MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS CHAPTER COMPUTER SYSTEMS -HARDWARE -SOFTWARE Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-1 HARDWARE Chapter Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall Chapter Chapter Chapter 2-2 COMPUTER SYSTEMS • Hardware: Physical pieces of a computer system • Software: Set of programs that control the operations of a computer Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS • All computers made up of the same set of six building blocks: input, output, memory, arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, and files • Control unit and arithmetic/logical unit together known as the central processing unit (CPU) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-4 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-5 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Input: • Device(s) needed to enter data into the computer for it to use in computations and comparisons Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-6 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Input: What is the difference between a terminal and a PC? • Terminal - Designed strictly for input and output Has keyboard and screen Does not have a processor Connected to a computer with a processor via telecommunications - Examples: point-of-sale terminal, ATM Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-7 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Common Input Methods: - Keyboard: input entered by user through keystrokes Mouse, stylus, touchpad: alternative to keystrokes Disk drive or flash drive: data on disk read into memory Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR): used to process bank checks Barcode labeling: scans barcodes on packages or products, and reads into computer Optical character recognition (OCR): directly scans typed, printed, or handwritten material Imaging: inputs digital form of documents and photos Keyboard Disk Drive Barcode Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-8 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Output: • Device(s) needed to produce results in a usable format Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-9 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Common Output Methods: - Video display unit: displays output on a screen - Disk drive or flash drive: output written to disk for storage - Printer: output to paper (various types of printers) - Computer output microfilm (COM): microfilm generated for archive copies in small space - Voice response units: computer-generated verbal response messages Video Display Disk Drive Microfilm Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-10 SUPPORT SOFTWARE COBOL program example Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-51 SUPPORT SOFTWARE Fourth Generation Languages • Nonprocedural languages (4GL) • • • Easier to program, but less efficient for computers to run Uses more English-like statements for program instructions Today may be referred to as a language for business intelligence (BI) application development • • • • • SAS IBM Cognos SAP Business Objects Oracle BI Enterprise Editing Plus Microsoft SQL 2008 Services (Analysis, Reporting) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-52 SUPPORT SOFTWARE Markup Languages • Employ tags to “mark up” documents • HTML - Used to create Web pages - • Consists of special tags that tell the Web browser how to display various elements on a Web page (e.g., bold-faced or italic text, image location, links to other Web pages) XML HTML Example - Used to facilitate data interchange among Web applications and Web services - Meta language consisting of tags that identify particular data elements Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-53 EXAMPLES XML Example (tags in brackets) Indiana vs Michigan 33 36 XML Example Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-54 SUPPORT SOFTWARE Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Languages • • • Neither 3GL nor 4GL … new paradigm Create objects once, store, then reuse Object examples: - Text box, check box • Most Common Languages: - C++, Java, Visual Basic.NET, C# Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-55 SUPPORT SOFTWARE Object-Oriented Programming – Java Example Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-56 SUPPORT SOFTWARE Languages for Developing Web Applications • HTML is the most common form of user interface • Server-side programming languages include: • • • • PHP Java Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP) Microsoft’s Active Server Pages (ASP, ASP.NET) Adobe’s ColdFusion Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-57 SUPPORT SOFTWARE Database Management Systems (DBMS) - Systems that create, store, and manage modifications to data in a database – and make data accessible for queries, reporting Data Dictionary/Directory - Repository for data definitions used by a Database Data Warehouse - Very large database or collection of databases for decision support that use a DBMS optimized for analytics (including data mining) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-58 SUPPORT SOFTWARE DBMS Architectures Hierarchical Data are arranged like a top-down organization chart Example: IBM Information Management System (IMS) • • Network Data are arranged like cities on a highway system, often with several paths from one piece of data to another Example: Computer Associates’ CA-IDMS • • Relational Most common type Data arranged in simple tables Records related by storing common data in each associated table Examples: Microsoft Access and SQL Server, Paradox, DB2, and Ingres • • • • Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-59 SUPPORT SOFTWARE DBMS Architectures • • • Object- Oriented Data can be graphics, video, and sound as well as simpler data types Attributes and methods are encapsulated in object classes, and relationships between classes can be shown by nesting one class within another Examples: Versant Object Database, Progress ObjectStore, and Objectivity/DB • • Object-relational Hybrid approach that can handle complex data types with the simplicity of the relational model Examples: Oracle, IBM’s DB2 and Cloudscape, and FFE Software’s First SQL/J Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-60 SUPPORT SOFTWARE • Query Language example: SQL/DS Command Language SELECT ORDER#, CUSTOMER#, CUSTNAME, ORDER-DATE FROM CUSTOMER, ORDER WHERE ORDER-DATE> ‘03/12/11’ AND CUSTOMER.CUSTOMER# = ORDER.CUSTOMER# Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-61 SUPPORT SOFTWARE Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) Tools • Collection of software tools to help automate all phases of the software development life cycle to increase productivity of software designers and programmers • CASE tools for OO development for Unified Modeling Language ( UML) - UML = general-purpose notational language for specifying and visualizing complex software, especially large, object-oriented projects Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-62 SUPPORT SOFTWARE Communications Interface Software • • • • For Large computers: • Controls communications between workstations and terminals connected to a network & central computer • Example: IBM’s Customer Information Control System (CICS) Web Server Software serves Web pages to Web browser File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfers files from one computer system to another Utility programs: link together programs & subprograms, merge files (ZIP programs), check for viruses, etc FTP Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-63 KEY SOFTWARE TRENDS • More concern with human efficiency • More purchased applications software • More open source support software • More programming using object-oriented languages • More emphasis on applications that run on intranets and the Internet • More user development • More use of personal productivity software on microcomputers Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-64 IT INDUSTRY TRENDS Hardware firms • • Have been expanding by adding services (including acquiring established consulting firms) Major players: - US: IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Dell , Apple Non US : Acer, Lenovo, Toshiba, Fujitsu, Sony Software firms • Have been expanding by developing new products and acquiring smaller software companies - IBM bought Cognos; SAP bought Business Objects Oracle bought PeopleSoft and Salesforce.com Oracle also bought Sun (hardware and Java) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-65 [...]... OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Midrange systems: • In 1980s, included 2 types of computer systems 1 Workstations - Microcomputers with more powerful chips than PCs - Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) chip yielded greater performance because it was specialized 2 Minicomputers - Less powerful and less expensive than mainframe systems - Used for departmental computers & office automation Midrange Systems Copyright... Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-26 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Mainframe Computers: • • Computer platforms for most major corporations and government agencies Major strength is versatility in application processing - Online and batch processing - Integrated enterprise systems - Engineering and scientific applications - Network control - Systems development environment (not production) - Web server... 2-14 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Arithmetic/Logical Unit: • • • Consists of VLSI circuits on a silicon chip Can perform up to billions of operations per second Numbers are taken from memory as input and results are stored in memory as output ALU Circuits Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-15 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Computer files: • • • File... compare speed for running a set of jobs on Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall different machines 2-20 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall Table 2.1 2-21 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Microcomputers: • • • For personal computing Can generally be carried or moved by one person and only have one keyboard and display unit Examples:... Handheld or personal digital assistant (PDA) - Tablet PC Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-22 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Microcomputers: Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-23 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Microcomputers, continued: • • Two major microcomputer platforms - IBM-compatible PCs (personal computers) Apple microcomputers (does not... COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Memory: • • • - Referred to as main memory or primary memory All data flows to and from memory Divide into cells Each has a unique address Can only store limited amount of data -Byte: stores one character of data -Word: stores two or more characters of data Memory Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-11 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Memory:... expensive than mainframe systems - Used for departmental computers & office automation Midrange Systems Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-25 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Midrange systems - today: • Servers for client/server applications, Web server, etc - Low-end - Essentially high-powered PCs - Typically built on Intel Pentium, Celeron, Xeon or AMD processors - Often... COMPUTER SYSTEMS Memory: • • • • • Each memory cell is a set of circuits Each circuit is on or off (represented by 1 or 0) Each circuit corresponds to a bit (binary digit) Most computers – 8 bits (circuits) represents a character (byte) 2 common bit coding schemes used today: - ASCII - EBCDIC Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-13 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS. .. Software may be purchased as a software suite - Word Processing - Spreadsheets - Database Management Systems - Presentation Graphics - Electronic Mail and Groupware Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-33 APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE Personal Productivity Software • • Database management systems - Used to create, manage and protect organizational data All employ a relational data... speed • - Storage Devices: Magnetic tape drives, disk drives, floppy drives Optical CD or DVD drives Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc publishing as Prentice Hall 2-16 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Types of Computer files: • Sequential Access Files • Records are stored in sequence according to file’s control key Usually stored on magnetic tape Direct Access Files - Records can be accessed