chap25 lect 2010

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chap25 lect 2010

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Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry Organic and Biological Chemistry Calculate grade: • • • • • • • • • • • • • (Add exam1 – exam scores) (520 total 4) (Add best quizzes) x 1.25 (50 total) (Add Total Mastering chemistry points x 0.70) (200 total) Gives you the # points you have so far + recitation points (50 possible) + Final (worth 180 points) = total points Grades: 800 - 750 - 3.5 700 - 650 - 2.5 600 - 2.0 etc Organic and Biological Chemistry Organic Chemistry • The chemistry of carbon compounds • What’s special about carbon?  tetravalent (sp3 hybridization)  wide choice in oxidation states  CO2 C, +4  CH4 C, -4  bonds well to O, N,halides,itself,etc  Covalent bonds are very strong Organic and Biological Chemistry Structure of Carbon Compounds • There are three hybridization states and geometries found in organic compounds:  sp3 Tetrahedral  sp2 Trigonal planar  sp Linear Organic and Biological Chemistry Hydrocarbons • Four types: (contain only H and C)  Alkanes  Alkenes  Alkynes  Aromatic hydrocarbons Organic and Biological Chemistry Alkanes • Only single bonds • Saturated hydrocarbons  “Saturated” with hydrogens Organic and Biological Chemistry Formulas • Lewis structures of alkanes look like this • Also called structural formulas • Often not convenient, though… Organic and Biological Chemistry Formulas …so more often condensed formulas are used Organic and Biological Chemistry Properties of Alkanes • Only van der Waals force: London force • Boiling point increases with length of chain Organic and Biological Chemistry Structure of Alkanes • Carbons in alkanes sp3 hybrids • Tetrahedral geometry • 109.5° bond angles Organic and Biological Chemistry Carbohydrates Simple sugars are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones Organic and Biological Chemistry Carbohydrates • In solution they form cyclic structures •These can form chains of sugars that form structural molecules such as Organic and starch and cellulose Biological Chemistry Nucleic Acids Two of the building blocks of RNA and DNA are sugars (ribose or deoxyribose) And cyclic bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine or uracil) Organic and Biological Chemistry Nucleic Acids These combine with a phosphate to form a nucleotide Organic and Biological Chemistry Nucleic Acids Nucleotides combine to form the familiar double-helix form of the nucleic acids Organic and Biological Chemistry Organic and Biological Chemistry The FINAL The best preparation: The four exams and quizzes “I’ll bet, since I’m, after all, a little lazy, that I’ll use some of these questions” Topics: Chapter Dimensional analysis significant figures Organic and Biological Chemistry The FINAL Chapter History of atomic structure dalton cathode ray tubes rutherford gold foil experiment Miliken’s oil drop experiment atomic numbers, mass, isotopes average at weights The periodic table groups, periods, etc molecular and empirical formulas ions, ionic compounds naming inorganic compounds naming binary molecular compounds (nitrogen triodide) Organic and Biological Chemistry The FINAL Chapter compounds naming binary molecular compounds (nitrogen triodide) atomic structure, protons, neutrons, electrons Chapter stoichiometry calculations dealing with chemical reactions limiting reagent calculate empirical formula Organic and Biological Chemistry The FINAL Chapter 4, aqueous reactions, solution stoichiometry strong and weak electrolytes the strong acids and the strong bases Know your anions and cations precipitation reactions acid/base reactions Redox, oxidations numbers, redox reactions the activity series solution stoichiometry titrations Organic and Biological Chemistry The FINAL Chapter 5, thermochemistry Kinetic and potential energy what is work versus heat? ∆H and ∆E what is a state function pV work calorimetry Hess’s law enthalpies of formation Organic and Biological Chemistry The FINAL Chapter 6, electronic structure of atoms wave and particle nature of light black body radiation, quantization of energy photons The photoelectric effect Line spectra & the bohr model Quantum mechanics atomic numbers atomic orbitals electron spin electron configuration The periodic table explained Organic and Biological Chemistry The FINAL Chapter 7, Periodic properties of the elements effective nuclear charge sizes of atoms sizes of ions ionization energies electron affinities group trends for: alkali metals alkine earch metals oxygen group, halogens, noble gases Organic and Biological Chemistry The FINAL Chapter 8, chemical bonding ionic bonding metal bonding covalent bonding bond polarity electronegativity lewis structures multiple bonds resonance structures octet rule and exceptions bond enthalpy and bond length Organic and Biological Chemistry The FINAL Chapter 9, VSEPR, valence bond and molecular orbital theory self explanatory Chapter 25, organic and biochemistry hydrocarbons functional groups naming organic compounds isomers what’s an amino acid? What’s a protein? What’s a sugar? polysaccharide? Organic and Biological Chemistry [...]... p-Orbital on each atom  Molecule is planar • Odd number of electron pairs in π-system Organic and Biological Chemistry Aromatic Nomenclature Many aromatic hydrocarbons are known by their common names Organic and Biological Chemistry Reactions of Aromatic Compounds • Unlike in alkenes and alkynes, πelectrons do not sit between two atoms • Electrons are delocalized; this stabilizes aromatic compounds... π-bond and one σ-bond are replaced by two σ-bonds; therefore, ∆H is negative Organic and Biological Chemistry Mechanism of Addition Reactions H H • The basics of arrow pushing:  Arrow goes from where electrons come from to where they are going • Alkene addition two-step mechanism:  First step is slow, rate-determining step  Second step is fast Organic and Biological Chemistry Mechanism of Addition

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Mục lục

  • Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry

  • Calculate grade:

  • Organic Chemistry

  • Structure of Carbon Compounds

  • Hydrocarbons (contain only H and C)

  • Alkanes

  • Formulas

  • Slide 8

  • Properties of Alkanes

  • Structure of Alkanes

  • Slide 11

  • Structural Isomers

  • Organic Nomenclature

  • Slide 14

  • Slide 15

  • To Name a Compound…

  • Slide 17

  • Cycloalkanes

  • Reactions of Alkanes

  • Alkenes

  • Structure of Alkenes

  • Slide 22

  • Properties of Alkenes

  • Nomenclature of Alkenes

  • Reactions of Alkenes

  • Mechanism of Addition Reactions

  • Slide 27

  • Slide 28

  • Alkynes

  • Nomenclature of Alkynes

  • Reactions of Alkynes

  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons

  • Aromatic Nomenclature

  • Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

  • Slide 35

  • Structure of Aromatic Compounds

  • Slide 37

  • Functional Groups

  • Alcohols

  • Slide 40

  • Ethers

  • Carbonyl Compounds

  • Aldehydes

  • Ketones

  • Carboxylic Acids

  • Slide 46

  • Esters

  • Amides

  • Amines

  • Chirality

  • Slide 51

  • Slide 52

  • Amino Acids and Proteins

  • Slide 54

  • Slide 55

  • Carbohydrates

  • Slide 57

  • Nucleic Acids

  • Slide 59

  • Slide 60

  • PowerPoint Presentation

  • Slide 62

  • Slide 63

  • Slide 64

  • Slide 65

  • Slide 66

  • Slide 67

  • Slide 68

  • Slide 69

  • Slide 70

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