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INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY CHEM 2017 Lect 2008 General introduction M S SCURRELL CHEMISTRY BUILDING, ROOM 101 michael.scurrell@wits.ac.za CONNECTIONS IN INORGANICS Why should chlorine and caustic soda prices be connected? Why should ammonia and urea manufacture be done on the same plant? Why is ammonia a side-product of making synthetic fuels from coal? [Sasol] CONNECTIONS IN INDUCTRY Why does the ore extraction industry manufacture sulphuric acid? Who fixes the price of ammonia? What is needed to make a successful inorganic chemicals business? PRODUCT MARKET PRICE TECHNOLOGY Does South Africa manufacture ammonia in a different way to Japan? Saudi Arabia? USA? Germany? COMMODITY CHEMICALS SPECIALITY CHEMICALS COMMODITY High tonnage World pricing Mature technology & similar CHLORINE, SULPHURIC ACID, AMMONIA, PHOSPHORIC ACID COMMODITY SPECIALITY Lower tonnage Similar specifications, but some differences between manufacturers Less consistent pricing TITANIUM DIOXIDE, SYNTHETIC ZEOLITES, SPECIALITY Often not pure chemicals Trade named mixtures Smaller quantities, higher prices Hi-tech products SOLVENTS, HYDRAULIC FLUIDS, REFRIDGERANTS, ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURE EXAMPLES ONLY SULPHUR NITROGEN HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND PEROXY COMPOUNDS FLUORINE ALUMINIUM COMPOUNDS (silicas, ZEOLITES) PHOSPHORUS PLATINUM GROUP METALS (GOLD) Environmental issues legislation MINIMUM STANDARDS TO PROTECT WORK-FORCE TO PROTECT IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT OUTSIDE THE PLANT TO PROTECT GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT SHE SAFETY HEALTH ENVIRONMENT EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS Water purity: • Triazine herbicides: < 100 ng/l • Nitrates < 50 ppm (25 ppm) • Lead < 25 ppm AIR QUALITY SOx NOx LIMITS PLACE HEAVY DEMANDS ON TECHNOLOGY CLEAN-UP (END OF PIPE) VERSUS AVOIDANCE OF PROBLEM AIR QUALITY SOx NOx LIMITS PLACE HEAVY DEMANDS ON TECHNOLOGY CLEAN-UP (END OF PIPE) VERSUS AVOIDANCE OF PROBLEM COPPER, NICKEL INDUSTRY Sulphide ores Need to convert to oxides Roasting process produces SO2 New technologies: • Roasting furnace design • Improved catalysts for sulphuric acid manufacture (KINETICS, THERMODYNAMICS) CAR ENGINE EXHAUST TREATMENT High impact on the platinum metal industry Price of Pt Price of Rh Price of Ru High impact on the oil refining industry Fuel quality, lead-free fuel
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