Soils minerals

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Soils  minerals

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BIOL 100C: Introductory Biology III Soils & Minerals; Water Transport Dr P Narguizian Fall 2012 Principles of Biology Planting Hope in the Wake of Katrina  Many plants can remove toxins such as heavy metals from soils by taking them up with their roots and storing them in their bodies  The use of plants to clean up polluted soil and groundwater is called phytoremediation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Planting Hope in the Wake of Katrina  Concerns associated with phytoremediation include – Release of toxins into the air via evaporation from plant leaves – Disposal of plants with high concentrations of pollutants – Possible toxicity to animals that eat plants with high concentrations of pollutants Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc THE UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT OF PLANT NUTRIENTS Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Plants acquire their nutrients from soil and air  Plants take up carbon dioxide from the air to produce sugars via photosynthesis; oxygen is produced as a product of photosynthesis  Plants obtain water, minerals, and some oxygen from the soil  Using simple sugars as an energy source and as building blocks, plants convert the inorganic molecules they take up into the organic molecules of living plant tissue Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 32.1 Plants acquire their nutrients from soil and air  Inorganic molecules taken up by plants – Carbon dioxide – Nitrogen – Magnesium – Phosphorus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Plants acquire their nutrients from soil and air  Organic molecules produced by plants – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic acids Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc CO2 Minerals H2O O2 The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake  Minerals taken up by plant roots are in a watery solution  Water and minerals are absorbed through the epidermis of the root and must be taken up by root cells before they enter the xylem  Selective permeability of the plasma membrane of root cells controls what minerals enter the xylem Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Most plants depend on bacteria to supply nitrogen  Most of the nitrogen in the biosphere is in the atmosphere as N2 gas  Plants can only absorb nitrogen as ammonium or nitrates from the soil; they cannot absorb it from air Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Atmosphere  N2 Soil Soil bacteria can convert N2 gas from the air into forms usable by plants via several processes – Nitrogen fixation—N2 is converted to ammonia – Amonification—conversion of organic matter into ammonium – Nitrification—conversion of ammonium to nitrates, the form most often taken up by plants Amino acids, etc N2 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria H NH3 Ammonifying bacteria Organic material NH4+ + NH4+ (ammonium) Nitrifying bacteria NO3– (nitrate) Root EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Mutually beneficial relationships have evolved between plants and their symbionts  Most plants form symbioses with fungi called mycorrhizae – Mycorrhizae act like extensions of plant roots, increasing the area for absorption of water and minerals from soil – Mycorrhizae produce enzymes that release phosphorus from soil, making it available to plant hosts – Mycorrhizae release growth factors and antibiotics into the soil – Mycorrhizal symbioses have evolved with plants and were important to plants successfully invading land Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 32.13A A mycorrhiza on a eucalyptus root EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Mutually beneficial relationships have evolved between plants and their symbionts  Some plants form symbioses with nitrogenfixing bacteria – Legumes (peas, beans, alfalfa, and others) form root nodules to house nitrogen-fixing symbionts in the genus Rhizobium – Other plants, such as alders, form symbioses with other kinds of nitrogen-fixing bacteria – Plants that form these associations are rich in nitrogen  Both mycorrhizae and nitrogen-fixing bacteria benefit by receiving sugars from the plants they colonize Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Shoot Nodules Roots Bacteria within vesicle Figure 32.13C Bacteria within a root nodule cell The plant kingdom includes epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores  Epiphytes – Grow anchored on other plants – Absorb water and minerals from rain  Parasites – Roots tap into the host plant’s vascular system – Incapable of photosynthesis – Absorb organic molecules from host plant  Carnivores – Trap and digest small animals such as insects – Absorb inorganic elements from prey – Found in nutrient poor environments Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 32.14A Orchids, a type of epiphyte, growing on the trunk of a tree Figure 32.14C Mistletoe growing on an oak Figure 32.14B Dodder growing on a pickleweed Figure 32.14E A Venus’ flytrap digesting a fly Figure 32.14D A sundew plant trapping a damselfly Transport in plants involves movement of water and minerals from (a) through (b) to leaves sugar from (c) (e) (d) to driven by (f) through driven by pressure flow You should now be able to  Describe phytoremediation and its uses  Explain how water and minerals are taken up by plant roots  Describe the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism for movement of water through plants  Describe how guard cells regulate transpiration  Explain how sugars are transported through plants from sources to sinks Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc You should now be able to  Give examples of essential elements and tell why they are important  Explain how soil characteristics and fertility influence plant growth  Explain why soil bacteria are important to all plants and plant nutrition Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc You should now be able to  Describe the symbiotic relationships that have evolved between plants and microorganisms and how those relationships improve plant nutrition  Differentiate between epiphytes, parasites, and carnivorous plants; describe what each of these kinds of plants gets from its “host” or “prey” Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc [...]... Casparian strip – Water and solutes that have entered the root without crossing a cell plasma membrane are blocked – Specialized cells of the endodermis take up water and minerals selectively – The Casparian strip regulates uptake of minerals that enter the root via the extracellular route Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Root hair Epidermis Cortex Phloem Key Dermal tissue system Ground tissue...The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake  There are two pathways by which water and minerals enter the xylem – Intracellular route—water and solutes are selectively taken up by a root epidermal cell, usually a root hair, and transported from cell to cell through plasmodesmata – Extracellular... Chlorine Make up 98% of plant dry weight – Iron – Manganese – Boron – Zinc – Phosphorus – Copper – Potassium – Nickel – Calcium – Molybdenum – Magnesium Complete solution containing Solution lacking all minerals (control) potassium (experimental)

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  • PowerPoint Presentation

  • Planting Hope in the Wake of Katrina

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  • Plants acquire their nutrients from soil and air

  • 32.1 Plants acquire their nutrients from soil and air

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  • The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake

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  • Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels

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  • Guard cells control transpiration

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  • Phloem transports sugars

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  • Plant health depends on a complete diet of essential inorganic nutrients

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  • CONNECTION: Fertilizers can help prevent nutrient deficiencies

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  • Fertile soil supports plant growth

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  • CONNECTION: Soil conservation is essential to human life

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  • Most plants depend on bacteria to supply nitrogen

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  • EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Mutually beneficial relationships have evolved between plants and their symbionts

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  • The plant kingdom includes epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

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  • You should now be able to

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