KIM THU Patricia Ackert R E I\ D O C \ Gidi thieu va chu giai K V H IE II T IM T R IN H D O N flN G G A N H CRO Kl u I NT ERMEDI AT E R E A D I N G P R A C T I C E (YEN EU C O SlfA CH &A v a k e m b a i t a p k ie m t r a m JJ SJHA X U A T B A N V A N H O A T H O N G TIN C A U SE AND E F F E C T Intermediate Reading Practice Patricia ackert Kim Thu chu giai NHA XUAT BAN VAN HOA - THONG TIN CAUSE AND EFFEC T CONTENT To the Instructor Unit I Explorers '' Burke and Wills - Across Australia Alexandra David - Neel - A French Woman in Tibet Vitus Bering - Across Siberia to North America 10 19 Robert Scott - A Race to the South Pole 27 Mary Kingsley - Victorian Explorer 38 Unit II W orld Issues ■G) World Population Growth Changes in the Family " 51 63 Women and Change 72 C Rain Forests 82 Green peace 91 Unit III A M ishm ash (A Hodgepodge) 7^ The Roadrunner Afraid to Fly 103 " 112 Handwriting Analysis 122 Skyscrapers 133 Left - Handedness 142 Unit IV Science A Biosphere in Space 153 in Volcanoes 162 Snow and hail 173 Photovoltaic Cells - Energy source o f the Future 181 Biological Clocks 191 CAUSE AND EFFEC T Unit_V M edicine and Health Headaches Sleep and dreams 203 ‘ 212 The Common Cold 222 CPR 232 Blushing and Shyness -V 241 T ests w ith a n sw ers 251 Unit I EXPLORERS A LA SK A \ (J>rK v/ ' ' B u r k e Vitus Bering’ a n d W ills Robert Scott M ary K.ing*siey NEPAL _ J/jAlexandra INDIA A David-Neel These rough notes and ou r dead bodies must tell the tale Robert Scott's Diary BURKE AND WILLSACROSS AUSTRALIA Australia is a huge country, and the out-back (the Australian word for the interior o f the country) very large is desert Some years it rains only centimeters in Change into, become the outback, but other years rainstorms turn the desert into sandy swamps Until the eighteenth century, only aborigines lived in Australia These are tall, thin, brown­ skinned people, the first people in Australia When 100 years Europeans went there to live, they built towns on the coast However, by the 1850s, people began thinking more about the interior In 1860, Robert O'Hara Burke, a police officer from Ireland, was chosen to lead an expedition across the continent from south to north He took with him William John Wills and 1 other men, camels, horses, and enough supplies for a year and a half They left Melbourne for the Gulf of CarpeHaria on August 20, winter in the southern hemisphere The expedition had problems from half of the earth the beginning Burke had no experience in the outback The men fought and would not follow orders Twice they left some o f their supplies so they could move faster, and later sent one o f the men, William Wright, back for them Finally, a small group led by Burke moved on ahead o f the others to a river named Cooper's Creek interior (n) [in'tiorio] : vi'ing d a l ben tro n g expedition (n) hemisphere (n) [.ckspi'di/n] : choc tlidin lueti [’hemisfio] : b an c a n hug e(adj) [hju:d3] : l on g Urn CAUSE A N D EFFECT and set up their base camp They were halfway across the continent, but it was summer now, with very hot weather and sandstorms They waited for a month for Wright, and then Burke decided that four from his small group, with months' supplies, should travel the 1250 kilometers to the north coast as quickly as possible They told the others to wait for them at Cooper's Creek The journey across the desert was very difficult, but at the end o f January they reached the Flinders River near the Gul f o f Carpentaria They started their return journey, but now it was the rainy season and traveling was slow and even more difficult than their trip north They did not have enough food, and the men became hungry and sick Then one o f them died Some o f the camels died or were killed for food Finally, on April 21, they arrived back at Cooper's Creek, only to find that no one was there The rest o f the expedition left the day before because they thought Burke must be dead The three men continued south, but without enough food, both Burke and Wills died Aborigines helped the last man alive, and a s e ar c h p a r t y found him in September 1861 He was half crazy from hunger and loneliness There were many reasons that the expedition did not go as it was planned, it had an inexperienced leader, the men made bad de cisions, some did not follow orders, and they did not get a l o n g But they were the first expedition to cross Australia, and Burke and Wills are still known as heroes of exploration search = look for/party = a group of people noun for decide be friendly, not fight sand storm (n) search party (n) aborigine (n) [siendsto:m] [so:Lf] [,a;bo'rid3in] : bao cat ; m ot d m tun h e m : tho dan get along (v) [get e’b r | ] : lioa licrp, doan ket explorers A V ocabulary In this book, difficult words are repeated several times in the exercises These words are also repeated and reviewed in other lessons It is not necessary to list new English words with their meanings in your own language You will learn them just by practicing In each lesson, when you read the text the first time, underline the words that you don't know Then you can give yourself a test when you finish the lesson, look at the words you underlined and see if you understand them If you don't know them yet, this is the time to memorize them In the vocabulary exercises in this book, write the correct word in each blank.Use each word only once Use capital letters where they are necessary exploration (j continents ^aborigines /I decision ^hemisphere ^ ahead 5Sets along 4ex Per'ence expedition 2-base Ccentury ^Qheroes Please decide what you want to You must make a _ In baseball, a player hits the ball and runs to first _ The dark- skinned first Australians are c a ll e d Do you have a n y _ as a secretary, or is this your first job? Kumiko well with everyone She is always nice and never fights with people The years 1900 - 1999 are the twentieth _ Tom saw some c h il d r e n o f him in the street while he was driving home, so he slowed down Asia is in the n o r th e r n Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America are the s e v e n 10 People who win in the Olympic Games a r e in their countries Continent (n) ['kontinont] : chan luc ,lnc clia decision (n) [di'si3n] : sirquyet dinli experience (n) [iks'pieriens] : kinli ngliiem hero (n) [’hierou] : anh CAUSE A N D EFFECT h tQ Q Q B V o c a b u l a r y Do this exercise like Exercise A chosen ^'huge searching jexpedition interior Jsupplies experience Gjourney /jswamps ^exploration ^party upturned into Burke and Wills led a n into the interior o f Australia Christopher Columbus w a s for a ne w wa y to go to India Canada is a country, one o f the biggest in the world Birds like to live i n _ because there is a lot o f water and food We use one kind of paint for t h e o f a house and another kind for the exterior It is a l o n g from Melbourne to London A s e a r c h was sent to find Burke and Wills' expedition Most o f the earth has been explored Now we are in the age of space , searching for more information about the stars, the moon, and other planets besides earth The secretary ordered paper, pens, and o t h e r _ for the office 10 Carlos started to study hard a n d a good student C T r u e / False Write T if the sentence is true, write F if it is false If a question is false, change it to make it true, or explain why it is false An asterisk (*) before a question means it is either an inference or an opinion question You cannot find a sentence in the text with the answer You have to use the information in the text and things you already know and then decide on the answer _L The first Europeans in Australia built villages in the outback because there were too many aborigines on the coast _2 he Burke and Wills expedition crossed Australia from south to north _ *3 December is a summer month in Australia supply (n) exterior (n) exploration (n) [so'plai] [cks'tiorio] [, ekspb:'rci/n] : ngtion tai Ira, vien tro : ben ngoai : s tf llidm liieu p lan et (n) ['plicnit] : I,an li n ull EXPLORERS _4 Much o f the interior o f Australia is swampy all year long Eleven men crossed Australia with Burke and Wills _*6 Burke and Wills did not have enough food for their journey back to Cooper's Creek because the rain slowed them down *7 The aborigines could help the last man alive because they understood how to live in the desert Burke was a good leader for this expedition D C om prehension Questions Answ er these questions in complete sentences An asterisk (*) means it is either an inference or an opinion question You cannot find the exact ans wer in the text Where did the first Europeans live when they went to Australia? *2 Why were camels good animals for this expedition? Why did the men leave some o f their supplies behind them? Why was it difficult to travel in the interior o f Australia? What happened to some o f the camels? Na m e two reasons why this expedition had so many problems *7 Do you think Burke and Wills should be called heroes of exploration? Why? E M ain Idea What is the main idea o f paragraph (lines 20-25)? Robert Burke led this expedition The expedition had many problems Burke had no experience in the outback swampy (adj) ['swompi] : lay loi leader (n) ['li:do] : ngifcri dan dan CAUSE AND EFFECT WORD STUDY A Tw o-w ord Verbs English has many two-word verbs Each o f the two words is easy, but when they are put together, they mean something different There is often no way to guess what they mean You have to learn each one Learn these and then fill in the blanks with the right words Use the right verb form turn into - changc into, become get along (with) - not fight, be friendly break down - s t o p going or working (often about a car) call on - when someone, usually a teacher, asks someone to speak put away - put something in the place it belongs Our washing machine _ t yesterday and I couldn’t finish washing my clothes Tommy and his little brother don't very well They fight about something almost every day Ali knew the answer when the t e a c h e r him It was rainy this morning, but now' it h a s a beautiful day Mary doesn’t us ually her clothes She just leaves them on a chair or the bed B Articles (a, an, the) There are so many rules about articles that it is easier just to get used to them by practicing than to learn all the rules However, you will learn a few of the rules later in this book Here are some sentences or parts o f sentences from the text Put an article in the blank if it is necessary Other years rainstorms turn desert into sandy swamps Until eighteenth century, only aborigines in Australia turn into (v) break down (v) put away (v) call on (v) [to:n ’intu:, ’into] [brcik] [put o'wei] [ko :1 on] n o lien hong cat di glie tham lived explorers Iii I860, _ Robert O'Hara Burke, police officer from Ireland was chosen to lead _ expedition across continent from south to north He took with him William John Wills, eleven other men, _ c a m e l s horses, and enough supplies for year and _half expedition had _problems from beginning men fought and would not follow _ orders C C on text C lues It is not necessary to look up every new word in the dictionary You can often tell what the word means from the sentence it is in, or from the sentence after it For example, the word aborigines in line is explained in the next sentence What are aborigines? Always look for this kind o f sentence when you are reading Don't look up the word in your dictionary Here are some sentences from the other four lessons in this unit Tell what each word in bold print means She started working as a journalist, writing articles about Asia and Buddhism for English and French magazines and newspapers Scott took ponies (small horses) and a few dogs She helped to start anthropology, the study o f people's customs and lives, in Africa Europeans bought ivory, which comes from elephants, and other things from Africans She met trad ers there, European men who bought ivory and other things from Africans and sold them things from Europe M ission aries went to Africa to teach Christianity journalist (n) [’d3e:nelist] n lia b a o pony (n) [’pouni] n g i/a c o n anthropology (n) [,icn()re'p.'>lod3i] n h d n c lu in g h o c ivory (n) missionary (n) ['aivori ] ['mi/nori] n g ifd 'i t ru y e n d u o ngu ro i CAUSE A N D EFFECT ALEXANDRA DAVID - NEEL - A FRENCH WOMAN IN TIBET Tibet has been a secret and mysterious country to the rest o f the world for several centuries, it is on a high p la te au in Asia, surrounded by even higher mountains, and only a few foreigners were able to cross its b o r d e r s until recently One o f these foreigners was a French woman named Alexandra David-Neel (1868-1969) She traveled by herself in India, China, and Tibet She studied the Buddhist religion, wrote articles and books about it, and collected a nc ie nt Buddhist books She also became a Buddhist herself Alexandra always said she had an unhappy childhood She escaped her unhappiness by reading books on adventure and travel She ran away from school several times and even ran away to England when she was only sixteen She was a singer for several years, but in 1903 she started working as a journalist, writing articles about Asia and Buddhism for English and French magazines and newspapers The next year, when she was thirtyseven she married Philippe-Fran^ois Neel It was a strange marriage After five days together, they moved to different cities and never lived together again plateau (n) [’pLctou] c a o n g tty e n border(n) [’b v d n ] b ie n g u n ancient (adj) ['em/ ont] co Buddhism ui) [ 'budi st] duo phot 10 high, flat land lines between countries very old got away from EXPLORERS Vet lie supported her all his life, and she wrote him hundreds o f letters full of details about her travels She traveled all over Europe and North Africa, but she went to India in 1911 to study Buddhism, and then her real travels began She traveled in India and in Nepal and Sikkim, the small countries north o f India in the Himalaya Mountains, but her goal was Tibet She continued to study Buddhism and learned to speak Tibetan She traveled to villages and religious centers, with only an interpreter and a few men to carry her cam p in g equipment For several months she lived in a cave in Sikkim and studied Buddhism and the Tibetan language Then she adopted a fifteen-year-old Sikkimese boy to travel with her He remained with her until his death at the age o f fifty-five For the next years she traveled in remote areas of China These were years o f civil war in China, and she was often in danger She traveled for thousands of kilometers on horseback with a few men to help her, through desert heat, sandstorms, and the rain, snow, and freezing temperatures o f the colder areas In 1924, David - Ne el was fifty-six years old She darkened her skin and dressed as an old beggar She carried only a beggar's bowl and a backpack and traveled through hot lowlands and snowy mountain passes until she reached the border of Tibet Because she spoke Tibetan so well, she was able to cross the border and reach the famous city of Lhasa without anyone knowing that she was European and forbidden to be there It was often freezing cold, and sometimes there wasn't enough food Sometimes she was sick, and once she nearly Yet but/supported ga'.t her money to live on support (v) [so'p v t] c u n g c a p lo t n o goal (n) [goul] [ke.v] n in e d ic l i f'bceol ngitt'ti a n xin cave (n) besmear (n) 0° C or colder not allowed not allowed lia n g d o n g 11 CAU SE AN D EFFECT died This was the most dangerous o f all her journeys, but she reached her goal and collected more information about Tibetan Buddhism She returned to France in 1925 She spent several years writing about her r e s e a r c h and adventures and translating ancient Tibetan religious b o o k s When she was sixty-six, she returned to China and the Tibetan border area for 10 years In 1944, the Second World war reached even that remote area, and at the age o f seventy-six she walked for days, sometimes without food, until she was able to reach a place where she could fly to India and then home to France She continued writing and translating until she died, just weeks before her 101st birthday Most explorers traveled to discover and map new places David-Neel went to research on Buddhism She said that freedom was the most important thing in life for her, and like many other explorers, she lived a dangerous, exciting, free life search for nc« information A Vocabulary Write the correct word in each blank Use each word only once and use capital letters if they are necessary civil war mysterious caves equipment temperature article journalist adventure It would be a g r e a t _ There is an interesting freezes ancient remote beggars border discovered forbidden plateau to travel in Tibet on horseback _ in the newspaper today about Tibet You can f i n d asking for money in most countries When Ali got to his car, h e that he had a parking ticket Some ancient North American Indians lived in _ Others built houses Smoking i s in the front rows in airplanes research (n) translate (v) remote (adj) exciting (n) 12 [ri'se:t/, ’ri:so:t/] [tr