241 Index Terms A Abrasive wear ABS PVT curves Absorption of fluids of water Absorption curves moisture Accurate parts Acetal post-mold shrinkage Air escape runner Air movement effect on shrinkage Alignment devices Ambient air condition Amorphous materials Analysis computer costs displays filling purpose Analysis programs cooling holding and packing shrinkage/warpage simplified Analysis software Analysis tools Angular warpage Anisotropic shrinkage Anisotropy Annealing lost-core process Antifreeze in coolant Apec® (Bayer Corp Plastics Div.) Applications Aromatic hydrocarbons ASTM D955-89 ASTM testing technique Asymmetric shrinkage analysis B Baby dish Backpressure Baffles heat transfer Links 118 25 172 36 173 100 101 171 80 26 16 31 97 36 125 107 13 127 138 134 133 127 131 75 136 136 136 132 138 137 188 13 34 89 93 71 92 113 157 115 35 142 106 26 29 93 98 14 25 109 217 36 149 129 74 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 88 112 242 Index Terms Balanced runner Barrel temperature Bayblend® (Bayer Corp Plastics Div.) Beaumont melt-rotation system Bending moment Bending stresses Biaxial orientation Bi-lobe cross section Blowing agent BO See Biaxial orientation Bonds with adjacent molecules Bosses Bottle cap Bow angles Branched polymers Branching flow Bubblers heat transfer Bubbles causing streaks Burned spots C CAE (computer-aided engineering) analysis design simulation software Carbon Cascades heat transfer Cavity area for measuring pressure Cellulosics Center-gating Chain folding Channels cooling Checklist troubleshooting Chemical absorption Chemical resistance of plastic of polycarbonate Circuit loops Circular fibers Circumferential shrinkage Clamp pressure Links 64 148 92 70 35 47 11 32 110 21 153 189 27 130 146 74 110 10 76 71 84 123 47 127 127 33 49 31 74 109 11 83 16 59 26 85 108 112 97 105 113 113 16 149 136 32 63 131 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 243 Index Terms Clamp tonnage Clamping force Clamping pressure effect on shrinkage Coefficient of friction Coefficient of thermal expansion Cold molds Colorants Combustion in-mold Compressibility Compression exceeds shrink Computer programs as management tools selecting Computer-aided engineering See CAE (Computer-aided engineering) Conditioning the parts Conductivity Cone gates Conformable cooling Connectivity Consultant hiring Container-closure lids Control system closed-loop Converging flow Coolant with antifreeze Coolant temperature vs shrinkage Cooling analysis modules cavity and core conformable of the core differential halves separately influences quality of molds slow uneven uniformly Cooling capacity Cooling channels conforming locations Links 94 134 82 113 37 79 107 109 84 113 76 79 85 132 129 51 114 56 116 133 137 155 112 13 71 210 106 136 73 116 146 125 70 90 13 73 72 107 76 72 107 98 116 97 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 244 Index Terms Cooling efficiency Cooling fixtures Cooling kinetics Cooling phase Cooling rate Cooling-related shrinkage Cooling time calculation effect on shrinkage shorter Cooling tower Cooling zones Copolymers resist warpage Core pins cooling Cores cause warpage copper or aluminum draft requirements Corners cooling differential shrinkage rounded Costs estimation software Cracking Crastin® (DuPont) Creep charts failure rate rupture Cross-flow shrinkage vs in-flow direction Crystal lamellae Crystal nucleation Crystalline bonds Crystalline lamellae Crystalline materials unfilled Crystalline morphology Crystalline nuclei Crystalline plastics differential shrinkage Crystalline structure Crystallinity degree of Links 97 109 42 43 14 14 72 124 107 107 88 79 134 79 98 199 16 36 141 33 114 157 13 73 143 14 53 117 74 73 18 137 127 137 93 198 36 121 36 36 35 36 41 26 62 14 34 29 34 42 88 146 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 245 Index Terms Crystallization kinetically driven rapid slow rate temperatures Crystals higher percentage of CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) Cushion Cycle time and demolding variations Cycolac® (GE Plastics) D Daisy-wheel Decision support programs Decomposition products Deflection Deformation elastic Degradation heat history of thermoplastics Delamination Delays in cycle time Delrin® (DuPont) acetal resin resins grades shrinkage water absorption Demolding temperature Density Deposits in molds Design example for dimensional stability and molding factors Designers of parts Diaphragm gates Differential cooling creates stresses Differential crystallinity Differential orientation Differential shrinkage Links 27 27 27 40 86 41 90 37 107 10 91 97 172 147 127 119 118 38 173 129 132 86 171 87 200 88 202 91 97 47 48 73 79 140 118 147 62 97 35 100 201 91 202 171 92 38 119 21 17 33 121 56 13 13 45 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 98 99 246 Index Terms Dimensional change non-recoverable Dimensional control Dimensional specifications Dimensional stability effects of time Dimensional tolerances Dimensions Directional properties Directional shrinkage Discoloration Disks for measurements Displays analysis results Distortion out-of-plane Diverging flow Dome-like warpage Double domain equation Double Domain Tait Equation Draft Draft allowance Drool Dual Domain FEA Ductility Durethan® (Bayer Corp Plastics Div.) E Edge gate Edge stiffeners and ribs Eject phase Ejection problems temperature Ejector pins and tunnel gate Ejector plates Ejectors Elastic memory Electrical conductivity Elevators Elongation End-gating End-use temperatures Environmental conditions Environmental fluids Escorene® (Exxon) Estimating shrinkage complex parts Links 36 105 51 17 36 23 122 11 35 148 22 112 186 134 113 13 63 40 40 117 51 110 134 11 92 146 55 33 43 70 149 109 117 54 117 143 124 114 152 11 58 131 107 101 85 48 48 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 247 Index Terms Examples molding case studies Expert system F faBest® (Plastics & Computer) Falling weight Fan gates faSolid® (Plastics & Computer) Fiber concentration Fiber fillers Fiber orientation and gate location multiple gates significant factors Fiber reinforcements Fiber-reinforced materials Fiber-reinforced polymers anisotropic shrinkage regrind or recycled Fiberous fillers Fibers oriented Field variables Fill rate Fillers abrasive concentrations deposits buildup effect on shrinkage effects of inorganic lubricant orientation shape studies Filling analysis programs Filling and packing time Filling patterns Filling problem Film gates Final part shrinkage Finite-element analysis Fixturing Flake fillers Flake-filled materials Flake-type reinforcements Flakes Flames in the mold Flash problems Flashing Links 139 133 133 81 32 134 139 48 14 57 57 30 22 14 31 30 31 114 29 155 134 83 29 118 205 119 159 29 15 47 32 131 135 108 61 141 55 23 127 98 114 140 32 29 76 105 82 134 55 103 32 33 84 47 103 133 134 125 135 114 56 128 109 133 109 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 248 Index Terms Flow branching converging diverging hesitation patterns Flow aids Flow analysis lay-flat Flow-direction shrinkage Flow fronts analysis Flow paths Flow rates coolant Flow restrictions Flow tab Fluid state Fluids absorption affect size change environmental Foaming agent Fortron® (Hoechst Celanese) effect of fillers Fountain flow Free shrinkage Freeze line Friction bonds heating Frozen skin Full-shot molding G Gas assist process Gas injection molding Gate dimensions Gate design Gate freeze Gate restriction heating Gate smear Gates cashew cone cross-section design diaphragm dimensions disk Links 130 13 13 75 86 125 137 133 157 60 134 82 130 71 125 85 100 98 16 94 205 128 25 40 134 93 61 140 101 149 44 113 83 106 94 93 62 145 25 83 84 106 55 56 55 63 56 62 56 136 149 79 86 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 249 Index Terms Gates (Cont.) edge effect on shrinkage fan film locations material near minimum dimensions models multiple pin pinpoint ring size small small vs large sprue straight-edge submarine tab tunnel types valve winkle Gating Gears molded Geometric effects cause stress Glass fiber fillers migration reinforced plastics reinforcements Glass filled nylon Glass filled polypropylene Glass reinforcement Glass slide test Glass transition temperature Gussets H Heat deflection temperature Heat exchangers Heat generation Heat history Heat loads Heat pipe Heat stability Links 55 55 55 57 124 146 128 56 54 54 56 115 115 81 54 55 54 56 54 53 57 55 119 119 62 81 60 86 114 115 114 14 118 101 114 12 154 15 161 147 25 189 92 107 63 79 146 22 26 146 81 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 250 Index Terms Heat transfer from core rate Heating localized nonuniform secondary Heating channels location Heating cylinder Hesitation flow front in flow High-density polyethylene Hinge integral Hoechst Celanese test plaque Hold pressure Hold time Holding and packing analysis programs Holding phase Holding pressure effect on shrinkage effective vs shrinkage Holding pressure time effect on shrinkage Holding time Hollow injection molding Hollow parts lost-core process Hot molds Hot runner Hot spots localized Hot sprue Humidity affects efficiency effect on shrinkage Hybrid composite materials mold shrinkage values Hydraulic cylinder Hydrocarbons environment Hygroscopic materials Hygroscopic polymers Hytrel® (DuPont) injection pressure mold temperature Links 73 97 71 107 83 72 105 60 75 27 81 190 26 136 136 86 139 167 86 93 192 27 108 79 85 86 86 108 106 108 87 79 93 79 146 98 146 107 32 106 113 101 51 87 206 206 149 16 98 88 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 167 252 Index Terms Length change Lexan® (GE Plastics) Lids container-closure Linear expansion Linear polymers Linear shrinkage Linen-reinforced melamine Liquid absorption Living hinge Local shrinkage Locked-in stresses Long-term shrinkage Lost-core process Low-aspect ratio fillers Lubricant antifreeze Lubricant filler Lubricate for filling Lubricating fillers Lubricity of semicrystalline materials M Makrolon® (Bayer) Manually operated molding machines Mass entering vs melt temperature Materials MDPE Mean demolding temperatures Measurements indirectly controlled of shrinkage and warpage standard procedure Mechanical properties depend on orientation Medical devices Medium-density polyethylene Melamine Melt uniformity Melt flow rate effect on shrinkage Melt rotation Links 13 37 174 175 176 177 178 155 38 27 51 150 114 81 48 15 124 93 29 95 71 15 142 114 15 92 97 136 211 112 27 91 112 186 11 11 27 150 106 70 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 253 Index Terms Melt temperatures effect on shrinkage limits too low vs shrinkage of thermoplastics Melt transition Mid-cavity pressure Midplane analysis Midplane FEA Migration moisture Military dinnerware Mixing of the melt Model problems Modulus effect of orientation Moisture causes surface imperfections Moisture absorption by nylon Moisture content plastic pellets Moisture migration Moisture reabsorption Moisture-treated Mold construction materials thermal conductivity Mold cooling Mold design considerations Mold designers Mold dimensions tolerances Mold filling Mold-open time effect on shrinkage Mold rigidity Mold shrinkage values Mold-surface temperature vs shrinkage Mold temperature effect on shrinkage limits and shrinkage vs shrinkage and uniformity Mold volume Molded parts quality Links 79 82 13 165 40 45 128 133 83 106 211 214 171 219 124 211 106 206 101 150 106 137 11 147 99 101 16 107 101 51 153 76 107 23 51 12 51 51 10 118 197 210 81 82 90 166 107 44 88 97 217 112 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 254 Index Terms Molded-in stresses minimizing Molding conditions Molding cycle effect on shrinkage Molding experiences Molding machine Molding machine platens Molding processes Molding window Moldings warp-free Molds alignment devices cleaning sprays contamination cooling cooling system damage deposits functions for gears hot vs cold maintenance movable multiple-cavity runnerless small vs large vented venting Molecular chain damage Molecular migration Molecular orientation and gate location Molecular relaxations Molecular weight effect on shrinkage Monitors closed-loop Movable mold components Multiple-cavity molds Multiple gates for round parts N Negative feedback Negative shrinkage values Nitrogen assisted No-flow temperature No-flow time Links 89 14 79 11 92 13 95 17 91 207 208 21 81 139 118 93 82 124 125 119 118 124 136 105 119 76 19 90 127 119 63 75 207 119 75 62 82 10 57 25 27 13 112 119 63 57 56 152 216 94 130 134 81 64 116 134 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 255 Index Terms Nomograph for estimating mold shrinkage Non-fibrous reinforcements Non-return valve Nonuniform shrinkage warpage Noryl® (GE Plastics) Novodur® (Bayer AG Plastics Div.) Novolen® (BASF) shrinkage Nozzles molding problems Nucleating agents pigments Nucleation agents effect on crystallization Nylon absorbs moisture carbon fiber fiber-filled glass-fiber filled glass-filled holding pressure time hygroscopic moisture content post-mold shrinkage O Off-center shrinkage Oil-well pumps Opening force Organic pigments Orientation affects mechanical properties at gates by injection molding during mold filling fill-direction induced and flow fronts and gate location is increased molecular of polymer molecules Oriented fibers Overpacking effect on shrinkage Links 201 32 107 12 46 38 92 13 179 168 110 111 107 35 87 26 16 162 159 162 140 87 171 16 35 153 134 34 135 11 12 12 10 13 60 57 13 10 155 135 48 36 64 67 98 217 154 16 101 35 81 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 256 Index Terms P Pack time Packing of the cavity inadequate uneven Packing phase Packing pressure Packing-rate differences Packing stage Packing stress Packing time Part design Part modification Part thickness vs shrinkage Part wall thickness Part warpage Partial shot molding Particulate fillers Parting line damage Parting line gates Pellets unmelted Petroleum Pigments Pin gates Pinpoint gates Plaque-type test molds Plastic materials Plastic pellets moisture content unmelted Plastic processing methods Plastic-property degradation Plasticizers migration Plasticizing capacity Platelet fillers Platens Pocan® (Bayer AG Plastics Div.) Poker chips Polyacetal glass-fiber filled Polyacetal (POM) disks for measurement Polyamides water absorption Links 136 84 111 125 106 43 13 46 14 81 17 105 210 145 29 93 29 76 149 106 149 34 54 54 115 107 106 39 99 16 101 47 84 92 149 108 44 79 86 114 159 160 109 118 88 35 98 118 217 187 99 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 257 Index Terms Polybutadiene-terephthalate natural vs pigment post-mold shrinkage PVT curves Polybutylene post-mold shrinkage Polycarbonate amorphous carbon fiber chemical resistance compressibility filled and unfilled glass fibers PTFE fibers PVT curves resin SLA vs steel molds warpage warpage measurement Polyethylene grades in-mold shrinkage Polymer crystallization Polymers shrinkage behaviors Polyphenylene oxide PVT curves Polyphenylene sulfide effect of fillers injection pressure warpage Polypropylene 30%-glass-reinforced glass-filled impact-strength in-mold shrinkage molding Polystyrenacrylo-nitrile (SAN) warpage Polystyrene dimensional changes in-mold shrinkage Polyvinyl chloride degradation Post-mold shrinkage Post-molding problems Potassium acetate solution Powders Pre-holding phase Premature freeze-off Links 198 34 97 183 97 25 38 160 149 39 160 160 160 174 23 76 203 187 26 27 193 26 184 36 148 203 178 27 14 179 204 205 205 190 26 32 15 81 193 30 207 187 25 51 193 147 220 29 134 46 16 92 97 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 258 Index Terms Pressure and rib width differential distribution during injection effect on shrinkage excessive gradients histories holding injection limits packing rapid increase step-up ratio traces Pressure vs shrinkage Pressure vs time Pressure-volume-temperature Primary creep Process conditions Process simulation software Process variables Processing conditions history packing phase temperatures Prototype moldings Puddling Pumps oil-well PVT behavior curves diagram relationships semicrystalline polymer test equipment limitation Q Quality of molded parts Quality assurance R Radial shrinkage Rate of crystallization Redesign part Regrind Regrinding process Links 18 135 43 13 106 43 79 82 79 119 105 44 45 43 23 36 106 12 79 23 38 23 76 115 153 23 37 172 38 40 40 41 85 108 37 128 124 25 37 45 112 112 63 41 105 107 31 114 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 259 Index Terms Reinforced plastics fillers mechanical properties Reinforced thermoplastics greatest influence Reinforcements orientation of Reinforcing ribs Repeatability of molding process Reprocessing of thermoplastics Resin composition Rib design Ribbing problems Ribs designs effect on shrinkage reinforcing Rigidity design for Ring gates Ripple River delta effect Robotic systems Rod guides Rods sucker Room temperature effect on shrinkage Rotor molding of Round-off errors Runnerless molds Runners air escape balanced balancing branched length models sizes systems temperature gradient temperature profile trapezoid Rynite® (DuPont) Links 48 11 33 22 12 15 189 110 106 23 19 18 110 110 35 15 118 18 56 97 86 115 153 153 139 129 75 106 75 64 133 68 68 128 63 63 69 68 70 215 115 133 79 146 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 260 Index Terms S Saddle-type shrinkage Saturated nylon Scrap plastic Scrap rubber Screw-forward time Secondary crystallization Segregation temperature Semicrystalline materials higher shrinkage Semicrystalline parts Semicrystalline plastics Semicrystalline polymer PVT data Semicrystalline polymers dimensional changes “real” behavior shrinkage values Semicrystalline resins Semicrystalline thermoplastics cooling rate Shear excessive Shear flow Shear heating Shear rates at gates Shear stress Shear-modulus curve Shear-sensitive materials Short shot Molding process Shrink behavior isotropic Shrink fixture Shrink rates vs part thickness Shrink sections Shrinkage anisotropic data flow direction vs holding pressure vs injection speed vs injection temperature insufficient measurement vs melt temperature Links 63 154 154 87 26 69 29 90 40 14 51 41 27 23 13 86 87 97 26 112 26 31 36 37 68 119 146 130 135 107 125 146 79 62 30 65 69 12 135 91 119 82 93 94 114 152 15 90 21 113 157 157 167 213 164 111 186 165 194 211 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 261 Index Terms Shrinkage (Cont.) minimum vs mold temperature negative non-uniform vs part thickness post-mold vs pressure saddle-type vs thickness vs time uneven volumetric Shrinkage estimates Shrinkage measurement procedure Shrinkage predictions Shrinkage rates ASTM test specimens Shrinkage restricting features Shrinkage variation Shrinkage/warpage analysis modules Side-gating Sidewalls Sink marks Skin forming SLA mold Slides cooling Society of the Plastics Industry Software computer-assisted engineering process simulation Software licenses Solid element flow analysis Solidification Solidification line Specific volume Specifications dimensional tolerance Spherical fillers Spherulite Sprue heated hot shear heating Sprue gate Links 14 166 216 12 210 16 209 63 169 209 106 108 42 11 45 194 193 124 136 58 152 110 210 213 217 89 212 48 123 83 76 75 23 18 12 137 133 27 42 38 97 42 44 51 122 47 26 54 146 68 54 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 262 Index Terms Stability dimensional Standards for determining shrinkage Static charge Steel Steel rods Steel safe Step-up ratio 105 Stereolithography (SLA) technique Stick-slip skin folding Stiffness effect of orientation Straight-edge gate Strain analysis Streaking surface Strength design for load support orientation Stress concentrations Stress relaxation Stresses cause orientation effect of orientation in gate area internal locked-in See Molded-in stresses long-term exposure long-term shrinkage minimizing molded-in orientation Submarine gates Sucker rods Support pillars Surface compression Surface defects Surface finish and fill rate rough Surface imperfections Surface temperature Symmetry of molded parts System properties T Tab gates Tait Equation Links 17 10 114 151 153 49 76 129 103 11 55 136 10 18 113 11 11 11 81 11 86 63 36 124 14 11 54 153 143 111 110 129 84 95 99 97 14 38 26 88 71 11 13 17 21 92 56 40 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 263 Index Terms Talc-filled material Temperature demolding effect on shrinkage at ejection end-use inside heating cylinder melt of melt of mold halves processing segregation vs shrinkage Temperature control system Temperature displays Temperature limits Temperature profiles of flowing plastic predictions Temperature settings barrel Temperature variations causes Tensile modulus Tensile strength ultimate Tensile stresses Test bars Test molds design plaque-type Test plaque Test specimens for measuring shrink Textured surfaces Tg Thermal conductivity of mold materials Thermal contraction Thermal expansion rate Thermal strain vs temperature Thermal transition Thermally induced warping Thermodynamic principles governing molding Thermodynamic process Thermofoam® (Thermofil) Thermolube® (Thermofil) Links 140 91 109 131 105 83 106 35 69 210 135 82 91 130 130 148 97 35 114 82 11 93 35 157 32 115 188 189 11 117 38 40 76 113 37 14 37 37 71 26 93 93 190 51 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 264 Index Terms Thermoplastics applications crystalline and amorphous Thermosets applications Thick and thin transition regions Thick wall sections Thickness abrupt change change of part vs shrinkage variations of walls Thread profile Time injection TMconcept® (Plastics & Computer) Tolerances acceptable range application chart mold dimension tight Tool design Tooling changes effect on shrinkage Tooth profile predictions Toughness Trimming Troubleshooting checklist Tunnel gates with flexible plastics Turbulent flow coolant Two-phase behavior of amorphous polymers U “U”-shaped flange Ultem® (GE Plastics) Undercooling Undercutting Unfilled material V V/P change Vacuum as insulator Links 1 1 141 150 193 75 106 128 121 132 122 115 149 18 109 18 93 101 169 14 122 153 124 127 106 23 23 23 51 112 12 137 105 48 120 113 115 105 54 55 107 70 40 18 215 42 48 158 134 98 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 265 Index Terms Valox® (GE Plastics) PVT curves Valve gates Valves non-return Vent runner Venting of molds Vents Visco-elastic characteristic Viscosity kinematic Voids Volume Volume expansion on heating Volume-reduction process Volume shrinkage Volume vs temperature Volumetric shrinkage W Waiting period Wall thickness effect on shrinkage and shrinkage transitions variable warpage Walls thick thickness Warp effect of cycle time Warp index Warpage analysis modules angular bow-shaped dome-like measurement minimizing semicrystalline materials thermally induced Warpage factors Water flow rate Water absorption Water channels Water heater stand Water needle Water pressure assist Links 40 184 57 182 185 183 184 185 123 146 14 31 109 122 12 79 124 113 146 171 107 75 129 75 119 113 71 110 38 38 26 44 108 209 12 17 122 15 106 93 88 47 10 47 136 188 100 63 186 14 13 71 53 107 99 97 141 94 94 161 90 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 266 Index Terms Wear abrasive Wear-resistant materials Weight of finished part Weld-line location prediction Weld lines cause warpage Weld tensile strength Wood-fiber directional properties Woven fabrics directional properties Wrinkles in skin Z Zenite® (DuPont) Zinc sterate as lubricant Zytel® (DuPont) humidity effect PVT curves water content Links 118 76 112 129 134 57 14 82 11 12 83 88 216 142 89 181 218 180 171 90 217 219 181 91 98 101 180 220 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation