Income Taxes: IAS 12 Wiecek and Young IFRS Primer Chapter 23 Income Taxes       Related standards IAS 12 Current GAAP comparisons IFRS financial statement disclosures Looking ahead End-of-chapter practice Related Standards  FAS 109 Accounting for income taxes Related Standards     IAS Presentation of financial statements IAS Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets IFRS Business combinations IAS 12 – Overview        Objective and scope Recognition of current tax liabilities and assets Recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets Measurement Recognition of current and deferred tax Presentation Disclosures IAS 12 – Objective and Scope  IAS 12 addresses the accounting issues related to tax effects of – – – Current period transactions and events Unused tax losses or credits Tax consequences when carrying amounts and tax amounts differ IAS 12 – Recognition of Current Tax Liabilities and Assets   Current tax = amount of income taxes payable or recoverable on the taxable profit or loss for the period If current taxes payable > taxes paid, then –  If current income taxes payable < taxes paid, then – Income taxes payable Income taxes recoverable/receivable IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets  Underlying assumption of accounting model: – –   Assets will be recovered for at least their carrying amount Liabilities will be settled for their carrying amount If there are tax consequences when the asset is recovered or liability settled, this effect should be reported on the statement of financial position now Future tax effect = deferred tax liability or deferred tax asset IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets Q Why a tax consequence? A Because carrying amount of A & L may differ from their tax amount or tax base = a temporary difference Taxable temporary difference: Taxable income is increased in future when asset recovered/liability settled Deductible temporary difference: Taxable income is decreased in future when asset recovered/liability settled IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets 10 IAS 12 – Recognition of Current and Deferred Tax  Recognize current and deferred taxes in profit or loss unless – – 21 The related income or expense is recognized elsewhere such as OCI or directly in other equity item Tax results from a business combination IAS 12 – Presentation     22 Classification - deferred taxes are noncurrent A/L (IAS 1) Offsetting - both for current and deferred: only if same taxation authority, legal right to offset, intent is to settle net or at same time Tax expense includes both current and deferred taxes Report tax expense on profit or loss separately from tax expense in OCI IAS 12 – Disclosures  Report separately the major components of tax expense or income – – – – 23 Current tax expense/income Adjustments for current tax of other periods Deferred tax expense/income from each type of temporary difference or change in tax rates or new taxes Benefits recognized currently from previously unrecognized tax losses/credits, or other temporary differences IAS 12 – Disclosures  Report (continued) – – – 24 Tax expense recognized directly in equity and in each component of OCI Reconciliation of expected tax rate to effective tax rate Tax expense for discontinued op’ns – separately for operating results and other gain or loss IAS 12 – Disclosures     25 Related to statement of financial position: Amount of deferred tax asset/liability for each type of temporary difference Deductible temporary differences and other balances with unrecognized deferred tax assets Nature of evidence supporting recognition of uncertain deferred tax assets Current GAAP Comparisons Pages 29 to 30 of 49 of http://www.ey.com/Global/assets.nsf/International/ IFRS_US_GAAP_vs_IFRS/$file/US_GAAP_vs_IFRS.pdf Pages 94 to 98 of 164 of http://www.kpmg.co.uk/pubs/IFRScomparedtoU.S.GAA PAnOverview(2008).pdf 26 IFRS Financial Statement Disclosures The Nestlé Group http://www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=24E5A5E2-93F8-43 A3-956E-0F259448CB90 Accounting policy for tax Income statement related disclosures Deferred tax assets and liabilities 27 Page 16 of 118 Page 31 of 118 Page 55 of 118 Looking Ahead     28 Income taxes – part of short-term convergence project with FASB Both IASB and FASB have agreed on many changes to eliminate exceptions to general principles in the standards IASB issued an exposure draft in 2009 and expects to issue final standard in 2010 Exposure draft is for new draft IFRS, not amendments to IAS 12 Looking Ahead  Proposed changes likely in exposure draft – – – – – 29 Tax base becomes a measurement attribute Existing non-recognition of deferred tax assets/liabilities in specific cases to be eliminated Clarification of substantively enacted tax rate Change from non-recognition of deferred tax assets (when not probable of realization) to recognition with an associated valuation allowance account Probable will be defined as ‘more likely than not’ Looking Ahead  Proposed changes (continued) – – – – – 30 Continuation of allocating tax expense/income among P&L, OCI and equity, but subsequent changes will go through P&L Balance sheet classification of deferred taxes to mirror U.S requirements Uncertain tax positions will be addressed – using an expected outcome measure and changes recognized in continuing operations Disclosures added; others removed Reconciliation will be of parent company statutory rate to effective rate End-of-Chapter Practice 23-1 IAS 12 provides much more guidance on the recognition and measurement of the tax effects derived from deductible temporary differences than for the benefits from taxable temporary differences Instructions Write a short paragraph to explain this situation 31 End-of-Chapter Practice 23-2 Listed below are a number of situations that affect the financial statements Development costs have been capitalized on the statement of financial position and are being amortized to profit or loss over three years, but deducted as an expense for tax purposes as incurred Revenue is recognized as goods are delivered for financial reporting purposes, but on a cash basis for tax purposes An entity borrows money and pays a transaction fee on the amount borrowed The transaction costs are added to the debt and amortized using the effective interest method for financial reporting purposes, although they were deducted when they were paid for tax purposes Pension expense is charged to profit or loss each period although tax legislation allows entities to deduct only the contributions to the pension trustee to be deducted for tax purposes Expenses have always exceeded the contributions Investment property is measured according to the revaluation model for financial reporting purpose, resulting in valuations in excess of original cost This method is not permitted for tax purposes 32 Instructions For each situation described above, indicate whether the company has a deductible or a taxable temporary difference and whether it will result in the recognition of a deferred tax asset or a tax liability Explain each briefly End-of-Chapter Practice 23-3 A company buys equipment for $1,000, uses it in the manufacturing of goods for resale, and depreciates it on a straight-line basis over its five-year expected useful life For tax purposes, the equipment is depreciated at 25% a year on a straight-line basis Tax losses may be carried back against taxable profit of the previous five years The tax rate for all years is 40%, and in 2004 the company’s taxable profit was $500 In each year from 2005 to 2009, the company reported profits before depreciation expense and taxes of $200 Instructions a) For each year from 2005 to 2009, determine the company’s taxable profit or loss and the current tax expense recognized b) For each year from 2005 to 2009, determine the amount of any year-end taxable or deductible temporary difference and the related balance of the deferred tax asset or liability account reported on the balance sheet, and the deferred tax expense reported for the year c) To the extent possible with the information provided and the results of (a) and (b), prepare a partial statement of comprehensive income for each year from 2005 to 2009 (adapted from Appendix B of IAS 12) 33 End-of-Chapter Practice 23-4 In this chapter, flag icons identify areas where there are GAAP differences between IFRS requirements and national standards Instructions Access the website(s) identified on the inside back cover of this book, and prepare a concise summary of the differences that are flagged throughout the chapter material 34 Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright is unlawful Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein [...]... assets at each reporting date IAS 12 – Recognition of Current and Deferred Tax  Recognize current and deferred taxes in profit or loss unless – – 21 The related income or expense is recognized elsewhere such as OCI or directly in other equity item Tax results from a business combination IAS 12 – Presentation     22 Classification - deferred taxes are noncurrent A/L (IAS 1) Offsetting - both for... subsidiaries, associates, joint ventures IAS 12 – Measurement  Current tax liability –  Current tax asset – if past taxes can be recouped –  19 Taxable income × current tax rate = current tax payable Taxable loss × tax rate of past year = current tax receivable/recoverable Current tax asset – if current year’s taxes overpaid = current tax receivable/recoverable IAS 12 – Measurement  Deferred tax assets... includes both current and deferred taxes Report tax expense on profit or loss separately from tax expense in OCI IAS 12 – Disclosures  Report separately the major components of tax expense or income – – – – 23 Current tax expense /income Adjustments for current tax of other periods Deferred tax expense /income from each type of temporary difference or change in tax rates or new taxes Benefits recognized currently... i.e., enter into calculation of taxable income IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets  Deferred tax assets – – – 16 Result from deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses/credits Rely on having taxable income in the future in order to benefit Recognize deferred tax asset only if probable that taxable profit will be available IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities... $90 IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets  Future tax consequence (assume tax rate of 40%): – –  14 Taxable temporary difference × tax rate* = deferred tax liability Installment A/R temporary difference of $40 × 40% = $16 deferred tax liability * tax rate – statutory rate when temporary difference is expected to reverse, i.e., enter into calculation of taxable income IAS 12 –... A3-956E-0F259448CB90 Accounting policy for tax Income statement related disclosures Deferred tax assets and liabilities 27 Page 16 of 118 Page 31 of 118 Page 55 of 118 Looking Ahead     28 Income taxes – part of short-term convergence project with FASB Both IASB and FASB have agreed on many changes to eliminate exceptions to general principles in the standards IASB issued an exposure draft in 2009 and... Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets 12 IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets   Example: Warranty liability carrying amount $90; deductible for tax only when warranty expenditures are made Tax base = $0 Why is tax base $0? –  13 When the obligation is settled, the full $90 is deductible in calculating taxable income Tax base is carrying amount of $90 less amount... Probable that taxable income will be available in future? Consider: – – –  17 Existence of taxable temporary differences that will reverse in future resulting in taxable income History of profitability Tax planning opportunities If so, recognize deferred tax asset and benefit in same year as tax loss; recognize full tax effect on temporary deductible differences Reassess each B/S date IAS 12 – Recognition... unrecognized tax losses/credits, or other temporary differences IAS 12 – Disclosures  Report (continued) – – – 24 Tax expense recognized directly in equity and in each component of OCI Reconciliation of expected tax rate to effective tax rate Tax expense for discontinued op’ns – separately for operating results and other gain or loss IAS 12 – Disclosures     25 Related to statement of financial.. .IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets   Example: Installment A/R carrying amount $40; revenues recognized on sale; taxable when cash received Tax base = $0 Why is tax base $0? –  11 When the $40 is received (asset’s carrying amount is recovered), it is all taxable No amount ($0) is deductible from the $40 received Taxable temporary difference = $40 - $0 = $40 IAS 12 – ... period If current taxes payable > taxes paid, then –  If current income taxes payable < taxes paid, then – Income taxes payable Income taxes recoverable/receivable IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred... differ IAS 12 – Recognition of Current Tax Liabilities and Assets   Current tax = amount of income taxes payable or recoverable on the taxable profit or loss for the period If current taxes. .. FAS 109 Accounting for income taxes Related Standards     IAS Presentation of financial statements IAS Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors IAS 37 Provisions, contingent