NGUYEN vAN KHANG (Chu bien)· DO ANH " ,,? TUDIEN DANH NHAN THE GIOI PHAN KHOA HQC TV NHIEN vA KY THU~T (Dung cho nha'tntdng) NHA XUAT BAN G1Ao ouc - NAM 2003 LCUNOlf>AU Toan b¢ nen van mink nhdn loai diu co Sf! dong gop khong nho cila tri tu¢ cac danh 'nhan, tit the' h¢ de'n the' h¢ khac, k€ tit bon, ndm tram ndm truac Cong nguyen den Noi dung sacn gido khoa cdc truang h9C noi chung, tit phd thong cho den cao ddng va dai h9C, tung mon, ding dlu duac bien soan dua tren cdc tuu cila cdc nha bdc h9C D€ lam nen cdc sang tao tit nho den lan, tit cdc phdt mink den cdc tdc phdm, cdc danh nhan truac htt phdi h9C hanb c¢t I,!C truang h9C, a thuc tien Khong it nguai phdi trdi qua mot tudi tho vo cung kho khan, diiy thit thdch: ho hoac coi cut, hoac gia cdnh qua ngheo khd, cling cue M¢t so' giJpphdi cdc nghich cdnh khong de dang gi vuat qua duac a Tuy the: ho de'u giong a ch6: cung co mot nghi luc phi thuang, mot y chi sdt da va mot nang luc h9C tap, lam viec sieu pham H9 khong chi huy dong eua cdi, sue luc cua ban than dd danh, ma loi keo cd vNG I cuoc Din Ong sinh tai Muret, vung tlnrong hru sang Garon mroc Phap T6t nghiep ki su cftu duong, la nghe co dia V! hie bay gio, nhung ong khong ham thich nghe rna rna mong khong chi bang long vci tau thuy boi dum mroc, xe co chay tren bo rna phai co may bay bay tren khong, D~ thirnghiem che' tao may bay, can phai co nhieu tien Do do, sifu tay nghe vimg Yang, ong dil che tao nhieu loai dung cu dien "hai tien" thoi tiy nhu: may ghi Am, may dien thoai, may tang am cho cac rap hat Nho tM ong giau co rtit nhanh II su NGHI~P Khi co mot gia san d6 sQ roi, ong moi Mt dau di sau vao sg nghiep rna ong ua thich Ong dil dung het tam trf, thoi gio va tien bac vao hang tram thi nghiem cue kl ton kern de cuoi cung che' tao duoc mot mo hinh may bay dAu tien co the c~t canh roo khoi mat rlAt va bay tren khong, Hecmit (Charles Hermite, 1822-1901): nguoi dau tien de cap d€n phep giai phuong trlnh dai s6 khong gian vecto, bac va c6 nhieu cong trlnh (I) ve The r6i 14/10/1897 viec gl den se den Tai cao nguyen Salory gan Vecxay, mot sl,I kien danh dau su dOi cua nganh hang khong dii xay ra: Chiec may bay dau tien chay bang dong co hoi mroc ong che' tao da: cat canh va bay duoc 300m V 6'i phat minh cue kl quan nay, ong da bien diroc uoc mo suot dai cua minh s(r that va duQ'c itch Slr nganh hang khong ghi cong trang cua ong nhu nguai da: khai sinh nganh hang khong the gioi Ong mat tai Tuludo nam 1925 su ton vinh va tri An cua nuoc Phap va nhan loai VI dii co cong phat minh mot phuong tien giao thongkl dieu va sau rat phat trien AMPE (ANDRE MARIE AMPERE) (1775 1836) NHA V~l Li, NHA loAN HOC vi t>~1 NGUOI PHAp I CUOCDOI Ampe sinh 20/01/1775 mot gia dinh buon to lua kha gia (j Lyon mroc Phap Cha Ampe muon trai minh sau se ke nghiep quan 11 tai san cua gia dinh, nhirng Ampe khong quan tam toi viec buon ban va cling khong co y dinh noi nghiep chao Ngay tit nho, Ampe rat say me hoc toano Cau thuong tl,I hoc nhieu hon la di den tnrong M~ cua Ampe mua cho cau rat nhieu choi thii vi nhung suet cau be chi mai me Him toan voi nhtrng vien soi, Ampe rat ham doc sach Nam len tuoi, cau dii tl,I hoc d~ dQC va viet duoc tieng Phap mot each thong thao Len tudi, cau bllt dau doc nhtmg trang sach dau tien cua bQ "Bach khoa toan thu" cung tat cii so sach co nha Dieu d~c biet la doc den dau, cau nho ki den do, khong quen hoac bo sot mot chi tiet nao du la nho nhat Ampe ciing dii tv hQC cong tieng Latinh de c6 the doc duoc sach cua nhieu nha toan hoccac mroc nOi tieng hie Cau trang bi cho minh m~t v6n kien thrrc ve tv nhien rtlt phong phu va da dang, Nam 1793, cha cua Ampe d9t ngot qua doi Gia dinh Ampe sa stit nghiem Tuy s6ng thieu th6n va kho khan nhung "cau be 18 tuoi" van kien tri nghien CUu toan hoc Nhirng cong trinh dau tien cua Ampe thuoc Iinh vue toan xac suat dUgc cong b6 vao nam 1802 Tai nang cua Ampe Mt dau dugc gioi khoa hQC chu y Nam 1799, Ampe lap gia dinh Vq ong la co Julie Caron Gia dinh Ampe lam vao hoan canh tung thieu, Ong phai di day hQC nr ben ngoai, Vuqt qua nhieu kh6 khan va thir thach cuoc song, cuoi cung Ampe tr6 mot nha toan hoc nOi tieng, Cac cong trlnh cua ong sau deu duoc ii'ng dung rong riii thuc te, phuc vu cho dm s6ng nguoi Ampe qua dm vao 10 thang nam 1836 tai Macxay, huong tho 61 tuOi II SV NGHI~P Nam 1801, Ampe day v~t Ii tai tnrong trung hQC IOn Buocgo Ba nam sau, ong duqc moi day hoc tai Tnrong Dai hQC Bach khoa va den nam 1814, ong ehinh thuc tr6 vien si cua Vi¢n Han lam Khoa hoc, La mot nha toan hQC, nhung Ampe la mot nhUng nguoi dii xay dung va dong g6p nhieu cho nganh khoa hQC cac hien nrong dien tir rna ong goi ten la: "Di~n d(mg I\lc hQC" Ten goi sau duoc chfnh thirc cong nhan, ve Nam 1820, nha v~t Ii nguoi Dan Mach Oxtet (Hans Christian Oersted) dii kham pha rang: dong dien day c6 the lam chuyen dong mot cai kim la ban gan, CUng thoi gian d6, Ampe tim duqc mot dinh luat toan hQC lien quan tOi cuong d~ dong dien va' d~ manh cua ttr tnrong rna no tao Ngay nay, dinh luat thuang duqc goi la dinh luat Ampe dan DAy ding la m~t phat minh quan nhat ve dien tir, Ap dung dinh luat nay, Ampe dii cM ~o nhieu dl;lng Cl;l cuang d~ dong di¢n va di¢n ap T~n cua Ong dUgc dung de d~t ten cho dan vi cuang d~ dong di¢n 'Nam 1823, Ampe hqp mc vOi nha khoa hqe Arago sang cM nam chAm di¢n DAy cUng chinh la nguon g6c eua nhieu pMt minh sau nay: nam chAm di¢n, di¢n tin, may pMt di¢n, d~ng CO di¢n Ampe co nhi6u cong lao d6i vOi di¢n hqc nhu Niutan d6i vOi co hqe cae nha hac hQC cung thm khAm ph\lC tai nang cua Ampe va triu men gqi Ong la "Niutun cua di~n hl,Jc" Ngoai khoa hQC, Arnpe nghien CUll triet hoc NguOi ta biet d€n ong khong chi nhu mot nha toan hoc ndi tieng rna la mt)t nha hien trier, Vao nhiing nam cu6i dOi, dii gia y€u, nhung Ampe van gang strc hom mot cong trinh khoa hQC d6 st) D6la lac pham: "Luan triet hQC eua khoa hQC" Cu6n sach dang SOf,Ul db thi Ampe dt)t ngotqua dOi, de lai du am tiec nu6i cho toan nhan loai ve Nhtmg cong nrc ro nghien CUll khoa hoc dii dua ten tudi Arnpe len vi trf nhung nha toan hoc bang diiu cua the gioi, tnroc day cling nhu hien va miii mai v~ sau ANHXTANH (ALBERT EINSTEIN) (1879 • 1955) NHA V~T Li Mi, GOe £>Oe, eHA £>E ellA V~T Li HI~N £>~I v); THUYET TUONG £>61 I cuoc DOl Ong sinh nam 1879 ~t)t can phong nho cua mot hieu tap hoa pM Ulm nuoc Dire, mar nam 1955 b Princeton mroc Mi Khi hoc tieu hoc va trung hQC Munich, ong khong M to xuat sac Trai lai, ong nlnit nhat, cham chap, dien dat eire kl kho khan Ong t6i da tm mire thay giao phai buc boi, cha my ong thl tMt vong SC'! rAngong khong co diroc trf niio blnh thuong, a a Nhung tit nam 1896, sau vao hQC HQC vien Bach khoa Zurich, ong to kha quan hon, d~c biet ong ham thlch dQC cac phat minh va bai vi€t cua cac nha bac hQC l6i lac thOi a:y nhu: Hemhon, Macxoen bAng nguyen ban a Sau t6t nghiep dai hQC, ong kiem viec lam Thuy Si mot co quan cap bang sang che Nho r6i riii, eng co d~eu kien d~u d~n doc cac tap chi khoa hoc va suy nghi ve cac van de Ian v(it li hien d~i d~t M*c dil tir nam 1905, ong dii cong b6 tren tap chi khoa hQC Duc "Annalen der Physik" cong trlnh Ian nhung deu khong duC'!c khoa hoc duong thoi chap nhan VI the, nam 1905 giang day tai Dai hQC T6ng hop Zurich, ong phai rilt kh6 khan moi duoc phong hoc vi giao suo Saud6 ong diroc moi day tai Dai hoc Tong hop Praha tit nam 1911 den 1912 Tiep d6, ong tro lai Beclin nhan chirc giao sir vien Vinhem (Kaiser Wilhelm) Den Hitle len cam quyen, mac du ong van duoc nhieu ruroc moi thinh giang, ong van quyet dinh rai mroc Duc nam 1933 Liic dau, ong ti nan Pari, rai Bi, "HQC vien nghien CUll cao cap" tnroc nhan chtrc giao sir chinh thirc a a a Princeton rnroc Mi o day a a c6 dieu kien hon, ong miet mai xay dung mQt hoc thuyet thong nhat M mong duoc khoa hQC chap nhan, nhirng chua bao gio ong cong thirc su Ong diroc trao giai thuong Noben v~ vat Ii tit nam 1921 nhung lai v~ cong lao nghien CUll hieu img quang dien, cha khong phai v6 thuyet nrong doi dang tranh cai ong d6 xirong II SVNGHI~P SI;! nghiep cua ong bAt dau tit eng cho xu at ban bai bao, cong b6 cong trinh Ian v~ mat v~t li li thuyet cua ong, Cong trlnh dau tien la luan van khoa hoc cua ong aDai hQC Tong hop Zurich Cong trlnh thu hai la phat trien If thuyet vat li hrong nr tren co sa cac y nrong cua nha v1;lt li Mac Plang v6 su t6n tai ciia nang luong hrong tu dang hat Ong nr danh gia cong trinh "rat each mang" vao thai diem khoa hoc hie bay gio, a Cong trlnh tha ba la xay dung li thuyet v~ chuyen dong Brao bang cac phep tfnh v6 xac xuat Cong trinh tlnr nr ve thuyet nrong doi hypo mot cac kham pha vi dai nhat cua vat Ii hien dai dau the ki tnroc Bang each xet lai cac khai niem khong gian va thai gian v~t Ii hoc, ong dii chtrng minh rang: co th~ giai quyet su khong tUo'Ilg thich v~ b~ ngoai gifra di¢n dQng Il;!c hQc clla Macxoen va thuyet tUo'Ilg doi Galile d6 xuang a Cang trinh tha nam la h~ qua clla Ii thuyet tren nhung ong xac dinh duqc cong thUc n6i tieng: E =mc 2, tac xac dinh duqc Sl! tUo'Ilg dUo'Ilg giiia khoi Iuqng va nang Iuqng ca Tuy cac cang trinh tren khang phai la cling hieu duqc nhung ong van duqc cac nha v~t Ii n6i tieng dUo'Ilg thai n8 tn;>og, d~c bi~t la cac ten tu6i thm nhu: Plang, Loren Minkopxki 10 Ong ndi tieng v~ nhting quan niem va hanh vi rat di?cdao va day tinh OOAn van Ong khinh re nhting cai rna ngiroi doi thuong mo iroc nhu : danh vong, cua cai, quyen hrc Ong thirong chia se vdi vq ding ong chi thich tim h~OO plnic su lam viec, choi VI cam va tha thuyen Tinh ong cue kl thoai mai va gian di, Di dau ong ding chi ban quan ao cu, nat va it doi mu, Ong thich tr~t tu nr nhimg tI,I' doi s6ng Ong thirong hanh dong chi thea hai quy tAc : quy tAc thir nhat la khong co quy tAc nao ca; quy tAc thir hai la s6ng tI,I' thea y minh, co Ie cac th6i quen d6 rna ong da kham pha cac nr tuong di?c dao, hoan toan chua c6 phat hien tnroc d6 ARIXTOT (ARISTOTE) (3811- 322 TeN) NHA TU TUONG, NHA KHOA HQC LON NHAICUA MQI THOI £)~I I CU()C Din Arixtot sinh CJ Xtagi xu Traxto van nam 384 TCN Cha ong - Nicomac la ngu Ycua vua Amintat xu Maxedoan CJ phia Mc Hy Lap Nicomac thuoc dong ho c6 nghe lam thu6c gia truyen rna ong t6 c6 th~ chinh la Hypocrat, Arixtot IOn len duoi thai vua Amintat va la ban cua hoang til Philip Ngay tir hie nho tu6i, Arixtot da duoc chirng kien cac hoat dong cua ngiroi cha chua tri cho cac benh nhan vung tu cac 10m thu6c lay tir thao moe Nho the rna chang trai som quan tam den thien nhien,.sinh hoc va mon giai phau ~ khao CUll cau tao ben cua C(1 th~ sinh vat, to Trong qua trinh tim hieu hoc hoi d6, ong som c6 biet tai quan sat, kham pha, mot nang luc rat can thiet cho cong viec sau cua ong Nhung chAng may, b6 me ong mat som Ong khong du dieu kien d~ theo dudi nghe y OOu truyen tMng cua gia dinh, rna phai theo hirong khac Chua day 17 tuoi, 11 ong dii phai xa gia dlnh Mn Aten tM cua Hy Lap M vao hQC Platen, nha trier hoc ndi tieng thai d6 a tnrong cua Truong cua Platen goi la Academi, dii co truyen thong 20 nam tnroc Arixtot den hoc, day, hoc sinh vira dircc trau doi kien tlurc vita duoc tl! suy nghi Ten tnrong, Academi co nghia la Vien Han Him hay HQc vien, noi nghien coo nang v~ ur duy, If luan han la cac van d~ thuc te' day nguoi ta it t6 chirc len lap, khong coi cac mon thuc hanh nhu: li, hoa, ki thuat - cling chang may quan tarn toi quan sat, thi nghiem, thuc nghiem, Platon khuyen khich hoc sinh cua mlnh doan tuyet voi thirc tai hang ngay, thoat li khoi nhtmg dieu tai nghe mat thay d~ tri oc duoc nr bay bong tim toi tri thitc moi voi long sung tin rat cao a a Sau hoc xong Academi, Arixtot duoc giu lai lam thay giao va Acaderni tci 20 nam, Miii den Platen mat, nguoi chau Ia Xpoxip len thay, chu tnrong theo thuyet cua Pitago, tuyet doi hoa toan hoc, cho rang so co th~ giai thich diroc moi cai cua ca the gioi Khong chap nhan duoc If thuyet do, Arixtot quyet dinh roi Academi tien hanh nhtrng chuyen vien du d~ tim toi khao cuu Vao khoang nam 343 TCN, ong diroc voi lam vuong su cho Hoang tiI va sau Hoang tiI dii tra Alexandra dai de' Alexandra cham chi hoc hanh nhimg khong thich cac mon triet hQC Arixtot day rna thich vo bi, chien thuat va chinh phuc the' giro han Alexandra dii chinh phuc diroc qua mra the' gioi dtroc nguoi Hy Lap bie'tde'n My gio Nam 334 TCN, Alexandra dai de bang ha, Arixtot mat mot ngirei hoc tro dong thei la O1(>t ngum ban 1&1 Dan chung o Aten blit dau n6i d~y chong chinh quyen Maxedoan va Arixtot (que Maxedoan) cling 13 mot cac muc tieu cua S1,l ch6ngd6i ay, tranh nguy hiem, ong rei ve Canxit, mot hon dao kin dao tren bien ~gi~ Nam sau (322 TCN) Arixtot, m(>t nhUng nba tu tuOng 1&1 nhat cua O1Qi thai dl;\i, lam ~nh va qua dai De II SVNGHI:¢P a Trong thai gian tfUOng Academi, Arixtot vie't rat nhi~u cong trlnh duoi dng rieng thea mQt hU&1g nao d6 Ong cho 12 VONTA (ALESSANDRO VOLTA) (17115 -1827) NHA VAT Li HQC NGUOI V, f>A PHAT MINH RA PIN f>1~N f>AU T1EN I CU()C Bin Ong sinh narn 1745 tai Como, mot thi tran nho CJ mien bac ltalia Gia dlnh ong la mot gia dinh quy t(>c kha gia, Khi lil h9C tro trung h9C, ong dii to la mot tro thong minh, hieu h9C, rat thich khoa h9C, d~c biet ve dien la thir dang ducc quan tam hie bay gio, Nam 18 tuoi, ong dii co nhieu co hoi diroc hoc tap, giao luu voi cac nha khoa hQC Ian CJ cac ruroc quanh vung Nho vay narn 24 tuoi, ong dii khoa h9C dau tay cong bo co cong trinh Nam 1774 eng duoc cir ve lam giao vien v~t Ii tai tnrong trung hoc Como, noi ong dai va co dieu kien nghien ciru sau van Iinh vue ong iru thlch la dien luc II str NGHItp Nam 1775 aug phat minh ban sinh dien, mot dung Cl,1 cho phep tao duoc cac dien tich 100 Ban sinh dien dircc chao don rat nhiet liet, Khap noi ngtroi ta theo phat minh cua ong d~ che tao ban sinh dien, nho thl c6 th~ bang bao thuoc Ia, Ion c6 duong kinh toi 2m phai nang len bang rong roc, Nam 1782 ong lai cai tien ban sinh dien d~ tao mot tinh dien ke c6 d(> nhay cao dung d~ hieu dien the cua cac W dien Chinh Vanta la nguci dau tien de yeu cau phai thuc hien cac phep so hrong dien hoc D~ ghi cong ong, dan vi dien the dircc goi la Von (Volt) Khi doc cong trinh ve dien sinh hoc cua Ganvani cong bo nam 1791, ong hoai nghi ket luan d6 Nam sau ong lam lai cac thi nghiem d~ kiem tra va thay hoan roan chinh xac, Ong danh giti rat eao cac thi nghiem cua Ganvani nhung giai thich 252 co the bap co than kinh Ci ech chi nhu mot cai may dien rna thai Sau lap lai thf nghiemnhieu Ian, ba thang sau ong kham pha chmh su tiep xuc cua hai loai kim loai khac dfi pha VO Sl! can bang (ngay gQi la hieu di~n the tiep xu c) d~ sinh dong dien Tuy dong dien ay rat nho, nhtrng nho dung "tinh dien ke" cue nhay minh che tao, ong dii diroc Ong chon hieu dien the tiep xuc giira bac - dong lam chuan va quy dinh don vi la thi: Giua dong - sat la Gitra slit - thiec HI Gitta chi - kern la Den cuoi nam 1799 ong thuc hien diroc mot phat minh khong ngo, Ong dung cac tam nho hinh tron lam bang hai thu kim loai khac ghep timg cap lien tiep Khi xep cac cap mot "chong" theo cung huong va d~t xen ke chung nhlrng tam bla tAm dung dich muoi hoac kiem thi hieu hieu dien the giira cac tam kim loai khac cling rat 100 (ti l¢ voi so luong cac cap) N gay 20 thang ndm 1800 Vonta thong bdo kef qua phat minn cua minh eho Hoi hoang gia nuac AnI! va goi dung cu eua minh fa "chong dien", DI;lOg C1;l ay tao mot dong dien kha Ion, tri duoc kha lau Sau ngiroi Phap van goi la "Cot Vanta" (tieng Phap, cot Ia Pile) Vi the nguoi ta goi luon chung la pin Vonta (hoac goi ttit la pin) The la Ian dau tien tren the gioi, Vanta dJ che tao fa chiec pin Tir pin xuat hien, dii eo cac phat minh lien tiep khac lam eho dong dien eo nhieu Ung dung rong rai khoa h9C ki thuat va dai song, trc nhan t6 khong the thieu cua nen van minh nhan loai 253 x XIONCOPXKI (KONSTANTINE TSIONKOVSKI) (1857 • 1935) NHA PHAT MINH NGUOI NGA, CHA DE CllA DU HANH VU TRlJ I CU(>C DOl Ong sinh a mot ngoi lang 000 vung Riadan mroc Nga ThU(1 000, giong nhieu dua tre khac, cau thich nghich ngom M9t Ian VI qua ham tnrot tuyet cau bi cam nang va khoi benh thl bi diec, Nho st,r dong vien cua nguoi me, bu cho milt thinh giac cau sit dung tan lire thi giac Cau lao vao dQC sach, doc dau nho Chi mot thoi gian ngdn cau doc vuot ca cac anh, tharn chi vuot ca eha cau Cau doc het sO' sach la tai san OOilt cua gia dlnh cau hie ily Ngoai sach va, cau luon chan, luon tay lam cac d6 choi, che tao cac loai dung cu cho gia dinh Phong cau luon be bon sach va, cira, due, m~u g6, sat vun Cau chtra duoc ca cac dong ho hong va lap rap, tir vai cai dong h6 hong cai dong h6 bao thuc hAn hoi Thay co tat nguyen nhung to co nang khieu, b6 me cau quyet tam gjri ve Matxcova theo hoc Cau tro nha mot hac tho giat, thuong chi an banh mi den, u6ng mroc Hi vi dii danh phan 100 sO' tien gia dlnh gjri moi thang la 15 flip d~ mua sikh va dung C1;l thf nghiem Sach mua khong dti OOu cau doc nen phan 100 thC1i gian sau di hoc, cau phai den thu vien d~ hoc, a MQt hom may man cau duoc g~p giao su Rinhin, mot nha hac hoc nditieng hie ay Giao su hoi anh: 254 - Anh dd hoc nhiing thay nao ? qu ke mot 10