving $867.16 spread out over years at 8%) 36 Concept Connection Example 10-9 Equivalent Annual Annuity (EAA) Because the Long-Lived Project has the higher EAA, it should be chosen This is the same decision reached by the Replacement Chain Method 37 Capital Rationing Used when capital funds for new projects are limited Generally rank projects in descending order of IRR and cut off at the cost of capital However this doesn’t always make the best use of capital so a complex mathematical process called constrained maximization can be used 38 Figure 10-6 Capital Rationing 39 [...]... 2,135.40 NPV = -$377.30 Since NPV 0, try a higher interest rate – If NPV < 0, try a lower interest rate 19 Concept Connection Example 10- 5 IRR – Iterative Procedure Find the IRR for the following series of cash flows: If the firm’s cost of capital is 8%, is the project a good idea? What if the cost of capital is 10% ? 20 Example 10- 5 IRR – Iterative Procedure Start by guessing IRR = 12% and calculate NPV NPV = C0 + C1[PVFk,1] + C2[PVFk,2]... reject – Mutually Exclusive Projects NPVA > NPVB ⇒ choose Project A over B 13 Concept Connection Example 10- 3 Net Present Value (NPV) Project Alpha has the following cash flows If the firm considering Alpha has a cost of capital of 12%, should the project be undertaken? 14 Concept Connection Example 10- 3 Net Present Value (NPV) The NPV is found by summing the present value of the cash flows when discounted... project’s NPV at different interest rates Interest Rate Guess Calculated NPV 12% ($377) 10 ($184) 9 ($83) 8 $22 7 $130 Since NPV becomes positive somewhere between 8% and 9%, the project’s IRR must be between 8% and 9% If the firm’s cost of capital is 8%, the project is marginal If the firm’s cost of capital is 10% , the project is not a good idea 23 Techniques: Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Technical... [PVFAIRR,n] Example 10- 6 – Regular Cash Inflows Find the NPV and IRR for the following project if the cost of capital is 12% C0 C1 C2 ($5,000) C3 $2,000 $2,000 Solution: For NPV NPV = C0 + C[PVFAk,n] = -$5,000 + $2,000[PVFA12,3] = -$5,000 + $2,000(2.4018) = -$196.40 For IRR 0 = C0 + C[PVFAIRR,n] = -$5,000 + $2,000[PVFAIRR,3] PVFAIRR,3 = $5,000 / $2,000 = 2.5000 From which IRR is between 9% and 10% $2,000 Profitability... decision Thus, choosing the Long-Lived Project is a better decision than choosing the Short-Lived Project twice 34 Concept Connection Example 10- 8 Replacement Chain Which of the two following mutually exclusive projects should a firm purchase? 35 Concept Connection Example 10- 9 Equivalent Annual Annuity (EAA) The EAA Method equates each project’s original NPV to an equivalent annual annuity For the Short-Lived... until a common time horizon is reached – Equivalent Annual Annuity (EAA) Method Replaces each project with an equivalent perpetuity that equates to the project’s original NPV 33 Concept Connection Example 10- 8 Replacement Chain The IRR method argues for undertaking the Short-Lived Project while the NPV method argues for the Long-Lived Project We’ll correct for the unequal life problem by using both the... select the same project in mutually exclusive decisions A conflict can arise if NPV profiles cross in the first quadrant In the event of a conflict The selection of the NPV method is preferred 25 Figure 10- 2 Projects for Which IRR and NPV Can Give Different Solutions At a cost of capital of k1, Project A is better than Project B, while at k2 the opposite is true 26 PROJECTS WITH A SINGLE OUTFLOW AND REGULAR ... flows after payback period Concept Connection Example 10- 1 Payback Period Payback period is easily visualized by the cumulative cash flows Example 10- 2: Weakness of the Payback Technique Use the payback... Example 10- 5 IRR – Iterative Procedure Find the IRR for the following series of cash flows: If the firm’s cost of capital is 8%, is the project a good idea? What if the cost of capital is 10% ? 20... < 12% 21 Figure 10- 1 NPV Profile A project’s NPV profile is a graph of its NPV vs the cost of capital It crosses the horizontal axis at the IRR 22 Concept Connection Example 10- 5 IRR – Iterative