HANDBOOK of BASIC TABLES for CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Second Edition Thomas J Bruno Paris D.N Svoronos CRC PR E S S Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C00.fm Page iv Tuesday, November 25, 2003 11:40 AM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bruno, Thomas J Handbook of basic tables for chemical analysis/authors, Thomas J Bruno, Paris D.N Svoronos—2nd ed p cm Rev ed of: CRC handbook of basic tables for chemical analysis, c1989 Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8493-1573-5 (alk paper) Chemistry, Analytic—Tables, I Svoronos, Paris D N II Bruno, Thomas J CRC handbook of basic tables for chemical analysis, III Title QD78.B78 2003 543′.002′1—dc22 2003055806 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431 Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this handbook in order to provide an adequate description Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the City University of New York, or Georgetown University, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose The authors, publishers, and their respective institutions are not responsible for the use of which this handbook is made Occasional use is made of non-SI units, in order to conform to the standard and accepted practice in modern analytical chemistry Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com Not subject to copyright in the United States No claim to original U.S Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1573-5 Library of Congress Card Number 2003055806 Printed in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C00.fm Page v Tuesday, November 25, 2003 11:40 AM Dedication We dedicate this work to our children, Kelly-Anne, Alexandra, and Theodore Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C00.fm Page vii Tuesday, November 25, 2003 11:40 AM Preface to the First Edition This work began as a slim booklet prepared by one of the authors (T.J.B.) to accompany a course on chemical instrumentation presented at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder Laboratories The booklet contained tables on chromatography, spectroscopy, and chemical (wet) methods, and was intended to provide the students with enough basic data to design their own analytical methods and procedures Shortly thereafter, with the co-authorship of Professor Paris D.N Svoronos, it was expanded into a more extensive compilation entitled Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, published as a National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note (number 1096) That work has now been expanded and updated into the present body of tables Although there have been considerable changes since the first version of these tables, the aim has remained essentially the same We have tried to provide a single source of information for those practicing scientists and research students who must use various aspects of chemical analysis in their work In this respect, it is geared less toward the researcher in analytical chemistry than to those practitioners in other chemical disciplines who must make routine use of chemical analysis We have given special emphasis to those “instrumental techniques” that are most useful in solving common analytical problems In many cases, the tables contain information gleaned from the most current research papers, and provide data not easily obtainable elsewhere In some cases, data are presented that are not available at all in other sources An example is the section covering supercritical fluid chromatography, in which a tabular P-ρ-T surface for carbon dioxide has been calculated (specifically for this work) using an accurate equation of state While the authors have endeavored to include data, which they perceive to be most useful, there will undoubtedly be areas that have been slighted We therefore ask you, the user, to assist us in this regard by informing the corresponding author (T.J.B.) of any topics or tables that should be included in future editions The authors acknowledge some individuals who have been of great help during the preparation of this work Stephanie Outcalt and Juli Schroeder, chemical engineers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, provided invaluable assistance in searching the literature and compiling a good deal of the data included in this book Teresa Yenser, manager of the NIST word processing facility, provided excellent copy despite occasional disorganization on the part of the authors We owe a great debt to our board of reviewers, who provided insightful comments on the manuscript: Profs D.W Armstrong, S Chandrasegaran, G.D Christian, D Crist, C.F Hammer, K Nakanishi, C.F Poole, E Sarlo, Drs R Barkley, W Egan, D.G Friend, S Ghayourmanesh, J.W King, M.L Loftus, J.E Mayrath, G.W.A Milne, R Reinhardt, R Tatken, and D Wingeleth The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Gas Research Institute and the United States Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (T.J.B.) and the National Science Foundation, and the City University of New York (P.D.N.S.) Finally, we must thank our wives, Clare and Soraya, for their patience throughout the period of hard work and late nights Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C00.fm Page ix Tuesday, November 25, 2003 11:40 AM Preface to the Second Edition Some 15 years have elapsed since the publication of the first edition of the CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis Since that time, many advances have taken place in the fields of chemical analysis Because of these advances, the second edition is considerably expanded from the first We consider this revision unique in that it features to a large extent the input of users of the first edition In the preface of the first edition, we requested that users contact us with suggestions and additions for the present volume Over the years, we have gotten many excellent suggestions, for which we are grateful In many respects, this volume is a result of user input, as well as the efforts of researchers in analytical chemistry who have advanced the field The user will find in this volume many new tables and several new chapters We have added a chapter on electrophoresis and one on electroanalytical methods The section on gas chromatography has been expanded to include the modern methods of solid phase microextraction (SPME) and head space analysis in general, and also new information on detector optimization The stationary phase tables have been revised We have deliberately chosen to leave information of historical significance Thus, while many of the gas chromatographic stationary phases presented for packed columns are not often used today, inclusion of such information in this volume will make it easier to interpret the literature The section on high-performance liquid chromatography has been updated with the most recent chiral stationary phases, detector information, and revised solvent tables The tables on spectroscopy have been significantly expanded as well, and in some cases, we have adopted different presentation formats that we hope will be more useful The miscellaneous tables present in the first edition have been expanded and have in fact spawned two new chapters: “Solutions Properties” and “Tables for Laboratory Safety.” In “Solution Properties,” we collect in one place information on organic and inorganic solvents and mixtures used in chemical analysis Reflecting the growing emphasis on laboratory safety, this topic is now treated far more in depth in “Tables for Laboratory Safety.” We provide information on many kinds of chemical hazards and electrical hazards in the analytical laboratory, and information to aid the user in selecting laboratory gloves, apparel, and respirators This aspect of the book is unique, since no other handbook of analytical chemistry provides a selfcontained source of information that covers not only carrying out a lab procedure, but also carrying it out safely Our philosophy in preparing this book has been to include information that will help the user make decisions In this respect, we envision each table to be something the user will consult when reaching a decision point in designing an analysis or interpreting results We have deliberately chosen to exclude information that is merely interesting, but of little value at a decision point Similarly, it has occasionally been difficult to strike an appropriate balance between presenting information that is of general utility and information that is highly specific and perhaps simply a repetition of what is contained in vendor catalogs, promotional brochures, and websites In this respect, we have tried to keep the content as generic and unbiased as possible Thus, some specific chromatographic phases and columns, available only under trade names, have been excluded This must not be regarded as a value judgment, but simply a reflection of our philosophy Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C00.fm Page xi Tuesday, November 25, 2003 11:40 AM Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge some individuals who have been of great help during the preparation of this work Marilyn Yetzbacher of NIST prepared the artwork used throughout this volume Lorene Celano, also of NIST, prepared many of the tables in the revision Without the help of these two individuals, this volume could never have been completed As before, we owe a great debt to our board of reviewers: Profs M Jensen, A.F Lagalante, D.C Locke, K.E Miller, Drs W.C Andersen, D.G Friend, S Ghayourmanesh, A.M Harvey, M.L Huber, D Joshi, M.O McLinden, S Ringen, S Rudge, M.M Schantz, and D Smith Finally, we must again thank our wives, Clare and Soraya, and our children, Kelly-Anne, Alexandra, and Theodore, for their patience and support throughout the period of hard work and late nights Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C00.fm Page xiii Tuesday, November 25, 2003 11:40 AM The Authors Thomas J Bruno, Ph.D., is a project leader in the Physical and Chemical Properties Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO He is also on the adjunct faculty in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Colorado School of Mines Dr Bruno received his B.S in chemistry from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, and his M.S and Ph.D in physical chemistry from Georgetown University He served as a National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council postdoctoral associate at NIST, and was later appointed to the staff Dr Bruno has done research on properties of fuel mixtures, chemically reacting fluids, and environmental pollutants He is also involved in research on supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography of bioproducts, the development of novel analytical methods for environmental contaminants and alternative refrigerants, and novel detection devices for chromatography, and he manages the division analytical chemistry laboratory In his research areas, he has published approximately 115 papers and books and holds 10 patents He was awarded the Department of Commerce Bronze Medal in 1986 for his work on the thermophysics of reacting fluids He has served as a forensic consultant and an expert witness for the U.S Department of Justice (DOJ), and received in 2002 a letter of commendation from the DOJ for these efforts Paris D.N Svoronos, Ph.D., is professor of chemistry and department chair at QCC of the City University of New York In addition, he holds a continuing appointment as visiting professor in the Department of Chemistry at Georgetown University Dr Svoronos obtained a B.S in chemistry and a B.S in physics at the American University of Cairo, and his M.S and Ph.D in organic chemistry at Georgetown University Among his research interests are synthetic sulfur and natural product chemistry, organic electrochemistry, and organic structure determination and trace analysis He also maintains a keen interest in chemical education and has authored several widely used laboratory manuals used at the undergraduate levels In his fields of interest, he has approximately 70 publications He has been in the Who’s Who of America’s Teachers three times in the last five years He is particularly proud of his students’ successes in research presentations, paper publications, and professional accomplishments He was selected as the 2003 Professor of the Year by the CASE (Council for the Advancement and Support of Education) committee of the Carnegie Foundation Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C00.fm Page xv Tuesday, November 25, 2003 11:40 AM Contents Chapter Gas Chromatography Chapter High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Chapter Thin-Layer Chromatography Chapter Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatography Chapter Electrophoresis Chapter Electroanalytical Methods Chapter Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Chapter Infrared Spectrophotometry Chapter Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Chapter 10 Mass Spectrometry Chapter 11 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Chapter 12 Qualitative Tests Chapter 13 Solution Properties Chapter 14 Tables for Laboratory Safety Chapter 15 Miscellaneous Tables Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C01.fm Page Monday, November 24, 2003 8:43 PM CHAPTER Gas Chromatography CONTENTS Carrier Gas Properties Carrier Gas Viscosity Gas Chromatographic Support Materials for Packed Columns Mesh Sizes and Particle Diameters Packed Column Support Modifiers Properties of Chromatographic Column Materials Properties of Some Liquid Phases for Packed Columns Stationary Phases for Packed Column Gas Chromatography Adsorbents for Gas–Solid Chromatography Porous Polymer Phases Relative Retention on Some Haysep Porous Polymers Silicone Liquid Phases Mesogenic Stationary Phases Trapping Sorbents Sorbents for the Separation of Volatile Inorganic Species Activated Carbon as a Trapping Sorbent for Trace Metals Reagent Impregnated Resins as Trapping Sorbents for Trace Minerals Reagent Impregnated Foams as Trapping Sorbents for Inorganic Species Chelating Agents for the Analysis of Inorganics by Gas Chromatography Bonded Phase Modified Silica Substrates for Solid Phase Extraction Solid Phase Microextraction Sorbents Extraction Capability of Solid Phase Microextraction Sorbents Salting Out Reagents for Headspace Analysis Partition Coefficients of Common Fluids in Air–Water Systems Vapor Pressure and Density of Saturated Water Vapor Derivatizing Reagents for Gas Chromatography Detectors for Gas Chromatography Recommended Operating Ranges for Hot Wire Thermal Conductivity Detectors Chemical Compatibility of Thermal Conductivity Detector Wires Data for the Operation of Gas Density Detectors Phase Ratio for Capillary Columns Martin–James Compressibility Factor and Giddings Plate Height Correction Factor Cryogens for Subambient Temperature Gas Chromatography Dew Point–Moisture Content Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C01.fm Page Monday, November 24, 2003 8:43 PM CARRIER GAS PROPERTIES The following table gives the properties of common gas chromatographic carrier gases These properties are those used most often in designing separation and optimizing detector performance The density values are determined at 0°C and 0.101 MPa (760 torr).1 The thermal conductivity values, λ, are determined at 48.9°C (120°F).1 The viscosity values are determined at the temperatures listed and at 0.101 MPa (760 torr).1 The heat capacity (constant pressure) values are determined at 15°C and 0.101 MPa (750 torr).2 REFERENCES Lide, D.R., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002 Dal Nogare, S and Juvet, R.S., Gas–Liquid Chromatography: Theory and Practice, John Wiley & Sons (Interscience), New York, 1962 Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C15.fm Page 626 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM Mass (Weight) Multiply Milligrams Micrograms Grams Kilograms Grains Ounces (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Tons (short, U.S.) Tons (long) Tons (metric) Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC By To Obtain 2.2046 ¥ 10 3.5274 ¥ 10–5 0.01543 ¥ 10–6 ¥ 10–6 0.00220 0.03527 15.432 ¥ 106 0.00110 2.2046 35.274 1.5432 ¥ 104 1.4286 ¥ 10–4 0.00229 0.06480 64.799 3.1250 ¥ 10–5 0.06250 437.50 28.350 ¥ 10–4 16 7000 0.45359 453.59 2000 3.200 ¥ 104 907.19 2240 1016 1000 2205 1.102 –6 Pounds (avoirdupois) Ounces (avoirdupois) Grains Kilograms Grams Pounds (avoirdupois) Ounces (avoirdupois) Grains Micrograms Tons (short) Pounds (avoirdupois) Ounces (avoirdupois) Grains Pounds (avoirdupois) Ounces (avoirdupois) Grams Milligrams Tons (short) Pounds (avoirdupois) Grains Grams Tons (short) Ounces (avoirdupois) Grains Kilograms Grams Pounds (avoirdupois) Ounces (avoirdupois) Kilograms Pounds (avoirdupois) Kilograms Kilograms Pounds (avoirdupois) Tons (short) 1573_C15.fm Page 627 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM MASS AND VOLUME-BASED CONCENTRATION UNITS Because the mass of l of water is approximately kg, mg/l units of aqueous solution are nearly equal to ppm units The precise equivalence is obtained by dividing by the density D: ppm = (mg/liter)/D where the solution density is in g/cm3 Some sources will substitute specific gravity for density in the above equation The specific gravity is the ratio of the solution density to that of the density of pure water at 4∞C Since the density of pure water at 4∞C is g/cm3, the specific gravity is equal to the solution density when expressed in metric units of g/cm3 Parts per Million Parts per Million vs Percent 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 = = = = = = = 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 Parts per Billion Parts per Billion vs Percent 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 = = = = = = 0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 Parts per Trillion Parts per Trillion 100 10,000 1,000,000 100,000,000 Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC vs Percent = = = = ¥ 10–8 0.000001 0.0001 0.01 1573_C15.fm Page 628 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM CONCENTRATION UNITS NOMENCLATURE The following table provides guidance in the use of base 10 concentration units (presented in the three preceding tables), since there are differences in colloquial usage worldwide Concentration Units Nomenclature Number Number of Zeros Name (Scientific Community) Colloquial Name (U.K., France, Germany) 1000 1,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000 12 15 Thousand Million Billion Trillion Quadrillion Thousand Million Milliard, or thousand million Billion Thousand billion Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C15.fm Page 629 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM MOLAR-BASED CONCENTRATION UNITS Molarity, M (moles of solute)/(liters of solution) Molality, m (moles of solute)/(kilograms of solvent) Normality, N (equivalents* of solute)/(liters of solution) Formality, F (moles of solute)/(kilograms of solution) *Reaction dependent; based on the number of protons exchanged in a given reaction To convert from ppm to formality units: F = ppm/(1000 RMM), where RMM is the relative molecular mass of the solute To convert from ppm to molality units: m = [ppm/(1000 RMM)] [1/(1 – tds/1,000,000)], where tds is the total dissolved solids in ppm in the solution To convert from ppm to molarity units: M = [ppm/(1000 RMM)] r, where r is the solution density PREFIXES FOR SI UNITS Fraction Prefix Symbol 10 10–2 10–3 10–6 10–9 10–12 10–15 10–18 deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto d c m m n p f a Multiple Prefix Symbol 10 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 deka hecto kilo mega giga tera peta exa da h k M G T P E –1 Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C15.fm Page 630 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM RECOMMENDED VALUES OF SELECTED PHYSICAL CONSTANTS The following table provides some commonly used physical constants that are of value in thermodynamic and spectroscopic calculations.1,2 REFERENCES Lide, D.R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002 The NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty, www.nist.gov, 2003 Recommended Values of Selected Physical Constants Physical Constant Avogadro constant Boltzmann constant Charge to mass ratio Elementary charge Faraday constant Molar gas constant Ice point temperature Molar volume of ideal gas (stp) Permittivity of vacuum Planck constant Standard atmosphere pressure Atomic mass constant Speed of light in vacuum Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC Symbol Value NA k e/m e F R Tice Vm ⑀o h p mu c 6.02214199 ¥ 1023 mol–1 1.3806503 ¥ 10–23 J K–1 –1.758820174 ¥ 1011 C kg–1 1.602176462 ¥ 10–19 C 96,485.3415 C mol–1 8.314472 J mol-1 K–1 273.150 K (exactly) 2.2413996 ¥ 10–2 m3◊mol–1 8.854188 ¥ 10–12 kg–1m–3◊sec4◊A2(F◊m–1) 6.62606876 ¥ 10–34 J◊sec 101,325 N◊m–2 (exactly) 1.66053873 ¥ 10–27 kg 299,792,458 m sec–1 (exactly) 1573_C15.fm Page 631 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM STANDARDS FOR LABORATORY WEIGHTS The following table provides a summary of the requirements for metric weights and mass standards commonly used in chemical analysis.1,2 The actual specifications are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-41 on General Laboratory Apparatus and are the direct responsibility of subcommittee E-41.06, which deals with weighing devices These standards not generally refer to instruments used in commerce Weights are classified according to type (either type I or type II), grade (S, O, P, or Q), and class (1 to 6) Information on these mass standards is presented to allow the user to make appropriate choices when using analytical weights for the calibration of electronic analytical balances, for making large-scale mass measurements (such as those involving gas cylinders), and in the use of dead-weight pressure balances REFERENCES Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ANSI/ASTM E617-97 Standard Specification for Laboratory Weights and Precision Mass Standards, Book of Standards Vol 14.04, ASTM, 2003 Battino, R and Williamson, A.G., Single pan balances, buoyancy and gravity, or “a mass of confusion,” J Chem Educ., 61, 51, 1984 Type: Classification by Design Type I: One-piece construction; contains no added adjusting material; used for highest accuracy work Type II: Can be of any appropriate and convenient design, incorporating plugs, knobs, rings, etc.; adjusting material can be added if it is contained so that it cannot become separated from the weight Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C15.fm Page 632 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM Standards for Laboratory Weights Grade: Classification by Physical Property Grade S Grade O Grade P Grade Q Density: Surface area: Surface finish: Surface protection: Magnetic properties: Corrosion resistance: Hardness: Density: Surface area: Surface finish: Surface protection: Magnetic properties: Corrosion resistance: Hardness: Density: Surface area: Surface finish: Surface protection: Magnetic properties: Corrosion resistance: Hardness: Density: Surface area: Surface finish: Surface protection: Magnetic properties: Corrosion resistance: Hardness: Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 7.7–8.1 g/cm3 (for 50 mg and larger) Not to exceed that of a cylinder of equal height and diameter Highly polished None permitted No more magnetic than 300 series stainless steels Same as 303 stainless steel At least as hard as brass 7.7–9.1 g/cm3 (for g and larger) Same as grade S Same as grade S May be plated with suitable material such as platinum or rhodium Same as grade S Same as grade S At least as hard as brass when coated; smaller weights at least as hard as aluminum 7.2–10 g/cm3 (for g or larger) No restriction Smooth; no irregularities May be plated or lacquered Same as grades S and O Surface must resist corrosion and oxidation Same as grade O 7.2–10 g/cm3 (for g or larger) Same as grade P Same as grade P May be plated, lacquered, or painted No more magnetic than unhardened unmagnetized steel Same as grade P Same as grades O and P Grams Class Individual Tolerance, mg 500 300 200 100 50 30 20 10 1.2 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.12 0.074 0.074 0.050 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 a Group Tolerance, mg 1.35 0.16 0.065 Grams Class Individual Tolerance, mg 500 300 200 100 50 30 20 10 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.074 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 Class Group Tolerance, mg 2.7 0.29 0.105 Class Grams Tolerance, mg Grams Tolerance, mg 500 300 200 100 50 30 20 10 5.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.6 0.45 0.35 0.25 500 300 200 100 50 30 20 10 10 6.0 4.0 2.0 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.5 Class Class Grams Tolerance, mg Grams Tolerance, mg 500 300 200 100 50 30 20 10 30 20 15 5.6 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.3 0.95 0.75 0.50 500 300 200 100 50 30 20 10 50 30 20 10 2 2 In simple terms, the permitted deviation between the assigned nominal mass value of the weight and the actual mass of the weight Verification of tolerance should be possible on reasonably precise equipment, without using a buoyancy correction, within the political jurisdiction or organizational bounds of a given weight specification Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C15.fm Page 633 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM Tolerance: Classification by Deviationa 1573_C15.fm Page 634 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM Applications for Weights and Mass Standardsa Application Reference standards used for calibrating other weights High-precision standards for calibration of weights and precision balances Working standards for calibration and precision analytical work, dead-weight pressure balances Laboratory weights for routine analytical work Built-in weights, high-quality analytical balances Moderate precision laboratory balances Dial scales and trip balances Platform scales Type Grade Class I I or IIb S S or Ob 1, 2, 3, or 4a or 2c I or IIb S or O II I or II II II II O S P Q Q 2 or or or or a Primary standards are for reference use only and should be calibrated Since the actual values for each weight are stated, close tolerances are neither required nor desirable b Type I and Grade S will have a higher constancy but will probably be higher priced c Since working standards are used for the calibration of measuring instruments, the choice of tolerance depends upon the requirements of the instrument The weights are usually used at the assumed nominal values, and appropriate tolerances should be chosen From the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Reprinted (with modification) with permission Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C15.fm Page 635 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM THERMOCOUPLE REFERENCE VOLTAGES The following table provides power series expansions for the most common types of thermocouples used in the laboratory for temperature measurement.1,2 It is best to use the thermocouple voltages in gradient mode, with the temperature of interest referenced to an additional thermocouple junction at some known temperature REFERENCES Powell, R.L., Hall, W.J., Hyink, C.H., Sparks, L.L., Burns, G.W., Scroger, M.G., and Plumb, H.H., Thermocouple Reference Tables, based on IPTS-68, NBS Monograph 125, March 1974 Benedict, R.P., Fundamentals of Temperature Pressure and Flow Measurements, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984 Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C15.fm Page 636 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM Type T Thermocouples, Copper/Constantan Temperature Range (∞∞C) 0–400 Exact Reference Voltage (mV), E +3.8740773840 +3.3190198092 +2.0714183645 –2.1945834823 +1.1031900550 –3.0927581898 +4.5653337165 –2.7616878040 ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ 10 ¥ T 10–2 ¥ T2 10–4 ¥ T3 10–6 ¥ T4 10–8 ¥ T5 10–11 ¥ T6 10–14 ¥ T7 10–17 ¥ T8 ¥ 10–3 Type J Thermocouples, Iron/Constantan Temperature Range (∞∞C) 0–760 Exact Reference Voltage (mV), E +5.0372753027 +3.0425491284 –8.5669750464 +1.3348825725 –1.7022405966 +1.9416091001 –9.6391844859 ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ 10 ¥ T 10–2 ¥ T2 10–5 ¥ T3 10–7 ¥ T4 10–10 ¥ T5 10–13 ¥ T6 10–17 ¥ T7 ¥ 103 Type E Thermocouples, Chromel/Constantan Temperature Range (∞∞C) 0–1000 Exact Reference Voltage (mV), E +5.8695857799 +4.3110945462 +5.7220358202 –5.4020668085 +1.5425922111 –2.4850089136 +2.3389721459 –1.1946296815 +2.5561127497 ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ 10 ¥ T 10–2 ¥ T2 10–5 ¥ T3 10–7 ¥ T4 10–9 ¥ T5 10–12 ¥ T6 10–15 ¥ T7 10–18 ¥ T8 10–22 ¥ T9 ¥ 10–3 Type K Thermocouples, Chromel/Alumel Temperature Range (∞∞C) 0–1100 Exact Reference Voltage (mV), E (d ) Type K thermocouples –1.8533063273 ¥ 10 +3.8918344612 ¥ 10 ¥ T +1.6645154356 ¥ 10–2 ¥ T2 –7.8702374448 ¥ 10–5 ¥ T3 +2.2835785557 ¥ 10–7 ¥ T4 –3.5700231258 ¥ 10–10 ¥ T5 +2.9932909136 ¥ 10–13 ¥ T6 –1.2849848789 ¥ 10–16 ¥ T7 +2.2239974336 ¥ 10–20 ¥ T8 Ê Ï T - 127 ¸2 ˆ -3 +125exp Á - Ì ˝ ˜ ¥ 10 Ë Ó 65 ˛ ¯ Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C15.fm Page 637 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM STANDARD CGA FITTINGS FOR COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS The following table presents a partial list of gases and the CGA fittings that are required to use those gases when they are stored in, and dispensed from, compressed gas cylinders.1 REFERENCES CGA Pamphlet V-1-87, American Canadian and Compressed Gas Association Standard for Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections, ANSI, B57.1; CSA B96, 1987 Standard CGA Fittings for Compressed Gas Cylinders Gas Acetylene Air Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Ethane Ethylene Ethylene oxide Helium Hydrogen Hydrogen chloride Methane Neon Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Xenon Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC Fitting 510 346 320 350 660 350 350 510 580 350 330 350 580 580 326 540 660 590 580 1573_C15.fm Page 638 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM The following graphic shows the geometry and dimensions of common CGA fittings for compressed gas cylinders Reproduced from the CGA Pamphlet V-1-87, American Canadian and Compressed Gas Association Standard for Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections, ANSI, B57.1; CSA B96, 1987 With permission of the Compressed Gas Association 5/16" 0.825" CONNECTION 110 - Lecture Bottle Outlet for Corrosive Gases - 5/16" - 32 RH INT., with Gasket CONNECTION 326 - 0.825" - 14 RH EXT 9/16" CONNECTION 170 - Lecture Bottle Outlet for Noncorrosive Gases 9/16" - 18 RH EXT and 5/16" - 32 RH INT., with Gasket 0.825" CONNECTION 350 - 0.825" - 14 LH EXT 0.825" CONNECTION 320 - 0.825" - 14 RH EXT., with Gasket 0.903" CONNECTION 540 - 0.903" - 14 RH EXT 0.825" CONNECTION 330 - 0.825" - 14 LH EXT., with Gasket 0.956" 0.885" CONNECTION 590 - 0.956" - 14 LH INT CONNECTION 510 - 0.885" - 14 LH INT 1.030" 0.965" CONNECTION 580 - 0.965" - 14 RH INT Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC CONNECTION 660 - 1.030" - 14 RH EXT., with Gasket 1573_C15.fm Page 639 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM GAS CYLINDER STAMPED MARKINGS The graphic below describes the permanent, stamped markings that are used on high-pressure gas cylinders commonly found in analytical laboratories Note that individual jurisdictions and institutions have requirements for marking the cylinder contents as well These requirements are in addition to the stamped markings, which pertain to the cylinder itself rather than to the fill contents There are four fields of markings on cylinders that are used in the U.S., labeled to on the figure: Field — cylinder specifications DOT stands for the U.S Department of Transportation, the agency that regulates the transport and specification of gas cylinders in the U.S The next entry, for example, 3AA, is the specification for the type and material of the cylinder The most common cylinders are 3A, 3AA, 3AX, 3AAX, 3T, and 3AL All but the last refer to steel cylinders, while 3AL refers to aluminum The individual specifications differ mainly in chemical composition of the steel and the gases that are approved for containment and transport 3T deals with large bundles of tube trailer cylinders The next entry in this field is the service pressure, in psig Field — serial number This is a unique number assigned by the manufacturer Field — identifying symbol The manufacturer identifying symbol historically can be a series of letters or a unique graphical symbol In recent years, the DOT has standardized this identification with the “M” number, for example, M1004 This is a number issued by DOT that identifies the cylinder manufacturer Field — manufacturing data The date of manufacture is provided as a month and year With this date is the inspector’s official mark, for example, H In recent years, this letter has been replaced with an IA number, for example, IA02, pertaining to an independent agency that is approved by DOT as an inspector If + is present, the cylinder qualifies for an overfill of 10% in service pressure If is present, the cylinder qualifies for a 10-year rather than a 5-year retest interval * Also stamped on the cylinder will be the retest dates A cylinder must have a current (that is, within or 10 years) test stamp On the collar of the cylinder, the owner of the cylinder may be stamped REFERENCES Hazardous Materials: Requirements for Maintenance, Requalification, Repair and Use of DOT Specification Cylinders, 49 CFR Parts 107, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, and 180; Docket No RSPA-0110373 (HM-220D); RIN 2137-AD58, August 8, 2002 Owner DOT 3AA 2015 A - 13016 SRL 4H 76 + * Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC 1573_C15.fm Page 640 Wednesday, November 26, 2003 8:07 AM PLUG AND OUTLET CONFIGURATIONS FOR COMMON LABORATORY DEVICES The following schematic diagrams show typical plug and outlet configurations used on common laboratory instruments and devices.1 These figures will assist in identifying which circuits and capacities will be needed to operate different pieces of equipment REFERENCES Plugs, Receptacles, and Connectors of the Pin and Sleeve Type for Hazardous Locations, National Electrical Manufacturer Association, Standard FB2000, 2000 R = receptical P = plug Copyright © 2003 CRC Press, LLC [...]... Nonylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxyethanol) n = 30; for alcohols Nonylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxyethanol); n = 100; for alcohols Nonylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxyethanol); n = 9; for alcohols MeOH For halogenated compounds I I MeCl DMP (hot) H2O Chlor Chlor MeCl For hydrocarbons Polycarbonate resin For sugars For halogenated compounds For aromatics, heterocycles NPGA; for amino acids, drugs, alkaloids, pesticides,... 172 Tetrahydroxyethylenediamine; for alcohols, hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds For hydrocarbons For gases For gases Tritolyl phosphate For alcohols, gases C54 tricarboxylic acid; for alcohols For alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, halogen compounds, inorganic and organometallic compounds Octylphenoxypolyethyl ethanol for aromatics, heterocycles Octylphenoxypolyethyl ethanol for alcohols 1573_C01.fm Page 29... surface activity; for polar compound separation Highly inert surface; useful for biomedical and pesticide analysis; mechanical strength similar to Chromosorb G Ultrafine particle size used to coat inside walls of capillary columns; typical particle size is 1–4 µm Maximum temperature of 240°C; handling is difficult due to static charge; tends to deform when compressed; useful for analysis of high-polarity... 395 242 370 339 Notes For alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatics, heterocycles, hydrocarbons For alcohols, aromatics, heterocycles, essential oils, esters, halogen and sulfur compounds, hydrocarbons For aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons For hydrocarbons, inorganic and organometallic compounds C36 dicarboxylic acid DMFs DMSO; for gases For aromatics, heterocycles, halogen compounds For aromatics, heterocycles,... 400 — H 2O For aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocycles 400 — H 2O 400 — H 2O 400 — H 2O 250 P, S Chlor Flexol 8N8 180 P Fluorolube HG-1200 100 50 100 200 150 For aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocycles For aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocycles For aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocycles Carbowax 20M nitroterephthalic acid ester; for aldehydes, ketones 2,2′-(2-ethyl hexynamido)-diethyl-di2-ethylhexanoate; for alcohols,... 2–3%, balance is Fe The low-carbon alloy, 316L, is similar except for C = 0.03% max and is more suitable for applications involving welding operations, and where high concentrations of hydrogen are used 1573_C01.fm Page 19 Monday, November 24, 2003 8:43 PM PROPERTIES OF SOME LIQUID PHASES FOR PACKED COLUMNS The following table lists some of the more common gas–chromatographic liquid phases that have... following table provides the viscosity of common carrier gases, in µPa·sec, used in gas chromatography.1,2 The values were obtained with a corresponding states approach with highaccuracy equations of state for each fluid Carrier gas viscosity is an important consideration in efficiency and in the interpretation of flow rate data as a function of temperature In these tables, the temperature, T, is presented... Aliphatic nitrile Chlorinated polyphenyl; used for gases; may be carcinogenic Complex mixture of aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic compounds Sorbitan partial fatty acid esters 43 110 61 88 122 Colloidal alumina For essential oils Dimethyl dioctadecylammonium bentonite 1573_C01.fm Page 20 Monday, November 24, 2003 8:43 PM Properties of Some Liquid Phases for Packed Columns 150 I Chlor Benzylamine adipate... molecular mass = 15,000–20,000 Terminated with terephthalic acid Triglyceride of 12-hydroxysteric acid (hydrogenated castor oil) Tributyl citrate Chlorinated paraffin, 70% (w/w) Cl; for hydrocarbons Vitrifies at –10°C For fatty acids, esters 481 1573_C01.fm Page 22 Monday, November 24, 2003 8:43 PM Properties of Some Liquid Phases for Packed Columns (continued) Di(ethoxyethoxyethyl) phthalate Di(butoxyethyl)... MeCl For inorganic and organometallic compounds 233 408 317 470 389 –10 150 P Ace 137 278 198 300 235 –30 200 P Tol 157 292 233 348 272 0 –20 50 50 100 P, I I MeOH Tol Tol 0 150 I Tol 20 150 I Tol 0 200 I MeCl 225 For gases For halogenated compounds For aldehydes, ketones, halogenated compounds, hydrocarbons, phosphorus compounds 136 146 378 255 257 603 213 206 460 320 316 665 235 245 658 DEGA; for