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TÀI LIỆU WORD ngữ pháp, trắc nghiệm tiếng anh THPT THAM KHẢO
Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 PhÇn 1: PhÇn lý thut Part I: Pronunciation (ph¸t ©m) A C¸c phơ ©m h÷u vµ v« tiÕng Anh: * H÷u /b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, ʤ, m, n, η, l, r, j, w/ + toµn bé nguyªn ©m a, e, o, u, i * V« /p, t, k, f, θ, s, ∫, t∫, h/ Quy t¾c c¬ b¶n viƯc ph¸t ©m c¸c tõ tËn cïng víi ‘s’: ‘s’ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m lµ /z/ theo sau c¸c ©m h÷u trõ ©m (z, ʒ, ʤ/) ‘s’ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m lµ /s/ theo sau c¸c ©m v« trõ ©m (s,∫,t∫) ‘s’ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m lµ / iz/ ®i sau c¸c ©m (z, ʒ, ʤ, s, ∫,t∫ ) Quy t¾c c¬ b¶n viƯc ph¸t ©m c¸c tõ tËn cïng víi ‘ed’: §éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng ‘ed’ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m lµ /d/ theo sau c¸c ©m h÷u trõ ©m (d) §éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng ‘ed’ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m lµ /t/ theo sau c¸c ©m v« trõ ©m (t) §éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng ‘ed’ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m lµ /id/ theo sau c¸c ©m (t, d, te, de) B Stress Tõ cã hai ©m tiÕt (Two - syllable words) - §èi víi tõ cã hai ©m tiÕt, träng ©m cã thĨ r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu hc ©m tiÕt thø hai §èi víi ®éng tõ, tÝnh tõ, tr¹ng tõ, vµ giíi tõ cã quy lt c¬ b¶n sau: nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m dµi hc nguyªn ©m kÐp (trõ) th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt thø hai Vd: arrive (v), attract (v), correct (a), perfect (a), alone (adv), inside (pre) Ngc l¹i nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m ng¾n hc nguyªn ©m kÐp , hc ® ỵc kÕt thóc b»ng mét phơ ©m th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu Vd: open (v), borrow (v), lovely (a), sorry (a), rather (adv) §èi víi danh tõ, nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m ng¾n th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu Vd: money, product Ngỵc l¹i, nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m dµi hc nguyªn ©m kÐp th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt thø hai Vd: balloon, design, estate Tõ cã ba ©m tiÕt (Three - syllable words) §èi víi ®éng tõ , nÕu ©m tiÕt ci lµ ©m tiÕt m¹nh, nã sÏ cã träng ©m Vd: enter’tain, resur’rect - NÕu ©m tiÕt ci lµ ©m tiÕt u, träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®øng tríc nã, VD: encounter, determine - NÕu c¶ ©m tiÕt thø hai vµ thø ba lµ ©m tiÕt u th× träng ©m sÏ r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu tiªn Vd: advertise, speculate §èi víi danh tõ, nÕu ©m tiÕt ci cïng u hc tËn cïng b»ng /əu/, vµ ©m tiÕt thø hai m¹nh, träng ©m sÏ r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt thø hai ®ã Vd: statistics, potato, diaster ; - NÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai vµ thø ba cïng lµ ©m tiÕt u,th× ©m tiÕt ®µu tiªn sÏ mang träng ©m Vd: quantity, cinema, emperor Tõ ph¸t sinh (derived-words) * Tõ ph¸t sinh lµ nh÷ng tõ cã h×nh th¸i tõ gèc céng víi mét hc nhiỊu phơ tè (affixes) Phơ tè bao gåm tiỊn tè (prefixes) vµ hËu tè(suffixes) * Ba trêng hỵp phơ tè cã t¸c ®éng ®Õn träng ©m cđa tõ: B¶n th©n phơ tè mang träng ©m chÝnh Vd: ‘semicircle, Phơ tè kh«ng lµm thay ®ỉi träng ©m chÝnh cđa tõ gèc Vd: ‘pleasant, un’pleasant, Sù cã mỈt cđa phơ tè lµm thay ®ỉi träng ©m chÝnh cđa tõ gèc Vd: ’magnet mag’netic D¹ng ph¸t ©m m¹nh vµ d¹ng ph¸t ©m u cđa c¸c tõ chøc n¨ng (weak forms and strong forms of function words) Mét sè tõ chøc n¨ng tiªng Anh (trỵ ®éng tõ, giíi tõ, liªn tõ, ) cã thĨ cã hai c¸ch ph¸t ©m- d¹ng m¹nh vµ d¹ng u D¹ng ph¸t ©m u (weak form) lµ d¹ng ph¸t ©m th«ng thêng cđa nhãm tõ nµy vµ chóng chØ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m díi d¹ng m¹nh (strong form) c¸c trêng hỵp sau: Khi tõ ®ã xt hiƯn ë ci c©u nãi Vd: Chips are what I’m fond of Khi tõ ®ã ®ỵc ®em t¬ng ph¶n víi mét tõ kh¸c Vd: the letter’s from him not to him Khi tõ ®ã ®ỵc ®¸nh träng ©m v× mơc ®Ých nhÊn m¹nh cđa ngêi nãi Vd:You must give me more money Khi tõ ®ã ®ỵc trÝch ®Én Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Vd: You shouldn’t put and at the end of the sentence NhÞp ®iƯu (Rhythm): Ng«n ng÷ lêi nãi tiÕng Anh ®ỵc cho lµ cã nhÞp ®iƯu vµ nhÞp ®ã ®ỵc ph¸t hiƯn nhê vµo sù xt hiƯn ®Ịu ®Ỉn cđa c¸c ©m tiÕt cã träng ©m TiÕng Anh cã nhÞp ®iƯu theo träng ©m cã nghÜa lµ c¸c ©m tiÕt cã träng ©m cã xu híng xt hiƯn nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian t¬ng ®èi b»ng dï gi÷a chóng cã sè lỵng ©m tiÕt kh«ng mang träng ©m kh¸c Vd: ‘Walk ‘down the ‘path to the ‘end of the ca’nal Nt ©m (Elision) Nt ©m lµ sù lỵc bá hc nhiỊu ©m nãi Díi ®©y lµ mét sè trêng hỵp nt ©m chđ u: • Sù biÕn mÊt cđa nguyªn ©m • Sù mÊt ®i nh÷ng nguyªn ©m u theo sau /p, t, k/ • Sù biÕn mÊt cđa phơ ©m Nèi ©m (linking) o Phơ ©m -> nguyªn ©m Vd: Look at me; Can I help you? o Nguyªn ©m -> nguyªn ©m Vd: How often I have to it? Ng÷ ®iƯu (Intonation) Ng÷ ®iƯu lµ sù lªn xng cđa cao ®é ©m ta ph¸t ©m Cã ba lo¹i ng÷ ®iƯu c¬ b¶n ®ỵc tr×nh bµy SGK 12: Ng÷ ®iƯu gi¸ng (falling tune); ng÷ ®iƯu th¨ng (rising tune); ng÷ ®iƯu th¨ng - gi¸ng (rising-falling tune) Sau ®©y lµ mét sè quy t¾c ng÷ ®iƯu c¬ b¶n: C©u trÇn tht: C©u trÇn tht th«ng thêng xng giäng ë ci ph¸t ng«n Vd: I love you C©u liƯt kª lªn giäng võa ph¶i ë mçi phÇn liƯt kª vµ xng giäng ë ci ph¸t ng«n Vd: We had some soup, smashed potato, fish and chips and finally a glass of orange juice C©u hái cã tõ ®Ĩ hái: - Quy lt c¬ b¶n lµ xng giäng ë ci ph¸t ng«n Vd: What does WTO stand for? - §«i lªn giäng dÇn tõ b¾t ®Çu cho ®Õn kÕt thóc ph¸t ng«n (thĨ hiƯn sù quan t©m nhiỊu h¬n) Vd: How’s your daughter? C©u hái ®¶o: ®Ịu lªn giäng ë ci ph¸t ng«n kĨ c¶ lo¹i cã d¹ng thøc gièng nh c©u trÇn tht Vd: Do you love him? You love him? Lêi yªu cÇu, ®Ị nghÞ: Lªn giäng ë ci ph¸t ng«n Vd: Can you open the door ,please? C©u hái ®u«i: - Xng giäng ë phÇn ®u«i cđa c©u hái hái chØ ®Ỵ x¸c nhËn th«ng tin C©u hái nh thÕ nµy cã t¸c dơng gÇn nh mét c©u c¶m th¸n Vd: It’s really hot, isn’t it? - Khi hái ®Ĩ lÊy th«ng tin thùc sù vµ cÇn cã sù kh¼ng ®Þnh hc phđ ®Þnh cđa ng êi nghe th× phÇn ®u«i cđa c©u hái ph¶i lªn giäng Vd: You don’t love her, you? C©u hái lùa chän: lªn giäng ë mçi sù lùa chän trõ sù lùa chän ci cïng th× xng giäng Vd: Would you like tea, coffee or milk? PART II: GRAMMAR (PhÇn ng÷ ph¸p) I The present simple tense (Thì đơn) Form to be - Affirmative: S + V1… S + am/is/are…… - Negative: S + do/does + not + V1… S + am/is/are + not… - Interrogative: Do/Does + S + V1….? Am/Is/Are + S ….? Usage: - Th× HT§ dïng diƠn t¶ mét thãi quen, mét hµnh ®éng x¶y thêng xuyªn lỈp di lỈp l¹i ë hiƯn t¹i eg I watch T.V every night - Th× HT§ dïng diƠn t¶ mét ch©n lý, mét sù thËt hiĨn nhiªn eg The sun rises in the East / Tom comes from America - Th× HT§ ®ỵc dïng ta nãi vỊ thêi khãa biĨu (timetables), ch¬ng tr×nh (programmes) eg The train leaves the station at 8.15 a.m The film begins at p.m - Th× HT§ dïng sau nh÷ng cơm tõ chØ thêi gian: when, as soon as, vµ nh÷ng cơm tõ chØ ®iỊu kiƯn: if, unless eg When summer comes, I’ll go to the beach You won’t get good marks unless you work hard Adverbs: Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Often = usually = frequently, always = constantly, sometimes = occasionally, seldom = rarely, everyday/ week/ month II The present continuous tense (Thì tiếp diễn) Form : - Affirmative: S + am/is/are + V- ing…… - Negative: S + am/is/are + not + V-ing… - Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing ….? Usage: - Th× HTTD diƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang diƠn vµ kÐo dµi mét thêi gian ë hiƯn t¹i (thêng cã c¸c tr¹ng tõ : now, right now, at the moment, at present) eg The children are playing football now - Th× HTTD còng thêng ®ỵc dïng theo sau c©u ®Ị nghÞ, mƯnh lƯnh eg Be quiet! The baby is sleeping Note: Kh«ng dïng th× HTTD víi c¸c ®éng tõ chØ nhËn thøc, tri gi¸c nh : to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, glance, feel, think, smell, love, hate, realize, seem, remember, forget, belong to, believe (Víi c¸c ®éng tõ nµy ta thay b»ng th× HT§) eg She wants to go for a walk at the moment SO SÁNH SIMPLE PRESENT Với PRESENT CONTINUOUS Thì Simple Present dùng để hành động diễn thời gian n chung khơng thiết phải thời gian Thời gian nói chung thời gian ma việc diễn ngày (every day), tuần (every week), tháng (every month), năm (every year), mùa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter)… - He goes to school every day - Mrs Brown travels every summer * Thì Present Continuous dùng để hành động xảy (a current activity) hay việc làm (now/ at present/ at this moment), hơm (today), tuần nµy (this week), năm (this year)… - We are learning English now - Mary is playing the piano at the moment Hãy so sánh : - I work in a bakery every day - I’m working in a bakery this week * CHÚ Ý : (1) + Thì Simple Present thường dùng với động từ tri giác (verbs of perception) như: feel, see, hear… động từ trạng thái như: know, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe… + Ngồi dùng Simple Present với động từ : be, appear, belong, have to… + Thì Simple Present dùng với trạng từ tần suất (adverbs of frequency) : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, rarely, never… - That child needs care - This book belongs to me - He never comes late + Chúng ta dùng Simple Present để chân lí hay thật hiển nhiên (a general truth) - The sun rises in the east - Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom (2) Thì Present Continuous còng dùng để hành động tương lai gần (a near future action) Với trạng từ tương lai : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next summer… III The present perfect tense (Thì Hiện hồn thành) Form : - Affirmative: S + has/have +V3/ed… - Negative: S + has/have + not + V3/ed… - Interrogative: Has/Have + S + V3/ed….? Usage : - Th× HTHT diƠn t¶ hµnh ®éng võa míi x¶y ra, võa míi kÕt thóc, thêng ®i víi tr¹ng tõ “just” eg We have just bought a new car - Th× HTHT diƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu tõ qu¸ khø, cßn kÐo dµi ®Õn hiƯn t¹i vµ cã kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp tơc ë t¬ng lai eg You have studied English for five years - Th× HTHT diƠn t¶ hµnh ®éng xả qu¸ khø mµ kh«ng biÕt râ thêi gian eg I have gone to Hanoi Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 - Th× HTHT diƠn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®ỵc lỈp ®i lỈp l¹i nhiỊu lÇn ë qu¸ khø eg We have seen Titanic three times - Th× HTHT dïng sau nh÷ng tõ so s¸nh ë cÊp cao nhÊt (trong lêi b×nh phÈm) eg It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen - Th× HTHT dïng víi This is the first/ second time, it’s the first time eg This is the first time I’ve lost my way - Th× HTHT dïng víi This morning/ This evening/ Today/ This week/ This term nh÷ng thêi gian nµy vÉn cßn lóc nãi eg I haven’t seen Joana this morning Have you seen her? Note : - Gone to kh¸c víi Been to eg Marry has gone to Paris(®ang ë hc ®ang trªn ®êng ®Õn Pari) Marry has been to Paris(®· ®Õn nhng b©y giê kh«ng cßn ë Pari) Adverbs : - just, recently, lately :gÇn ®©y, võa míi - ever: ®· tõng - never: cha bao giê - already: råi - yet: cha (dïng c©u phđ ®Þnh vµ nghi vÊn) - since: tõ (chØ thêi ®iĨm mµ hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu) - for: kho¶ng (chØ kho¶ng thêi gian cđa hµnh ®éng) - so far = until now = up to now = up to the present : cho ®Õn nay, cho ®Õn tËn b©y giê * Th× HTHTTD : S + have been + Ving Sư dơng t¬ng tù th× HTHT nhng mn nhÊn m¹nh tÝnh liªn tơc cđa hµnh ®éng eg You have been learning English for years SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VÀ THÌ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) dùng để kết tình trạng (the result of the present state), việc xảy khứ không rõ thời điểm, lập lập lại nhiều lần kéo dài đến + Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để tiếp diễn hành động (the continuity of an action) - I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet - He has been living here since 1975 - We have been working in the garden all morning + Thì Present Perfect Continuous dùng với động từ : lie, wait, sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay… - They have been learning English since 1995 - The chair has been lying in the store window for ages IV The past simple tense (Thì Q khứ đơn) Form to be - Affirmative: S + V2/ed… S + was/were…… - Negative: S + did + not + V1… S + was/were + not… - Interrogative: Did + S + V1….? Was/Were + S ….? Usage : - Th× QK§G diƠn t¶ hµnh ®éng x¶y qu¸ khø, ®· chÊm døt vµ biÕt râ thêi gian eg I went to the cinema last night Adverbs : - last, yesterday, ago, in 1989,… - Khi ®ỉi sang d¹ng phđ ®Þnh vµ nghi vÊn nhí ®a ®éng tõ chÝnh vỊ nguyªn mÉu - Chó ý c¸ch ph¸t ©m c¸c ®éng tõ cã tËn cïng lµ ‘ed’ SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VÀ THÌ SIMPLE PAST * Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) dùng để khứ không rõ thời điểm liên lạc với * Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) dùng để khứ có thời điểm rõ rệt cắt đứt với + CHÚ Ý : (1) Thì Present Perfect thường với từ : up to now, up to the present, so far (cho tới nay), not … yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, ever (đã từng), never, several times (nhiều lần), just (vừa), recently (vừa mới), lately (mới đây) Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 - Have you ever seen a tiger ? - The train has not arrived yet - We have lived here for years - The bell has just rung (2) Thì Simple Past thường với tiếng thời gian khứ xác đònh : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last summer, ago - We came here a month ago - He went to the cinema yesterday * Thì Simple Past dùng để chuỗi hành động xảy khứ - He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out V The past continuous tense: (Thì q khứ tiếp diễn) Form : - Affirmative: S + was/were + V-ing… - Negative: S + was/were + not + V-ing… - Interrogative: Was/Were + S + V-ing….? Usage : - Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y vµ kÐo dµi mét thêi gian ë qu¸ khø eg Yesterday, Mr Nam was working in the garden all the afternoon - Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y t¹i mét thêi ®iĨm x¸c ®Þnh qu¸ khø eg We were learning English at a.m last Sunday - Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y (ë qu¸ khø) th× cã mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c xen vµo (Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y dïng th× QKTD, hoµn ®éng xen vµo dïng th× QK§) eg When I saw her yesterday, she was having breakfast - Hai hµnh ®éng x¶y song song cïng mét lóc ë qu¸ khø eg Last night, I was watching T.V while my sister was reading a book Note: Kh«ng dïng th× nµy víi c¸c ®éng tõ chØ nhËn thøc, tri gi¸c (thay b»ng QK§) Adverbs: - at p.m yesterday - at this time last Sunday SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST VÀ THÌ PAST CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) dùng để hành động ngắn (thình lình) xảy khứ - I met him in the street yesterday + Thì Past Continuous (Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn) dùng để hành động kéo dài khứ tương ứng với hành động khác khứ - I met him while he was crossing the street - She was going home when she saw an accident + Thì Past Continuous diễn tả hành động kéo dài điểm thời gian xác đònh khứ hai hành động liên tiếp song song với - My father was watching TV at o’clock last night - I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV VI The past perfect tense (Thì q khứ hồn thành) Form : - Affirmative: S + had + V3/ed… - Negative: S + had + not + V3/ed… - Interrogative: Had + S + V3/ed….? Usage: DiƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø x¶y tríc mét thêi gian cụ thể hc tríc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c qu¸ khø (NÕu c©u cã hai hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø, hµnh ®éng nµo x¶y tríc ta dïng QKHT, hµnh ®éng nµo sau ta dïng QK§) eg They had live here before 1985 After the children had finished their homework, they went to bed VII The past perfect continuous tense (Thì q khứ hồn thành tiếp diễn) Form: - Affirmative: S + had + been + Ving … - Negative: S + had + not + been + Ving… - Interrogative: Had + S + been + Ving….? Usage: DiƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø ®· x¶y vµ kÐo dµi cho ®Õn hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø thø hai x¶y (hµnh ®éng thø hai dïng QK§) Kho¶ng thêi gian kÐo dµi thêng ®ỵc nªu râ c©u eg The boys had been playing football for hours before I came Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 SO SÁNH THÌ PAST PERFECT VÀ THÌ PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Past Perfect Continuous (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động trước hành động khứ khác xảy Hãy so sánh : - She had been studying English before she came here for classes (Hành động had been studying xảy liên tục hành động came for classes xảy ra) - She had studied English before she came for classes (Hành động had studied chấm dứt trước hành động came for classes) Và so sánh : - It had been raining when I got up this morning (Mưa dứt thức dậy.) - It was raining when I got up this morning (Mưa thức dậy VIII The simple future tense (Thì tương lai đơn) Form : - Affirmative: S + will/shall + V1… - Negative: S + will/shall + not + V1… - Interrogative: Will/Shall + S + V1….? Usage: - Dïng ta qut ®Þnh lµm mét ®iỊu g× ®ã vµo lóc nãi eg You will give your sentences now - Dïng ®Ĩ yªu cÇu, ®Ị nghÞ ®ã lµm g× eg Will you shut the door - Dïng ®Ĩ ®ång ý hc tõ chèi lµm g× eg: A: I need some money B: Don’t worry I’ll lend you some - Dïng ®Ĩ høa hĐn lµm ®iỊu g× eg: I promise I’ll call you when I arrive - Dïng shall I vµ shall we ®Ĩ ®Ị nghÞ hc gỵi ý eg Where shall we go tonight?/ Shall we go to the cinema? - Dïng I think I’ll / I don’t think I’ll ta qut lµm / kh«ng lµm ®iỊu g× eg.I think I’ll stay at home tonight./ I don’t think I’ll go out tonight Adverbs : - someday :mét ngµy nµo ®ã - next week/ next month - tomorrow : - soon :ch¼ng bao l©u n÷a IX Near future (Thì tương lai gần) Form: S + Be (is/am/are) + Going to + V bare infi (dù ®Þnh sÏ) S + Be (is/am/are) +Ving (s¾p sưa) Usage: DiƠn t¶ hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y t¬ng lai gÇn cã dù ®Þnh tríc (thêng c©u kh«ng cã tr¹ng tõ chØ thêi gian) eg They are going to repaint the school - DiƠn t¶ sù tiªn ®o¸n, sù kiƯn ch¾c ch¾n x¶y ë t¬ng lai v× cã dÊu hiƯu hay chøng cø ë hiƯn t¹i - eg Tom’s a good student He’s going to pass the final exam Look at those clouds It’s going to rain X The future continuous tense (Thì tương lai tiếp diễn) Form: S + will / shall + Be + Ving Usage : - DiƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y t¹i mét thêi ®iĨm x¸c ®Þnh t¬ng lai eg I will be watching T.V at 8p.m tonight - DiƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ë t¬ng lai th× cã mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c x¶y eg I’ll be cooking when my mother return this evening SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE FUTURE VÀ THÌ FUTURE CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Future (Tương Lai Đơn) diễn tả hành động xảy (có thời gian xác đònh tương lai); Future Continuous (Tương Lai Tiếp Diễn) diễn tả hành động liên tiến điểm thời gian xác đònh tương lai - He will go to the stadium next Sunday - We will / shall have the final test Hãy so sánh : - I will eat breakfast at o’clock tomorrow - I will be eating breakfast at o’clock tomorrow Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 + Trong mệnh đề trạng từ thời gian (adverb clause of time) hay mệnh đề điều kiện (adverb clause of condition), Simple Present dùng để thay cho Simple Future - I shall not go until I see him - If he comes tomorrow, he will it + CHÚ Ý: WILL dùng cho tất XI The future perfect tense (Thì tương lai hồn thành) Form : S + will + have + V(ed,3) Usage : - DiƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng sÏ hoµn tÊt vµo mét thêi ®iĨm cho tríc ë t¬ng lai Thêng dïng c¸c cơm tõ chØ thêi gian nh : By (+ mèc thêi gian ), By the time, By then eg We’ll have finished our lesson by 11 o’clock When you come back, I’ll have had lunch XII The future perfect continuous tense (Thì tương lai hồn thành tiếp diễn) Form: S + will + have been + Ving Usage : - DiƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu tõ qu¸ khø vµ kÐo dµi ®Õn mét thêi ®iĨm cho tríc ë t¬ng lai Thêng dïng c¸c cơm tõ chØ thêi gian nh : By for (+ kho¶ng thêi gian), By the time , By then eg By May, they’ll have been living in this house for 15 years SO SÁNH THÌ FUTURE PERFECT VÀ THÌ FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Future Perfect (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành) dùng để hành động hoàn thành trước hành động khác tương lai hay điểm thời gian tương lai - The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing - By next Christmas, he will have lived in Dalat for years + Để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động, dùng Future Perfect Continuous (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) - By the time you receive this letter, we shall have been travelling through Russia - By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years * Sequence of tenses: (Sù phèi hỵp vỊ th× ) Trong c©u cã hai mƯnh ®Ị trë lªn, c¸c ®éng tõ ph¶i cã sù phèi hỵp vỊ th× Sù phèi hỵp cđa c¸c ®éng tõ mƯnh ®Ị chÝnh (main clause) vµ mƯnh ®Ị phơ (subordinate clause) nh sau : Main clause Subordinate clause - Simple present Simple present - Present perfect - Present continuous - Simple future/ Near future - Simple past (nÕu thßi gian x¸c ®Þnh ë q/khø) - Simple past Simple past - Past perfect - Past continuous - Would/ was ,were+ going to + V bare infi - Simple present (nÕu diƠn t¶ mét ch©n lý) - Simple present Present perfect - Simple past Past perfect eg Marry says she’ll come here next Sunday People have said that London has fog Sù phèi hỵp cđa c¸c ®éng tõ mƯnh ®Ị chÝnh vµ mƯnh ®Ị tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian nh sau: Main clause Adverbial clause of time - Present tenses Present tenses - Past tenses Past tenses - Present tenses Future tenses + MƯnh ®Ị tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian thêng ®ỵc b¾t ®Çu víi c¸c tõ nèi sau: Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 - when: - until: - whenever : - just as :ngay - as: - since: - while: - no sooner than: - before: - hardly .when: khã .khi - after: - as long as: chõng nµo, cho ®Õn - as soon as: - till: eg You will go home as soon as you have finished your exercises When I came there, it was raining hard I often drink coffee while I am watching T.V + Note:- Kh«ng ®ỵc dïng th× t¬ng lai (Future tenses) c¸c mƯnh ®Ị tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian (cã thĨ thay b»ng th× hiƯn t¹i) eg If it rains tomorrow, We’ll stay at home - Trong trêng hỵp dïng tõ nèi Since lu ý: S +V (present perfect/ present perfect cont.) + Since + S + Ved eg You have been studying English since you came here SỰ HỒ HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ Theo luật chung động từ hòa hợp với chủ ng÷ no ù- tức – chủ ngữ số động từ theo sau số ngược lại chủ ngữ số nhiều theo sau động số nhiều Tuy nhiên, ta ý 10 luật đặc biệt sau: [1]: Hai hay nhiều chủ ngữ số đựơc nối liên từ AND đòi hỏi động từ số nhiều - The boy and the girl love their parents dearly - Tom and Mary were late yesterday Tuy nhiên, hai chđ từ diễn tả người, vật hay ý tưởng chung động từ số - Bread and butter is my daily breakfast - To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in life [2] : Hai chủ ng÷ nối với AND mà trước chủ ngữ đầu có EACH, EVERY, MANY A, NO động từ phải số - Each boy and girl has a textbook - No teacher and student is present [3] : Khi hai chủ ngữ ø nối OR, EITHER… OR, NEITHER…NOR…thì động từ hồ hợp với chủ ng÷ gần - He or you are the best student in this class - Neither Jack nor I am willing to that [4] : Khi hai chủ ngữ đươcï nối AS WELL AS, NO LESS THAN, WITH, TOGETHER WITH, ALONG WITH động từ hòa hợp với chủ ngữ - John, as well as you, is responsible for this act - Tom, with his friends, is in the car [5] : Một danh từ tập hợp (collective noun) cần động từ số nhiều ta ngụ ý nói tới cá nhân tạo nên tập hợp ấy, động từ số ta ngụ ý nói chung chung coi tập hợp đơn vị - The family of this dead soldier is noble - The family go to the movies every Sunday morning [6] : Khi chủ ng÷ danh từ có hình thức số nhiều nghóa lại số động từ chia số - No news is good news - Physics is more difficult than chemistry Các danh từ thường gặp như: news, physics, mathematics, politics, gymnastics, phonetics, measles, mumps, rickets, the United States, the Philippines… [7] : Khi chủ ngữ danh từ trọng lượng, đo lường, giá hay giá tiền coi số ít, động từ theo sau số Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 - Ten thousand dollars is a big sum of money - Five hundred miles is a long distance [8] : Khi chủ ngữ đại từ bất định : everyone, something, nobody,…thì động từ theo sau phải số - Nobody has opened the door - Is everyone present ? [9] : Trong câu bắt đầu THERE động từ hòa hợp với chủ từ theo sau - There stands a pagoda facing the little lake - There were a lot of people at the meeting [10] : Động từ có chủ từ đại từ quan hệ phải hồ hợp ngơi số với tiền vị từ đại từ - He works for the factory which makes cars - The man who is living near my house teaches us English REPORTED SPEECH: * C©u gi¸n tiÕp lµ c©u dïng ®Ĩ tht l¹i néi dung lêi nãi trùc tiÕp * C¸ch thay ®ỉi chung chun tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp Thay ®ỉi vỊ th× c©u: C©u trùc tiÕp C©u gi¸n tiÕp Simple Past Simple present Past progressive Present progressive Past perfect Present perfect Past perfect progressive Present perfect progressive Past perfect Simple Past Past perfect progressive Past progressive Future in the past Simple Future Future progressive in the past Future progressive Thay ®ỉi vỊ ®¹i tõ nh©n xng, ®¹i tõ së h÷u vµ tÝnh tõ së h÷u: - I -> he/ she, we -> they - mine -> his /her , our -> their - Me -> him/her, us -> them - myself -> himself /herself, ourselves ->themselves - My -> his /her, our -> their Thay ®ỉi vỊ c¸c nhãm tõ chØ thêi gian vµ n¬i chèn: Nhãm tõ c©u trùc tiÕp Nhãm tõ c©u gi¸n tiÕp that day today the day before yesterday that night tonight the following day/ the next day tomorrow that month this moth the moth before / the perious month last month the month after / the following month next month there here then now before ago that this those these * C¸ch thay ®ỉi thĨ cho tõng lo¹i c©u lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp I C©u trÇn tht: (statement) S + said/ told + ( O ) (that) + clause* *Clause : thay ®ỉi th×, ®¹i tõ, cơm tõ chØ thêi gian, n¬i chèn Vd: ‘We will have a test tomorrow’, My teacher said -> My teacher said (that) they would have a test the next day II C©u hái: (questions) C©u hái ®¶o ( yes/ no question) S + asked + ( O ) + if / whether + clause* * Clause: trËt tù tõ trë vỊ d¹ng c©u trÇn tht, thay ®ỉi vỊ th×, ®¹i tõ, tõ chØ thêi gian vµ n¬i chèn cho phï hỵp víi v¨n c¶nh lêi nãi C©u hái cã tõ ®Ĩ hái: (wh - question) S + asked + (O) + wh - word + clause* * Clause: trËt tù tõ trë vỊ d¹ng c©u trÇn tht, thay ®ỉi vỊ th×, ®¹i tõ, tõ chØ thêi gian vµ n¬i chèn cho phï hỵp víi v¨n c¶nh lêi nãi III D¹ng mƯnh lƯnh thøc / c©u lƯnh , ®Ị nghÞ: (command/ requests) - D¹ng kh¼ng ®Þnh: S + ®éng tõ têng tht + O + to infinitive Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 - D¹ng phđ ®Þnh: S + ®éng tõ têng tht + O + not + to infinitive Đéng tõ têng tht : told, asked, advised, persuded, taught, directed, begged, encourage IV Danh ®éng tõ lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp: - Khi lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp lµ lêi ®Ị nghÞ, chóc mõng, c¶m ¬n, xin lçi, ®éng tõ têng tht cïng víi danh ®éng tõ theo sau nã thêng dïng ®Ĩ trun t¶i néi dung lêi nãi trªn §éng tõ têng tht + (O) + giíi tõ + danh ®éng tõ (V-ing) * §éng tõ têng tht : thank sb for, accuse sb of, congratulate sb on, dream of, object to, apologize sb for, insist on, complain about §éng tõ têng tht + danh ®éng tõ( V-ing) * §éng tõ têng tht: deny, admit, suggest, regret Danh ®éng tõ têng tht thêng ®i theo ®éng tõ têng tht SUGGEST c¸c mÉu c©u ®Ị nghÞ sau: • Why don’t you/ Why not / How about -> suggest + sb + V-ing • Let’s / Let’s not -> suggest + V-ing/ suggest + not+ V-ing • Shall we/ It’s a good idea -> suggest + V-ing V §éng tõ nguyªn mÉu lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp - Khi lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp lµ lêi ®Ị nghÞ, mƯnh lƯnh, ý ®Þnh, lêi høa, lêi yªu cÇu, ®éng tõ têng tht cïng víi ®éng tõ nguyªn mÉu theo sau thêng dïng ®Ĩ trun t¶i néi dung lêi nãi trªn §éng tõ têng tht + t©n ng÷ + ®éng tõ nguyªn mÉu (to-infinitive) *§éng tõ têng tht: ask, advise, command, invite, order, recommand, encourage, urge, warn, want §éng tõ têng tht + ®éng tõ nguyªn mÉu (to-infinitive) *§éng tõ têng tht:agree, demand, hope, promise, threaten, offer, refuse, decide Would you/ Could you / Will you/ Can you -> asked+ sb + to + V Would you mind + V-ing /Do you mind + V-ing -> asked + sb + to +V Would you like/ Will you -> invited + sb + to + V Had better/ If I were you/ why don’t you -> advised + sb + to + V VI C©u ®iỊu kiƯn lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp - NÕu lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp cã c©u ®iỊu kiƯn, th× chØ cã c©u ®iỊu kiƯn lo¹i mét lµ thay ®ỉi vỊ th×, hai c©u ®iỊu kiƯn cßn l¹i vÉn gi÷ nguyªn h×nh thøc ®éng tõ PASSIVE VOICE: Structure : Active: S + V + Obj Passive: S + Be + Vpp +( by Obj) Cơng thức : • S + Be (am, is, are, was, were) + V pp (by Obj) • S + Be (am, is, are, was, were) + Being + Vpp (by Obj) • S + have/ has + been + Vpp ( by Obj) • S + had been + Vpp ( by Obj) • S + will/ shall + Be + Vpp ( by Obj) • S + Be (am, is, are) + going to + Be + Vpp(by Obj) • S + will/ shall + have been Vpp (by Obj) Modal verbs: S + can / may/ must / ought to / should / could .+ Be + PII S + modal verbs + have been + PII (d¹ng hoµn thµnh) * Notes: + Ta cã thĨ bá: by me, by him, by her, by it, by us, by you, by them, by someone, by people c©u bÞ ®éng nÕu kh«ng mn nªu râ t¸c nh©n hc thÊy kh«ng quan träng + NÕu c©u chđ ®éng cã c¸c tr¹ng tõ (ng÷) chØ n¬i chèn th× ®Ỉt chóng tríc “by + t©n ng÷ bÞ ®éng” eg The police found him in the forest - He was found in the forest by the police + NÕu c©u chđ ®éng cã c¸c tr¹ng tõ (ng÷) chØ thêi gian th× ®Ỉt chóng sau “ by + t©n ng÷ bÞ ®éng” eg They are going to buy a car tomorrow A car is going to be bought by them tomorow + NÕu t©n ng÷ c©u bÞ ®éng chØ sù vËt, sù viƯc th× ta dïng giíi tõ ‘with’ thay ‘by’ tríc t©n ng÷ Êy eg The bottle is filled with ink./ The bowl is fill with sugar + NÕu ®éng tõ chđ ®éng cã hai t©n ng÷ th× mét hai t©n ng÷ cã thĨ dïng lµm chđ ng÷ c©u bÞ ®éng (nhng chđ ng÷ vỊ ngêi ®ỵc sư dơng nhiỊu h¬n) eg I am writing her a letter She is being written a letter 10 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 7) Originally, tennis was an indoor game Tennis used to 8) He found a job in a steel mill, and then he got married After _ 9) It is ten years since I last met David I haven’t 10) I haven’t seen that man here before It is the first 11) He studies very hard He doesn’t want to fail in the final exam ( using “so that”) 12) She practices English everyday She wants to speak to foreigners (using “so that”) 13) She bought a new car She wants to make a trip to Canada She bought a new car to 14) John gets up early He doesn’t want to be late John gets up early so as not to _ 15) I couldn’t hear the speaker’s voice because it was very noisy Because of 16) Russian is too hard for us to learn Russian is so _ 17) He is rather rich He can buy a new house He is rich enough _ 18) John was too ill to go to work John was not _ 19) The weather was so bad that we couldn’t go sailing The weather was too _ 20) It was such a boring film that we left before the end The film was so 21) The car was expensive We couldn’t afford to buy it The car was so _ 22) He is too weak to carry this bag He is so _ 23) Bill is too foolish to understand what I say Bill is not _ 24) Although William had a bad cold, he still went to school Despite _ 25) His father is taller than his mother His mother is not 26)Tom didn’t come to the party Ann didn’t come to the party, either Neither Tom 27)Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time In spite of 28) My father said I could use his car My father allowed 29) If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late Unless 91 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 30) Jane is a better cook than Mary Mary can’t 31) Jack is too young to get married Jack is not _ 32) She made herself ill because she worked very hard She worked so _ 33) The book was so good that I couldn’t put it down It was such _ 34) The man injured in the accident was taken to the hospital The man who 35) It is said that he is 108 years old He is said 36) They don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak clearly If 37) She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money If 38) I am always nervous when I travel by air Travelling by air 39)That factory is producing more and more pollution More and more pollution _ 40)We must leave now or we’ll miss the train If 41)She is a faster and more careless driver than I am She drives _ 42)We spent five hours getting to London It took 43)I hope to see you at Christmas I’m looking forward 44) Don’t try to escape It’s no use It’s no use _ 45) Ann said to Bill : “Don’t forget to have your appoinment with Mr.Brown.” 92 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Ann reminded Exercise 2: Choose the best option I like tea more than coffee A I like coffee better than tea B I like coffee as you C I like tea very much D I prefer tea to coffee Murder is the most serious of all crimes A Murder is very serious B Everyone is afraid of murder C No crimes is more serious than murder D Murder is the dangerous crimes I find it important to learn English A I make it possible to learn English B I find that learning English important C It’s important to learn English D It’s as important to learn English The heavy rain stopped me from going out A As the heavy rain, I couldn’t go out B Thanks to the heavy rain, I couldn’t go out C Because of the heavy rain, I couldn’t go out D Except for the heavy rain, I couldn’t go out Could you please close the door? A Would you mind close the door? B Would you mind to close the door? C Would you minded close the door? D Would you mind closing the door? Bill drives more carelessly than he used to A Bill doesn’t drive as carefully as he used to B Bill doesn’t drive carefully he used to C Bill doesn’t drive as carefully he used to D Bill doesn’t drive as carefully as he used The last time I saw Jane was three years ago A I haven’t seen Jane for three years B I haven’t seen Jane three years ago C I haven’t seen Jane since three years D I have seen Jane for three years Ban cannot get married because he is under sixteen A Ban is young enough to get married B Ban is too young to get married C Ban is old enough to get married D Ban is too old to get married No one in the class is taller than Lan A Lan is the tallest student in the class B Lan is the tall student in the class C Lan is the tallest student in class D Lan is tallest student in the class 10 Dave is very young He cannot understand it A Dave is not young enough to understand it B Dave is very young to understand it C Dave is not young to understand it D Dave is too young to understand it 11 He likes not only sports but also reading A He only enjoys sports B He only enjoys reading C He enjoys neither sports nor reading D He enjoys both sports and reading 12 She is married with two children A She has a husband and two children B She is single C She is a childless mother D She has two children 13 What’s the matter with you? A What’s thing with you? B What’s issue with you? C What’s wrong with you? D What’s right with you? 14 She started school when she was years old A At the year of she started school B At the age of she started school C At the old of she started school D At the time of she started school 15 He enjoys having noodle soup every meal A He has to eat noodle soup every meal B He should eat noodle soup every meal C He likes to eat noodle soup every meal D He must eat noodle soup every meal 16 They didn’t see each other six months ago A They haven’t seen each other six months B They haven’t seen each other for six months C They haven’t seen each other since six months D They haven’t seen each other six months ago 17 I don’t speak English as well as my sister 93 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 A My sister speaks English better than I C My sister speaks English more well than I Daisy doesn’t play cricket as well as she used to A Daisy was used to play cricket better C Daisy used to play cricket better “I think you should go by bus.” He told us A He asked us to go by bus C He advised us go by bus Our house is going to be painted by a local firm A We are going to have our house painted C We are going to have our house to be painted Whose English books are these? A Who are these English books belong to? C To whom these English books belong to? It was too careless of you to drive very fast A You should not drive very fast C You should not have driven very fast What were you doing then? I didn’t know A I didn’t know what you were doing then C I didn’t know what you had done then The last time they were in Paris was in 2003 A They weren’t in Paris since 2003 C They hadn’t been in Paris since 2003 What’s her date of birth? A When did she born? C When’s her birthday? This is the most horrible film I have ever seen A I already saw this horrible film before C This is the most horrible film I saw The police are looking for the missing boy A The missing boy is looked for C The missing boy is being looking for Susan regretted not buying that villa A Susan wished she had bought that villa C Susan wished she could buy that villa It’s a pity that you didn’t tell us about this A I wish you told us about this C I wish you had told us about this It started to rain at o’clock and it is still raining A It has been raining at o’clock C It has been raining for o’clock They made her hand over her passport A She was made to hand over her passport C She was handed over to make her passport I tried to eat the cake, but it was too sweet A It was such a sweet cake that I couldn’t eat it C The cake was too sweet that I couldn’t eat it My brother and I went to that school A I went to that school and my brother, too C I went to that school and so did my brother She said to us, “Don’t be late again.” A She said to us not to be late again C She told to us not to be late again B I speak English worse than my sister does D A and B B Daisy used to playing cricket better D Daisy got used to playing cricket better B He ordered us to go by bus D He advised us to go by bus B We are going to have our house be painted D.We are going to have our house being painted B Who these English books belong to ? D Whom these English books belong to? B You should not drive very slowly D You should not to drive very fast B I didn’t know what were you doing then D I didn’t know what you would then B They haven’t been in Paris since 2003 D They haven’t been in Paris from 2003 B When were she born? D When was she born? B I have never seen such a horrible film before D I have ever seen this horrible film before B The missing boy is looking for D The missing boy is being looked for B Susan wished she bought that villa D Susan wished she hadn’t bought that villa B I wish you would tell us about this D I wish you have told us about this B It has been raining since o’clock D It has been raining in o’clock B She was made hand over her passport D She was handed over for her passport to make B It was so sweet cake that I couldn’t eat it D The cake was very sweet that I couldn’t eat it B I went to that school and so my brother did D I went to that school and so my brother did, too B She told us to be late again D She told us not to be late again 94 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 35 I often get up early in the morning A I am used to getting up early in the morning B I am used to get up early in the morning C I used to get up early in the morning D I used to getting up early in the morning 36 It isn’t necessary to shout A You need to keep silent B You don’t need shouting C You needn’t shout D It’s necessary to keep silent 37 “You shouldn’t stay up late ”, the doctor told Mr William A The doctor advised Mr William not stay up late B The doctor advised Mr William not to go to bed so early C The doctor advised Mr William to stay up late D The doctor advised Mr William not to stay up late 38 Julia couldn’t pass the driving test because she was so nervous A Julia could pass the driving test if she hadn’t been so nervous B Julia could pass the driving test if she wasn’t very nervous C Julia could have passed the driving test if she hadn’t been so nervous D Julia will pass the driving test if she wasn’t so nervous 39 It takes me five hours to drive to Manchester city from here A Manchester city is five hours’drive from here B Manchester city drives for five hours from here C Manchester city is driving for five hours from here D I have five hours to drive to Manchester city from here 40 Peter lives in the house The house is opposite my house A Peter lives in the house it is opposite my house B Peter lives in the house which opposite my house C Peter lives in the house on which is opposite my house D Peter lives in the house which is opposite my house 41 The plants may develop differently The plants live on that island A The plants live on that island may develop differently B The plants that live on that island may develop differently C The plants which lives on that island may develop differently D The plants whose live on that island may develop differently 42 He came back at 9:00 last night His son was having dinner A After he came back at 9:00 last night his son was having dinner B He came back at 9:00 last night but his son was having dinner C When he came back at 9:00 last night his son was having dinner D When he came back at 9:00 last night and his son was having dinner 43 The weather was very cold They couldn’t go out A The weather was very cold and that they couldn’t go out B The weather was so cold that they couldn’t go out C The weather was not so cold they couldn’t go out D The weather was very cold they couldn’t go out 44 My teacher lives far from our school A It’s a short distance from my teacher’s house to our school B It’s a long distance from my teacher’s house to our school C My teacher’s house is near our school D My teacher lives near our school 45 The water was so cold that we couldn’t swim in it A The water was too cold for us to swim in it B The water was very cold for us to swim in C The water wasn’t warm enough that we couldn’t swim in it D The water was too cold for us to swim in 46 Although there was a traffic jam, Mr David managed to get to his office on time A Despite traffic jam, Mr David managed to get to his office on time 95 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 B In spite traffic jam, Mr David managed to his office on time C Despite of the traffic jam, Mr David managed to his office on time D In spite of the traffic jam, Mr David managed to get to his office on time I’ll only help you if you promise to try harder A Unless you promise to try harder, I’ll help you B I won’t help you unless you promise to try harder C I’ll help you even when you promise to try harder D I won’t help you even when you promise to try harder John began playing the organ five years ago A John has been playing the organ five years ago B John has played the organ for five years C John has been playing the organ for five years D John used to play the organ five years ago She can’t have any more children because of her old age A She isn’t young enough to have more children B She isn’t young to have more children C She isn’t so young that to have more children D She is too old that to have more children I like watching TV more than listening to the radio A I prefer watching TV to listening to the radio B I prefer watching TV than listening to the radio C I’d better watching TV to listening to the radio D I’d better watch TV to listening to the radio Unless you keep your feet dry, you will catch a cold A You won’t catch a cold even if you don’t keep your feet dry B You will catch a cold if you don’t keep your feet dry C You will catch a cold if you keep your feet dry D Unless you keep your feet wet, you won’t catch a cold Parents always make their children wash their hands before meals A Children are always made to wash their hands before meals B Children are always made wash their hands before meals C Parents always allow their children to wash their hands before meals D Parents always let their children wash their hands before meals The bookshelf was so high that Heidi couldn’t reach it A The bookshelf was too high that Heidi couldn’t reach it B The bookshelf was too high for Heidi to reach C The bookshelf wasn’t slow enough for Heidi to reach D B and C Peter regretted buying the secondhand computer A Peter didn’t want to buy the secondhand computer B Peter wished he didn’t buy the secondhand computer C Peter wished he hadn’t bought the secondhand computer D Peter was glad to buy secondhand computer It was such a dull play that he fell asleep A The play was not interesting enough that he fell asleep B The play was too dull that he fell asleep C The play was so dull that he fell asleep D The play was very dull that he fell asleep The garden is too small to play football in A The garden is so small not to play football in B The garden is small enough to play football in C The garden isn’t big enough to play football in D The garden is such small that they can’t play football in 96 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 57 Donald could not help weeping when he heard the bad news A Donald could not stop himself from weeping at the bad news B Donald could not allow himself to weep at the bad news C Donald could not help himself and so he wept D Donald could not help himself because he was weeping 58 Caroline asked me what time the meeting would end A Caroline said, “What time will the meeting end?” B Caroline said, “What time would the meeting end?” C Caroline said, “What time the meeting will end?” D Caroline said, “What time the meeting would end?” 59.I’ve never eaten this food before A It’s the first time I’ve eaten this food B It’s the most tasty food I’ve ever eaten C I’ve never eaten such a good food before D the food is so good that I’ve never eaten before 60 We couldn’t go out because the weather was so bad A It was so bad a weather that we couldn’t go out B It was such a bad weather that we couldn’t go out C It was so bad weather that we couldn’t go out D It was such bad weather that we couldn’t go out Unit 14 – 15 : Phrasal verbs Exercise I/ Choose the most appropriate preposition to fill in each blank up after on off in I’d like to listen to some music Would you please turn the radio… .? Please try to give… smoking It is not good for your health Don’t put… your homework anymore the deadline is coming When I was young, my uncle looked… me because my parents were abroad Before you enter the class, you need to fill… this form so that we can have your personal information Exercise II Choose one of the following phrasal verbs to complete the sentneces look up look after find out go on turn down give up grow up break down We'll buy a smaller house when the children and left home The computer isn't working - it this morning It was not problem We his number in the telephone book Who the cats when we go away on holiday? I where he lived by checking in the local library My headaches have been much better since I drinking coffee 'What _here? What are you doing?' I _their offer because they weren't going to pay me enough money Exercise III- Choose from the four options given(marked A,B,C or D) one best answer to complete each sentence The driver skidded and ….a dog A ran B ran in to C ran after D ran over Aren’t you going to …the dress…before you buy it? A try/ X B try/ up C try/ on 97 D try /in Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 I’m sorry, sir But you’ve already worn these dress That’s why we can’t…it… A take/ back B take /after C take/ in D take/ again Are you telling the truth? Or are you … this story A making B making up C making for D doing Perhaps important supplies of food and minerals were suddenly… A cut out B cut off C cut down D cut back His alarm clock is always set for six o'clock He arises at the same time every day A turns off B gets up C puts on She telephoned her friend to tell him about the meeting They decided to drive there together A turned on C called up Some old friends of mine visited us last night A called on B took off B called up C wore out Fortunately, Marie is associating well with her new co-workers A calling on B talking over C getting along with Exercise IV Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the phrasal verb in brackets You may have to change the form Peter is just like his father! (take after) Peter _ Quite by chance, Brenda met Philip at the station, (run into) Brenda _ 3.Tina's car stopped working on the way to Scotland, (break down) Tina's car 4.Ruth's party has been postponed until next month, (put off) Ruth's party It would be a good idea to stop drinking coffee, (give up) It would be a good idea _ I saw their number in the phone directory, (look up) I _ 7.We offered them £250,000 for the house but they refused our offer, (turn down) We offered them £250,000 for the house _ It took me a long time to recover from my illness, (get over) It took me I’m thinnking about my next holiday with pleasure (look) I’m looking forward 10.You don’t need to wear your rain coat it is so hot here ( take) You can Unit 16 : Clauses of time Exercise I.Match an adverbial clause in A with its main clause in B A B By the time we got to the station, a It's two hours since Mary rang b she went home 98 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 3.While Mary was washing-up, c she broke a cup After Jill had given Nick his books, d.What were you doing when I phoned you last night? e the train had left until Mrs Hall comes back f I received a phone call When I got home g we'll phone you As soon as we're ready, h Pleasewait here Exercise II Put each verb given into the correct tense When Harry (wake up) _, we told him the news Everyone (wait) for the concert to begin when a message (come) When the film started, I (already arrive) ten minutes before It's a long time since we (not speak) _ to your sister After I finish University I (travel) all over Europe by InterRail Hand in your paper as soon as you (finish) By the time you leave here, I (collect) over 1000 Euros for charity When I see her again, I (tell) _ her your news Exercise III For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using no more than three words Steve left before my arrival When I _already left I'll wait here until it stops raining When it stops raining _leave In the middle of my meal, the phone rang While I _my meal the phone rang I haven't been to the cinema for ages It's _last went to the cinema Michael took a deep breath and dived into the water After Michael _a deep breath, he dived into the water When he was younger David played tennis David _tennis when he was younger Hurry up! We'll get to the theatre after the beginning of the play By the time we get to the theatre, the play _ Kate took two aspirins, and then she felt a lot better After Kate _two aspirins, she felt a lot better MẪU CÂU GIAO TIẾP 1) CÁC MẪU ĐỀ NGHỊ NGƯỜI KHÁC GIÚP MÌNH: Đề nghị Trả lời đồng ý 99 Trả lời khơng đồng ý Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 - V0 , please - Can you / Could you + V0 - Would you please + V0 - Will you + V0 - I wonder if you'd/ could + V0 - Would / Do you mind V-ing - Certainly - Of course - Sure - No problem - What can I for you? - How can I help you? I'm sorry (I'm busy ) I'm afraid I can't/ couldn't - No I don't mind - No, of course not - Not at all - I'm sorry, I can't ) CÁC MẪU MÌNH MUỐN GIÚP NGƯỜI KHÁC: Trả lời đồng ý -Yes Thank you -That's very kind of you Yes, please Oh, would you really? Thanks a lot -Shall I - Would you like me to -Do you want me to - What can I for you ? - May I help you ? - Do you need any help? - Let me help you - Can I help you ? Trả lời khơng đồng ý No Thank you No, thank you I can manage No, there's no need But thanks all the same Well, that's very kind of you, but I think I can manage, thanks ) CÁC MẪU XIN PHÉP NGƯỜI KHÁC: - May I ? - Can I .? Could I -May I go out ? -Do you think I could -I wonder if I could -Is it all right if I - Would you mind if I + QKĐ - Would you mind if I smoked ? - Do you mind if I + HTĐ Do you mind if I smoke ? Trả lời đồng ý - Certainly - Of course - Please - Please go ahead - Yes, by all means - No, of course not - Not at all - Please - Please go ahead - I'd rather you didn't - I'd prefer You didn't -No, I'm afraid you can't -I'm sorry, but you can't ) CÁC MẪU CÂU RỦ, GỢI Ý LÀM GÌ : Shall I / we (do)? Let's (do) Why don't I / we (do)? How about (doing)? What about (doing)? I think we should (do) I suggest that we (do) It might be a good idea if we / you (do) I think the best way of dealing with this situation would be to (do) 10 If you ask me, I think we / you should/ could V (do) Trả lời khơng đồng ý ) CÁC MẪU CÂU CÁM ƠN: 100 Trả lời đồng ý Trả lời khơng đồng ý Yes, I think that's a good idea That's probably the best option No, let's not Sure, why not? Yes, definitely By all means Good idea Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Trả lời - You're welcome - That's all right - Not at all - It's my pleasure - Thank you - Thank you very much - Thanks a lot - Thanks a lot for ) CÁC MẪU CÂU hỏi lại nghe khơng rõ: - Pardon? ( chữ thơng dụng em cần nhớ) - Please say that again - Could you repeat that? ) CÁC MẪU CÂU MỜI: a) Mời ăn uống: Ví dụ: Đáp lại: b) Mời đâu: Ví dụ: - Would you like + ăn/uống Would you like a cup of tea? ( mời bạn uống trà) - Yes, please / - No, thanks - Would you like + to inf Would you like to go to the cinema with me? ( mời bạn xem phim với tơi) Would you like to go to the party? ( mời bạn dự tiệc) ) CÁC MẪU CÂU CẢNH BÁO : Don't move! Look out! Mind you head! Be careful! Watch out! Take care! 10) CÁC MẪU CÂU CHUNG : Uh-huh! Right! Really? That's interesting! Showing And? What then? Oh? What happened next? interest (Thể quan tâm) Now, you mentioned So, that's how ? Showing that Could you give me / us an example you're listening Yes, I was going to ask you about that of ? (Thể bạn Could you explain in more detail ? lắng nghe) Many thanks Thanks a lot Cheers! Thanking and That's very kind of you Thank you very much Not at all responding It's a pleasure / My pleasure You're welcome Don't mention it ( Cảm ơn 11 That's OK / all right đáp lại lời cảm 10 Any time 12 I'm glad to have been of some help ơn ) Apologizing ( Xin lỗi ) Accepting an apology ( Chấp nhận lời xin lỗi) Giving instructions Sorry Excuse me I apologize That's all right/OK That's quite/perfectly all right Don't worry about it I'm very/awfully/so/extremely sorry Sorry, (it was) my fault Please accept my apologies Not to worry No reason/need to apologize Make sure Be careful (not to do) Remember (to do) Don't forget (to do) 101 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 ( Đưa lời hướng dẫn ) Checking someone has understood ( K.tra xem hiểu hay chưa) Giving directions Go straight on Take the first/second on the left / right Turn left / right Go along as far as 10 Take the number bus / tram 11 Get off (the bus / tram) at (place) 12 Carry on until you see 13 Look out for Are you with me? Did you follow that? Have you got that? Is everything clear so far? Does that seem to make sense MỘT SỐ CÂU GIAO TIẾP THƯỜNG GẶP 1.A: “More coffee ? Anybody ?” B: “………………….” A I don’t agree.I’m afraid” B.I’d love to 2.A: “ Do you like the weather here ?” B: “ I wish it…………………” A.doesn’t rain B.didn’t rain 3.A: “ Oh,I’m really sorry” B: “…………………” A.It was a pleasure B.That’s all right 4.A: “ What’s your hobby,Hoa? B: “…………………….” A.Well, I like collecting stamps C.Well,I want stamps A: “You look nice today I like your new hairstyle” B: “………………………” A.It’s nice of you to say so C.yes,please D.It’s right.I think C.won’t rain D.hadn’t rained C.Thanks D.Yes, why? B.Oh, with computers D.Oh,on the phone B.Shall I? Thanks C.Oh, Well done D.I feel interesting to hear that A: “ A motorbike knocked Ted down.” B: “ …………………… A.ưhat is it now? B.Poor Ted! C.How terrific! D.What a motorbike! A: “ I have bought you a toy.Happy birthday to you!” B: “…………………” A.The same to you B.Have a nice day! C.What a pity! D.What a lovely toy ! thanks 8.A “………………” B: “Oh, It’s great” A.How is the English competition ? B.Would you like the English competition? C.What you like about the English competition? D.What you think of the English competition ? “ Peter : “ Do you feel like going to the cinema this everning ?” Mary: “……………………………” A.I don’t agree.I’m afraid B.You’re welcome C.That would be great D.I feel very bored 10 Laura: “ What a lovely house you have “ Mary: “……………….” A.Of course not, It’s not costly B.Thank you Hope you will drop in C I think so D No problem 102 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 11 A : “ Has an announcement been made about the eight o’clock flight to Paris ?” B: “……………….” A.Yes,it’s was B.Sorry,I don’t C.I don’t think that D.Not yet 12.A: “Would you mind lending me your bike?” B: “…………………….” A Yes.Here it is B.Not at all C.Yes,let’s D.Great 13.A: “…………….detective stories?” B: “In my opinion,they are very good for teenagers” A.How about B.Are you fond of C.What you think about D.What people feel about? 14.Hellen : “ Congratulations !” Jane : “…………….” A.What a pity B.Thank you C.I’m sorry D.You are welcome 15.Linda : “ Excuse me ! Where ‘s the post office ?” Maria: “………………… ” A.It’s over there B.I’m afraid not C.Don’t worry D.Yes, I think so 16.Tom: “ How did you get there ?” John: “ ………………” A.Is it far from here ? B.I came here by trainC.I came here last night D.The train is so crowded 17.Alice : “ What shall we this everning?” Carol: “………………….” A.Let’s go out for dinner B.No problem C.Thank you D.Not at all 19.Mary: “Whose bike is that?” Tom :”…………….” A.No, It’s over there B.It’s Jane C.It’s just outside D.It’s Jane’s 20.Peter : “ How you go to school?” Mary: “…………………” A.I go there early B.Everyday,Except Sunday C.I don’t think so D.I go there by bus 21.A: “ Bye” B: “………… ” A.See you lately B.Thank you C.Meet you again D.See you later 23.A: “ I’ve passed my driving test” B: “………………… ” A.Congratulations! B.That’s agood idea C.It’s nice of you to say so D.Do you? 24.A: “ would you like to have dinner with me ?” B: “……………….” A.Yes, I love to B.Yes, so I C.I’m very happy D.Yes,it is 25.Ann: “……… where the nearest post office is ? Linda: “ Turn left and then turn right” A.Could you tell me B.Should you show me C Do you tell me D.Will you say me 26.A : “ How you ?” B: “…………….” A.How you ? B.Not too bad C.I’m well.Thank D.Yeah,OK 27.Peter: “ I enjoy listening to pop music” Maria: “……………… ” A.I’m too B.I don’t C.Neither I D.So am I 28 A: It’s hot in here? B: “ …….I open the window?” A.Did B.Shall C.Would D.Do 29 David : “ Jame is a very brave man “ Bob: “ Yes, I wish I………… his encourage” A.had B.will have C.have had D.have 103 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 30.David: “ You’ ve got a beautiful dress!” Hellen: “ ……………… ” A.I B.Thank you C.You,too D.Okay 31.Sue: “ I love music” Alice : “……………” A.So I B.No, I won’t C.Yes, I like it D.Neither I 32.Maria: “ I’m taking my end term examination tomorrow: Sarah : “……………… ” A.Good luck B.Good day C.good time D.Good chance 33 Hang: “ Thank for your help,Lan:” Lan: “ ………………… ” A.with all my heart B.Never remind me C.It’s my pleasure D.Wish you 34.Ann: “ Do you think it will rain?” Peter : “…………………” A.I don’t hope B.I hope not C.I don’t hope so D.It’s hopeless 35.Ann: “ Do you think you you will get the job?” Mary: “………………….” A.Yes, that’s right B.I think not C.I know so D.Well,I hope so 36 David: “ Happy Christmas !” Peter : “………… ” A.The same to you! B.Happy christmas to you! C.You are the same ! D.Same for you! 37.A: “…………going on a picnic this weekend ?” B: “ That’s great !” A.Why don’t we B.Would you like C.How about D.Let’s 38.What an attractive hair style you have got, Mary!- _ A Thank you very much I am afraid C You are telling a lie B Thank you for your compliment D I don't like your sayings 39.You look great in this new dress - A With pleasure B Not at all C I am glad you like it D Do not say anything about it 40.How well you are playing! - A Say it again I like to hear your words C I think so I am proud of myself B Thank you too much D Many thanks That is a nice compliment 41 I’m sorry It’s late I must go now - A You are welcome B Good bye See you soon C Not at all D Hello 42.What a lovely hat you have! – Thanks …………… A that’s OK B I don’t care C I’m glad you like it D certainly 43 A: How’s life? – B: A Sure B Not too bad, but very busy C Very well, thank you D Pleased to meet you 44 A: “Thank you for the lovely present.” –B: “ ” A Go ahead B Not at all C Come on D I’m pleased you like it 45.A: “Thank you very much” B: …………………… A.Not at all B.You are well come C.That’s all right D.All are correct 46 A: “Do you fancy a coffee?” B: ……………………… A.Oh,dear B.Everything is ok C.Oh,yes I ‘d love one D.How you 47 A:“You look nice in that red shirt.” B: ………………………… A.It’s nice of you to say so B.Am I? Thanks 104 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 C.Oh,poor me D.I’m interesting to hear that 48 A: Peter had an accident.he’s been in hospital for days” B: …………………………… A.Poor it B.Poor him C.how terrific D.Oh,Is he? 49 A: “Happy birthday! This is a small present for you” B:………………………… A.What a pity B.How beautiful it is ! Thanks C.Have a good time D.How terrble! 50 A: “How are you getting on ?” B: ……………………………… A.All right B.Not bad C.It’s Ok D All are correct 51 A: “ I’m sorry.It ‘s late I must go now.Bye bye” B: ……………………………… A.You are welcome B.Goodbye.See you soon C.Not at all D.Hello 52.A: “ Thank you for a lovely evening.” B: ………………………… A.You are welcome B.Have a good day C.Thanks D.Che 53 A: “ Do you mind if I use your bike” B:………………………… A.Yes you B.Yes , It’s my pleasure C.No, you don’t D.No, You can use it 54 A: “ Congratulations!” B:………………………… A.What a pity! B.Thank you C.I’m sory D.You are welcome 55 A : “ ………………… ” B: I’m in teaching A.What you for a living ? B.What you earn for a living? C.How you live? D What are you working ? 105 [...]... tiÕp diƠn GERUNDS & INFINITIVES 27 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 A DANH ĐỘNG TỪ: (Gerund) Danh động từ có cấu trúc giống như hiện tại phân từ (tức là động từ thêm ING) : talking, learning, cutting, lying… Danh động từ, như tên gọi, là động từ dùng như danh từ Danh động từ chủ yếu đứng ở vò trí, và thực hiện chức năng, của một danh từ trong câu Nó thường được : 1/ Dùng làm: (subject) - Swimming is... - ®ỵc dïng: - Tríc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®ỵc b¾t ®Çu b»ng 4 nguyªn ©m (vowel) a, e, i, o - Hai b¸n nguyªn ©m u, y - C¸c danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng h c©m 18 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 vÝ dơ: u : an uncle h : an hour - Hc tríc c¸c danh tõ viÕt t¾t ®ỵc ®äc nh 1 nguyªn ©m VÝ dơ: an L- plate, an SOS, an MP a - ®ỵc dïng: - Tríc 1 danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng phơ ©m (consonant) - Dïng tríc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng uni... ®Þnh eg That is the car that he bought last month 5 Whose: lµ mét §TQH, ®øng sau danh tõ chØ ngêi vµ thay cho tÝnh tõ së h÷u tríc danh tõ Whose còng ®ỵc dïng cho vËt (=of which) Sau Whose lu«n lµ mét danh tõ eg The woman whose wallet was stolen yesterday is my sister 6 When: lµ mét tr¹ng tõ quan hƯ chØ thêi gian, ®øng sau danh tõ chØ thêi gian - When ®ỵc dïng thay cho at / on / in + which ; then eg I’ll... AND ARTICLES I Prepositions - Giíi tõ lµ tõ dïng ®Ĩ chØ mèi quan hƯ gi÷a danh tõ hc ®¹i tõ víi mét tõ kh¸c trong c©u - Giíi tõ lu«n ®i tríc mét danh tõ hc ®¹i tõ vµ c¸c danh tõ hc ®¹i tõ ®ã gäi lµ t©n ng÷ cđa giíi tõ - §¹i tõ n»m sau giíi tõ lu«n ph¶i ë h×nh thøc t©n ng÷: him, her - §éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ lu«n ë h×nh thøc Danh ®éng tõ (Ving) A Prepositions used for Time and for Places 1 AT: a For... in the room 10 All dïng víi c¶ danh tõ sè Ýt hc sè nhiỊu §éng tõ theo sau ë h×nh thøc sè Ýt hc sè nhiỊu tïy thc vµo danh tõ tríc nã ë sè Ýt hc sè nhiỊu eg All of the books on the self are expensive All of the money has been spent 11 -Little, much : chØ ®ỵc dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®ỵc( sè Ýt) eg Much of the time in my life was in the countryside - Many, few: dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®ỵc( sè nhiỊu) eg We... Ýt tỵng trng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hc ®å vËt th× cã thĨ bá the vµ ®ỉi danh tõ sang sè nhiỊu VÝ dơ: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes Nhng ®èi víi danh tõ man (chØ loµi ngêi) th× kh«ng cã qu¸n tõ (a, the) ®øng tríc VÝ dơ: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse - The + danh tõ sè Ýt chØ thµnh viªn cđa mét nhãm ngêi nhÊt ®Þnh VÝ dơ: the small... ®ỵc gäi lµ Adj clause (M§ tÝnh ng÷) v× nã lµ M§ phơ ®ỵc dïng ®Ĩ bỉ nghÜa cho danh tõ ®øng tríc nã - M§QH ®ỵc nèi víi M§ chÝnh bëi c¸c ®¹i tõ quan hƯ Who, Whom, Which, Whose, That hc c¸c tr¹ng tõ quan hƯ When, Where, Why - VÞ trÝ : M§QH ®øng ngay sau danh tõ mµ nã bỉ nghÜa * The uses: 1 Who: - lµ mét §TQH chØ ngêi, ®øng sau danh tõ chØ ngêi lµm chđ ng÷ cho ®éng tõ ®øng sau nã eg This is the man He is... «ng Smith 2 The - §ỵc sư dơng khi danh tõ ®ỵc x¸c ®Þnh cơ thĨ vỊ tÝnh chÊt, ®Ỉc ®iĨm, vÞ trÝ hc ®ỵc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø 2 trong c©u - The + noun + preposition + noun VÝ dơ : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America - The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hƯ + mƯnh ®Ị phơ VÝ dơ: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him - Tríc 1 danh tõ ngơ ý chØ mét vËt riªng biƯt... 1 Mét sè danh tõ ®ỵc thµnh lËp b»ng c¸ch thªm c¸c hËu tè vµo sau ®éng tõ: a V + tion: pollution, attraction, invention b V + ment: enjoyment, development, movement, treatment, employment c V + er, or, ant, ist = N job / person: teacher, visitor, assistant, typist d V + ing: teaching, swimming e V + age: usage, drainage 2 Mét sè danh tõ ®ỵc thµnh lËp b»ng c¸ch thªm c¸c hËu tè vµo sau danh tõ: a... yesterday.(I didn’t meet her) NOUN CLAUSES AND RELATIVE CLAUSES I Noun clauses: - Lµ mét mƯnh ®Ị phơ lµm c«ng viƯc cđa mét danh tõ - Noun clause: ®ỵc nèi víi mƯnh ®Ị chÝnh bëi c¸c tõ nèi: That, who, what, which, where, when, how, whether - Khi dïng c¸c tõ nèi trªn, ®éng tõ trong M§ danh ng÷ chia ë thĨ x¸c ®Þnh, kh«ng chia ë thĨ nghi vÊn 1 Noun clause lµm chđ ng÷ trong c©u: eg What he said was not true