Sedimentary rocks

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Sedimentary rocks

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THE LANGUAGE OF THE EARTH – PART II SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Principles applied to Sedimentary Rocks Uniformitarianism: The Present is the Key to the Past Faunal Succession Principles applied to Sedimentary Rocks Original Horizontality Superposition Time UNCONFORMITIES “Looking into the Abyss of Geological Time” Siccar Point, Scotland Definition SEDIMENTARY ROCK - Compacted and cemented accumulations of sediment, which can be of two general types - clastic and chemical Clastic - composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered, eroded and transported by wind, water, ice, or mass movement to a site of deposition Chemical -composed of minerals precipitated from water (usually ocean water) due to evaporation or to the metabolic action of organisms (biogenic) Sedimentary Rocks: Definition and General T SEDIMENTARY ROCK - Compacted and cemented accumulations of sediment, which can be of two general types - clastic and chemical Clastic - composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered, eroded and transported by wind, water, ice, or mass movement to a site of deposition Chemical -composed of minerals precipitated from water (usually ocean water) due to evaporation or to the metabolic action of organisms (biogenic) Sediment Sedimentary Rock Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered, Mechanical Weathering Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered, Chemical Weathering Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered, transported by Ice (Glaciers) Distinguishing Characteristics of Clastic Sediments (cont.): Bedding/Stratification - Sediments transported by water and wind are typically bedded (or stratified) due to fluccuations in the velocity of transport and sediment load Graded bedding is a gradual change from coarse particles at the base to fine particles at the top of a bed that reflects a gradual decrease in the energy of the depositional environment Cross-bedding forms by dune migration in fluvial (stream), marine, or eolian environments Sediment transported by ice or mass movement are typically unbedded (massive) Lithification Transformation of Sediment into Sedimentary Rock Gravel Compaction and Cementation of Clastic Sediments Common Cementing Agents: Quartz, Calcite, Hematite Conglomerate Lithification Compaction and Cementation of Clastic Sediments Basic Types of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks • MUDSTONE/SHALE - Well-sorted, mature, clay-sized particles ; generally implies deposition into quiet water • SANDSTONE - Well-sorted, mature, commonly bedded, sand-sized particles typically transported by wind or moderate water movement (e.g rivers, beaches) • GREYWACKE - Moderately sorted, immature, clay- to sand-sized particles commonly showing graded bedding Commonly deposited in deep waters off mountainous coasts • CONGLOMERATE - Poorly sorted, immature, clay to boulder-sized particles transported only a short distance from their source and typically deposited by fast moving water • TILL - Very poorly sorted, clay to boulder-sized particles; non-bedded; deposited from glaciers Environments of Deposition of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Chemical Sedimentary Rocks composed of minerals precipitated from water (usually ocean water) due to evaporation or to the metabolic action of organisms (biogenic) From Plummer and Carlson Chemical Sedimentary Rocks IRON-FORMATION - Iron oxide minerals, usually magnetite (taconite ore) or hematite (natural ore), interlayered with chert (microcrystalline quartz) and clay minerals Common chemical sedimentary rock biogenically formed in shallow marine environments older than about 1.8 billion years Chemical Sedimentary Rocks LIMESTONE - Calcium carbonate (calcite) commonly containing abundant marine fossils Most common type of chemical sediment forming today by evaporation and biogenic processing of seawater Dolomite (or dolostone) is created by replacement of calcium by magnesium after shallow burial of limestone Forms in tropical shallow marine environments Non-fossiliferous Limestone Fossiliferous Limestone Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Biogenic Fossiliferous Limestone Inorganic, ~clastic Oolitic LS Dunes, Bahamas Non-fossiliferous Limestone Oolitic Limestone Chemical Sedimentary Rocks CHERT – Microcrystalline quartz (SiO2) ; commonly found interbedded with iron oxide in iron formation or as replacement nodules in limestone White and red chert interlayered with hematite, Soudan Iron Formation Chert nodules in Limestone Chemical Sedimentary Rocks EVAPORITE DEPOSITS (Gypsum, Halite, Anhydrite) – minerals precipitated from saline water in arid environments with high evaporation rates (e.g., playa lakes) Organic Sedimentary Rocks PEAT/COAL – Carbonaceous material created by the accumulation, compaction and heating of organic matter Forms in temperate to tropical, low energy, terrestrial environments (lagoons, floodplains) Environments of Chemical Sedimentation Evaporites Coal Limestone [...]... particles; non-bedded; deposited from glaciers Environments of Deposition of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Chemical Sedimentary Rocks composed of minerals precipitated from water (usually ocean water) due to evaporation or to the metabolic action of organisms (biogenic) From Plummer and Carlson Chemical Sedimentary Rocks IRON-FORMATION - Iron oxide minerals, usually magnetite (taconite ore) or hematite...Continental Glaciation Till Tillite Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered, transported, by Water The Work of Rivers – Transport Sediment to the Sea Mature Rivers – Floodplains and Meanders 4 Effects of Changing Base Levels due to tectonic uplift or changing sea level Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that... of limestone Forms in tropical shallow marine environments Non-fossiliferous Limestone Fossiliferous Limestone Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Biogenic Fossiliferous Limestone Inorganic, ~clastic Oolitic LS Dunes, Bahamas Non-fossiliferous Limestone Oolitic Limestone Chemical Sedimentary Rocks CHERT – Microcrystalline quartz (SiO2) ; commonly found interbedded with iron oxide in iron formation or as replacement... White and red chert interlayered with hematite, Soudan Iron Formation Chert nodules in Limestone Chemical Sedimentary Rocks EVAPORITE DEPOSITS (Gypsum, Halite, Anhydrite) – minerals precipitated from saline water in arid environments with high evaporation rates (e.g., playa lakes) Organic Sedimentary Rocks PEAT/COAL – Carbonaceous material created by the accumulation, compaction and heating of organic... movement are typically unbedded (massive) Lithification Transformation of Sediment into Sedimentary Rock Gravel Compaction and Cementation of Clastic Sediments Common Cementing Agents: Quartz, Calcite, Hematite Conglomerate Lithification Compaction and Cementation of Clastic Sediments Basic Types of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks • MUDSTONE/SHALE - Well-sorted, mature, clay-sized particles ; generally implies... usually magnetite (taconite ore) or hematite (natural ore), interlayered with chert (microcrystalline quartz) and clay minerals Common chemical sedimentary rock biogenically formed in shallow marine environments older than about 1.8 billion years Chemical Sedimentary Rocks LIMESTONE - Calcium carbonate (calcite) commonly containing abundant marine fossils Most common type of chemical sediment forming today... Base Levels due to tectonic uplift or changing sea level Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered, transported, by Wind Cross-bedding Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered, eroded, and transported to a site of deposition Deltaic Environments deposition of sediment due to loss of transport energy... mineral or rock fragment Distinguishing Characteristics of Clastic Sediments (cont.): Compositional Maturity - mature sediment contains only Quartz and Clay and reflects prolonged weathering of the source rocks Immature sediment contains other minerals or rock fragments that may imply mostly mechanical weathering in the source region and short transport distance Distinguishing Characteristics of Clastic

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Mục lục

  • THE LANGUAGE OF THE EARTH – PART II

  • Slide 2

  • Principles applied to Sedimentary Rocks

  • Slide 4

  • Slide 5

  • Definition

  • Slide 7

  • Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered,...

  • Slide 9

  • Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered, transported...

  • Slide 11

  • Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered, transported,...

  • Slide 13

  • Slide 14

  • Slide 15

  • Slide 16

  • Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered, eroded, and transported to a site of deposition

  • Slide 18

  • Slide 19

  • Slide 20

  • Slide 21

  • Slide 22

  • Slide 23

  • Slide 24

  • Slide 25

  • Slide 26

  • Basic Types of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

  • Environments of Deposition of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

  • Chemical Sedimentary Rocks composed of minerals precipitated from water (usually ocean water) due to evaporation or to the metabolic action of organisms (biogenic)

  • IRON-FORMATION - Iron oxide minerals, usually magnetite (taconite ore) or hematite (natural ore), interlayered with chert (microcrystalline quartz) and clay minerals. Common chemical sedimentary rock biogenically formed in shallow marine environments older than about 1.8 billion years.

  • LIMESTONE - Calcium carbonate (calcite) commonly containing abundant marine fossils. Most common type of chemical sediment forming today by evaporation and biogenic processing of seawater. Dolomite (or dolostone) is created by replacement of calcium by magnesium after shallow burial of limestone. Forms in tropical shallow marine environments.

  • Slide 32

  • CHERT – Microcrystalline quartz (SiO2) ; commonly found interbedded with iron oxide in iron formation or as replacement nodules in limestone

  • Slide 34

  • PEAT/COAL – Carbonaceous material created by the accumulation, compaction and heating of organic matter. Forms in temperate to tropical, low energy, terrestrial environments (lagoons, floodplains).

  • Slide 36

  • Slide 37

  • Slide 38

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