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CÁC CÁCH NHẤN MẠNH KHI VIẾT TIẾNG ANH Nhấn mạnh là một thủ thuật rất phổ biến khi viết tiếng Anh. Nhấn mạnh không chỉ giúp tập trung chú ý của người đọc vào phần thông tin ta muốn chia sẻ mà còn gây ấn tượng cho người đọc – nhất là giám khảo chấm thi viết. Kỹ năng viết ở trình độ Advanced (C1 ≈ IELTS 7.0 +) đòi hỏi người viết phải biết các phương thức nhấn mạnh phức tạp hơn, nhưng hiệu quả hơn. Có 2 phương thức nhấn mạnh chủ yếu sau đây: Nhấn mạnh dùng CẤU TRÚC CÂU PHÂN ĐOẠN (Cleft sentences) Nhấn mạnh dùng ĐẢO NGỮ với sự kết hợp với một số từ loại khác. (Inversion). Tài liệu gồm: LÝ THUYẾT BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH ĐÁP ÁN BÀI TẬP
collected and written by TRAN MANH TRUNG – HONG DUC UNIVERSITY CÁC PHƯƠNG THỨC NHẤN MẠNH KHI VIẾT TIẾNG ANH - Lý thuy t - Bài t p th c hành - Đáp án t p Ghi chú: Tài liệu đề cập đến phương thức nhấn mạnh viết đặc biệt viết học trang trọng, phương thức nhấn mạnh nói đề cập đến viết khác Lời giới thiệu Nhấn mạnh thủ thuật phổ biến viết tiếng Anh Nhấn mạnh không giúp tập trung ý người đọc vào phần thông tin ta muốn chia sẻ mà gây ấn tượng cho người đọc – giám khảo chấm thi viết Nhấn mạnh có cách thông thường dùng đại từ phản thân để nhấn mạnh vào chủ thể gây hành động (chủ ngữ), ví dụ : He himself does it (Chính làm việc) hay dùng trợ động từ để nhấn mạnh vào hành động (động từ) câu khẳng định, ví dụ: He did meet me yesterday She does his homework Một vài cách nhấn mạnh thông thường khác thường dùng ngôn ngữ nói tiếng Anh: Dùng Neither , Nor: Cũng không So: Ví dụ: - I don’t like him – Nor/Neither I - My mother is ill this week – So is my mother Đặt “here: đây” hay “there: ” lên đầu câu Ví dụ: - Here comes Freddy! - There goes the teacher! Với động từ “say: nói” “ask: hỏi” chủ ngữ danh từ hay tên người (dùng văn viết kể chuyện) “What is your name?” asked the teacher/Lâm “I don’t believe you any more” sai the girl Kỹ viết trình độ Advanced (C1 ≈ IELTS 7.0 +) đòi hỏi người viết phải biết phương thức nhấn mạnh phức tạp hơn, hiệu Xin giới thiệu có phương thức nhấn mạnh chủ yếu sau đây: - Nhấn mạnh dùng CẤU TRÚC CÂU PHÂN ĐOẠN (Cleft sentences) - Nhấn mạnh dùng ĐẢO NGỮ với kết hợp với số từ loại khác (Inversion) PHẦN 1: NHẤN MẠNH DÙNG CẤU TRÚC CÂU PHÂN ĐOẠN (CLEFT SENTENCES) Câu phân đoạn gì? Câu phân đoạn loại câu mà thông tin chứa mệnh đề chia làm hai phần đặt hai mệnh đề khác Ví dụ: - Vanessa has made the greatest impact (Câu thông thường) - It is Vanessa who has made the greatestest impact Câu phân đoạn dùng muốn nhấn mạnh vào thông tin mới, để giải thích hay nhấn mạnh tương phản với thông tin có câu trước Câu phân đoạn thường sử dụng viết học thuật có khả liên kết ý tốt đoạn văn Ví dụ: All of the Redgrave family are gifted actors But it is Vanessa who has made the greatestest impact in the world of feature films Các loại câu phân đoạn A Câu phân đoạn dùng “It” Cấu trúc câu: It + to be (khẳng định phủ định) + từ cụm từ muốn nhấn mạnh + that/who/which + mệnh đề Ví dụ: - It is not just his outlandish sense of humour that I am complaining about Câu phân đoạn dùng “It” trường hợp sau: Hãy xem câu thông thường “Tom saw Will Smith at the awards party last night” chuyển sang câu phân đoạn sau: * Nhấn mạnh vào chủ ngữ (subject) Ví dụ: It was Tom who saw Will Smith at the awards party last night * Nhấn mạnh vào tân ngữ (object) Ví dụ: - It was Will Smith that Tom saw at the awards party last night * Nhấn mạnh vào loại trạng ngữ (Adverbials) Ví dụ: - It was last night that Tom saw Will Smith at the awards party - It was at the awards party that Tom saw Will Smith last night Ghi chú: Có thể dùng “When” “Where” that “that” sau trạng ngữ THỜI GIAN trạng ngữ NƠI CHỐN Ví dụ: - It was in January when the test results were published - It is in Green Street market where the best bargains can be found * Các nhấn mạnh khác Ví dụ: - He did it because of greed => It was because of greed that he did it - He does it by using a calculator => It is by using a calculator that he does it Trong viết học thuật, câu phân đoạn dùng với từ “this” để nhấn mạnh thông tin nêu câu trước He married the president’s girl It was this that made him well- known DI N ĐÀN H C TI NG ANH - Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG TÀI LI U LUY N IELTS - Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG B Câu phân đoạn dùng mệnh đề nghi vấn với what (What clause) Trong câu loại mệnh đề nghi vấn ( gồm Wh - + chủ ngữ + động từ + …) đặt đầu câu hành động nhấn mạnh đặt cuối câu Cấu trúc: What - clause + be/not be + phần nhấn mạnh Ví dụ: - What the manager did was (to) change the formation of the team Một số ví dụ khác: Các câu thông thường: The boys are not leaving Sandy at home They are taking him to the beach with them Câu phân đoạn: - What the boys are doing is taking Sandy to the beach with them Các câu thông thường: Old members are absent but the new members have taken their seats in the assembly Câu phân đoạn: What the new members have done is taken old members’ seats in the assembly c Câu phân đoạn dùng mệnh đề nghi vấn WHICH, WHEN, WHERE, WHY WHO Loại câu phân đoạn thường có cụm danh từ (chỉ người, nơi chốn, thời gian lý do) đứng đầu câu, mệnh đề nghi vấn (wh-clause) với tư cách mệnh đề quan hệ (relative clause) Phần nhấn mạnh cụm từ mệnh đề Cấu trúc: Cụm danh từ + Mệnh đề nghi vấn + be/not be + Phần nhấn mạnh Ví dụ: (Chỉ người) - The guy who told me about the new club was James (Chỉ nơi chốn) - The house where I lived in my childhood is near here (Chỉ thời gian) - The day when we left was the saddest day of my life (Chỉ vật) - The thing which you bought yesterday is an American novel (Chỉ lý do) Ví dụ: - The reason why they never told me is they not trust me Ghi nhớ: 1* Cụm danh từ với từ “thing” dùng với nhiều ý nghĩa khác câu phân đoạn Ví dụ: - The thing (that) I most disliked about the movie was the scene in the graveyard - The only thing (that) they want is a chance to air their grievances - The last thing (that) we did was (to) pack the kettle 2* Đại từ “Something” “All” sử dụng câu phân đoạn Ví dụ: - Something the surveyor neglected to mention was the damp in the kitchen - All (that) we are asking for is to be given a chance 3* Trong câu phân đoạn cấu trúc câu điều kiện, động từ trước phần nhấn mạnh không thiết động từ “be” nữa, mà động từ Ví dụ: The one person (that) I did not want to see just then walked into the room Collected and written by TRAN MANH TRUNG – HONG DUC UNIVERSITY ****************************************************** BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH PHẦN 1: I Viết lại câu sau, dùng “It” để nhấn mạnh phần gạch chân Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa, not Michelangelo …………………………………………………………………………… Shirley Bassey sang many of James Bond theme songs …………………………………………………………………………… Mike took those photographs …………………………………………………………………………… Sally is married to Fred’s best friend, not his cousin …………………………………………………………………………… Mozart’s most famous opera is The Marriage of Figaro …………………………………………………………………………… II Đọc kỹ đoạn văn phủ định câu sau thông tin câu phân đoạn với “It” Nick turned up late for work on Monday because he got stuck in a traffic jam on the ring road Nick had a hands-free mobile phone in his car so he was able to call his manager and warn her that he would be late She was furious but managed to reschedule an important meeting for the afternoon The manager arrived late for work on Monday No, it was ………………………………………………………………… Nick was late because he had overslept No, it was ………………………………………………………………… 10 f They would have discovered land sooner had they carried a compass IF …………………………………………………………………………… g Little did Brenda know what she was letting herself in for IDEA ………………………………………………………………………… h It was only when I stopped that I realized something was wrong DID I ………………………………………………………………………… i The accused never expressed regret for what he had done AT NO TIME ………………………………………………………………… j So exhausted were the runners that none of them finished the race TOO …………………………………………………………………………… XII Rewrite these sentences with the adverbial phrase of direction or place at the front of clause Use inversion where possible The people dived for cover as the bullets flew over their heads ………………………………………………………………………………… That night, just as John has predicted, a heavy snowfall came down ………………………………………………………………………………… The two men were talking in front of the station ………………………………………………………………………………… A line of police officers was behind the protesters ………………………………………………………………………………… A small stream ran at the end of the street There was an overgrown garden across the stream ………………………………………………………………………………… She could hear the sound of the tractor and suddenly it came round the corner ………………………………………………………………………………… 30 A while pillar was in front of them and a small, marble statue stood on top of it ………………………………………………………………………………… The teacher blew a whistle and the children ran off ………………………………………………………………………………… XIII Rewrite these sentences using inversion with NO SOONER or BARELY We stepped outside the front door, and it began to rain ………………………………………………………………………………… We’d only just started the performance when there was a loud explosion ………………………………………………………………………………… As soon as she closed her eyes, she fell asleep ………………………………………………………………………………… Just as he had recovered from gastric flu, he went down with bronchitis ………………………………………………………………………………… I had no sooner gone to bed than someone rang my doorbell ………………………………………………………………………………… When Trevor planted the tree, it died ………………………………………………………………………………… Judith started asking me questions as soon as I had stepped through the door ………………………………………………………………………………… She just had time to put up her umbrella before the rain came down in torrents ………………………………………………………………………………… The telephone started ringing just after he had left the office ………………………………………………………………………………… 31 10 He had only just walked into the house when the telephone rang ………………………………………………………………………………… XIV Rewrite these sentences using inversion with SCRRCELY or HARDLY Karen finished reading Bleak House, and started reading The Pickwick Papers ………………………………………………………………………………… The plane had only just taken off when smoke began to appear in the cabin ………………………………………………………………………………… Just as she put the phone down, it rang again ………………………………………………………………………………… I had just begun my solo when there was a noise of breaking glass off-stage ………………………………………………………………………………… As soon as we had finished dinner, the thunderstorm broke ………………………………………………………………………………… He had just started driving his new car when he had an acident ………………………………………………………………………………… As soon as they arrived on the beach, it started to rain ………………………………………………………………………………… He had hardly entered the house when the police arrested him ………………………………………………………………………………… I had only just watered the garden when it began to rain ………………………………………………………………………………… 32 XV Rewrite these sentences using inversion with SO or SUCH The child was so afraid that he hid behind the sofa ………………………………………………………………………………… It was such an appalling sight that we reeled back in horror ………………………………………………………………………………… He was so surprised to be addressed by the Queen that he did not answer at once ………………………………………………………………………………… Jukia wanted so much to move away from Newtown that she sold her house for much less than it was worth ………………………………………………………………………………… He was so disgusted at her behaviour that he severed all contact with her ………………………………………………………………………………… He was so furious that he threw the book across the room ………………………………………………………………………………… People were so ignorant of the disease all the time that sufferers were simply told to go to bed and rest ………………………………………………………………………………… XVI Rewrite these sentences using inversion to emphasize A line of police officers was behind the protesters ………………………………………………………………………………… After forty years, the restaurant is still there and the man who first ran it is there, too ………………………………………………………………………………… A small stream ran at the end of the village ………………………………………………………………………………… 33 The bus came round the corner of the street ………………………………………………………………………………… A white pillar was in front of the visitors ………………………………………………………………………………… She loved staying in the cottage and her friends loved it, too ………………………………………………………………………………… The Parthenon stands on top of the Acropolis ………………………………………………………………………………… The European Union is in economic difficulties, together with America and Japan ………………………………………………………………………………… XVII Complete these sentences with suitable words Never ……………………………….… so many people working so hard In no way ………………………… such a discreet man betray our secrets On no account ………………….……… … be revealed to our competitors Only in Britain ………… ……… the notion of a gentleman’s agreement be understood Not only …………… the piano brilliantly but she also sings well Never in my life ………………… so humiliated! Under no circumstances ………… the fire doors be locked Not once during her entire life ……… in trouble with the law Not only ……….…… rather naïve but he also seems to be very sensitive 10 Seldom ……………………………… … any assistance or advice 34 XVIII Complete these sentences with suitable words Little ………….…………………… that she would win the competition Rarely …………… ……… ……… about their bad working conditions Scarcely ………… …… opened the letter when the phone started ringing No sooner …………………… the phone than I heard a knock at the door At no time ………………………………… about it outside this office So difficult …………………….… the work that I was unable to finish it Not until everyone finished ………… ……… allowed to leave the room Not only …………………… his job, but his son also ran away from home Only after …………….………… the police able to catch the thieves 10 No sooner …………………… our picnic than it started to rain *********************************************************** ANSWERS TO PART EXERCISES (ĐÁP ÁN BÀI TẬP PHẦN 2) I Choose the most suitable words underlined he would never passed did I remember so high were the waves when Peter has arrived was I than was I aware 10 should you leave early IIa Rewrite these sentences, using NEVER Never before had she been so happy Never have I heard such nonsense! Never in my life have I seen such a mess 35 Never have our profits been higher than/ as higher as they are this year Never again would she trust her own judgment when buying antique Never before had the firm laid on such a sumptuous celebration Never have I come across such a horrifying film Never have I been so moved by a Shakespeare production Never for one moment did I think the consequences would be so far reaching 10 Never before had I tasted such a wonderful combination of flavours IIb Rewrite these sentences, using RARELY, SELDOM or LITTLE Rarely does one find good service these days Rarely has she travlled more than fifty miles from her village Rarely has a military campaign been fought with so little loss of life Seldom is the interior of the island visited by tourists Seldom has public borrowing been so high Seldom had they participated in such a fascinating ceremony Little did they suspect that the musical was going to be a runway success Little did the embassy staff realize that Ted was a secret agent Little did she realize what would happen to her next 10 Little did I think that one day I'd be appearing in films rather than just watching them III Rewrite these sentences, using IN, AT, UNDER, or ON In no way can Keith be held responsible for the accident In no way are the children themselves to blame for the disaster In no way is the existence of extraterrestrial life confirmed by the report At no time was I shown how to operate the machine 36 At no time did he suspect that he was a witch At no time has the English language not been in a state of change Under no circumstance will Miss Weaver be offered the job Under no circumstance should you send money to us by post Under no circumstances can we exchange tickets 10 On any account will I go all that way to visit him again 11 On no account must yo lift heavy weights like that again 12 On no account must this window be unlocked without prior permission IV Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with NOT Not only is he your friend, but he’s mine too Not only did he book tickets for the afternoon performance but he also booked for the evening performance as well Not only did the burglars steal a thousand pounds’ worth of electrical goods, they also left the flat in an awful mess Not only was Tom late, but he had left all his books behind Not only will you enhance your posture but you will (also) improve your acting ability (as well) on this course Not for one moment is it worth considering his suggestion /is his suggestion worth considering Not a tear did she shed when the story ended in tragedy Not once did the manager offer is an apology Not a sound did she make as she crept upstairs 10 Not until he retired did he think about having a holiday abroad V Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with ONLY Only when I got home did I realize how dangerous the situation had been Only last week did the Agriculture Minister admit defeat 37 Only after seeing Hamlet on the stage did I understand it Only after they had finished eating did they get round to business Only after they waited for twelve hours did their flight leave Only after did I realize who she was Only by (using) force could the door be opened Only when Tom’s apologized will I agree Only when you buy all twelve books at the same time can/will you get the 40% discount 10 Only by training hard can/will/could you become a good athlete VI Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with SHOULD Should the government be forces into another election, it would be the favorite to win Should you wish to make an appointment to see Dr Simons, she is available between 9.00 and 11.00 Should you have further problems with your printer, contact your deal for advice Should you decide to accept the post, you will be expected to start work on 1st April Should we hear any further news, we will be in touch immediately Should you wish to take advantage of the offer, kindly tick the box on your order Should the film be a box- office success, they may be a sequel Should you change your mind, there will always be a job for you here VII Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with WERE OR HAD Were the chemical to leak, a large area of sea would be contaminated Were Germany to beat, they would face Italy in the final Were Mr Morgan still headmaster, he would not permit such bad behavior 38 Had you given it in on time, you would have got a high mark Had she become a lawyer, as her parents’ wishes, she would have earned a large salary Had anything gone wrong, I would have been held responsible Had it not been for Henry, I might not have met you Had the coast guards been notified they could have saved the vessels Had they confirmed by phone, the airline could have warned them 10 Had it not been for his solicitor’s advice, he would have made a serious mistake VIII Rewrite each of the following sentences with the given words in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed above it Not only did he spend all his money but she also borrowed some from me No sooner had I left the office than the phone rang Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back Not until the bell rang did he finish his work Only after several months did we begin to see the symptoms of the disease Never in my life have seen anyone drink as much as you Under the table was lying a sleeping dog Rarely had his brother been more excited Only later were all the facts made public 10 Had I realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job 11 Such was the responsible to our appeal that we has to take on more staff 12 Not only did Harry break his leg but he also injured his shoulder 13 Little did the police suspect that the judgment was the murderer 14 Should you see Helen, could you ask her to call me? 15 In no way can the bus be blamed for the accident 39 16 So heavy was the snowfall that all the trains had to be cancelled 17 Were the government to write interest rates they would lose the election 18 No sooner had I got into the bath than someone knocked on the door 19 Such was the uncertainty that the financial markets remained closed 20 Seldom is there so much rain in March 21 Only when your identity has been checked will you be allowed in 22 Hardly had the play started when there was a power failure 23 Rarely has the Prime Minister made so inept a speech 24 Scarcely had we arrived home when the police called 25 On no account are press photographers allowed to take photographs backstage 26 Never before has so much money been spent to so little purpose! 27 Barely had the trial proceedings begun when the judge was taken ill IX Complete each sentences with a suitable word or phrase Hardly/ Scarcely Under no circumstances Never had /have Little did Not only did Never had / Rarely had Under no circumstances Were you 10 No sooner had X Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase (Suggested answers) had the plane taken off, when the temperature fall Does she know had he begun had the train left I to be disturbed we turned a pupil at this / a student from 40 did I know 10 does the company XI Rewrite each sentences so that it contains the word or words in capitals, and so that the meaning stay the same If Smith were to resign , I might stand a chance of getting his job The demand for tickets was so great that people queued night and day Under no circumstances is the money to be paid Not until three days had passed did we arrived at the first oasis/ It was not until three days later that we arrived at the first oasis Soon after the ship left port , a violent storm developed If they had carried a compass they would have discovered the land sooner Brenda had no idea what she was letting herself in for Only when I stopped did I realize that something was wrong At no time did the accused express regret for what he has done 10 The runners were too exhausted to finish the race XII Rewrite these sentences with the adverbial phrase of direction or place at the front of clause Use inversion where possible ………… … as over their heads flew the bullets …………… down came a heavy snow In front of the station, the two men were talking.(no inversion) Behind the protesters was a line of police officers At the end of the street ran a small stream Across the stream was there an overgrown garden She could hear the sound of the tractor and suddenly round the corner came it In front of them was a white pillar and on top of it stood a small, marble statue The teacher blew a whistle and the children ran off (no inversion) 41 XIII Rewrite these sentences using inversion with NO SOONER or BARELY No sooner had we stepped outside the front door than it began to rain No sooner had we started the performamnce than there was a loud explosion No sooner had she closed her eyes than she fell asleep No sooner had he recovered from gastric flu than he went down with bronchitis No sooner had I gone to bed than someone rang my doorbell No sooner had Trevor planted the tree than it died No sooner had I stepped through the door than Judith started asking me questions No sooner had she put up her umbrella than the rain came down in torrents Barely had he left the office when/before the telephone started ringing 10 Barely had he walked into the house when the telephone rang XIV Rewrite these sentences using inversion with SCRRCELY or HARDLY Scarcely had Karen finished reading Bleak House when she started reading The Pickwick Papers Scarcely had the plane taken off when smoke began to appear in the cabin Scarcely had she put the phone down when it rang again Scarcely had I begun my solo when there was a noise of breaking glass offstage Hardly had we finished dinner when the thunderstorm broke Hardly had he started driving his new car when he had an acident Hardly had they arrived on the beach when it started to rain Hardly had he entered the house when the police arrested him Hardly had I watered the garden when it began to rain 42 XV Rewrite these sentences using inversion with SO or SUCH So afraid was the child that he hid behind the sofa So appalling was the sight that we reeled back in horror So surprised was he was to be addressed by the Queen that he did not answer at once So eager was Jukia to move away from Newtown that she sold her house for much less than it was worth Such was his disgust at her behaviour that he severed all contact with her Such was his fury that he threw the book across the room such was the ignorance of the the disease at the time that sufferers were simply told to go to bed and rest XVI Rewrite these sentences using inversion to emphasize Behind the protesters was a line of police officers After forty years, the restaurant is still there, as is the man who first ran it At the end of the village ran a small stream ran Round the corner of the street came the bus In front of the visitors was a white pillar She loved staying in the cottage, as did her friends On top of the Acropolis stands the Parthenon The European Union is in economic difficulties, as are America and Japan XVII Complete these sentences with suitable words Never have I seen so many people working so hard In no way would/could such a discreet man betray our secrets On no account must/ should/ can this be revealed to our competitors Only in Britain could/ can the notion of a gentleman’s agreement be understood 43 Not only does she play the piano brilliantly but she also sings well Never in my life have/had I been so humiliated! Under no circumstances should/ must the fire doors be locked Not once during her entire life has she been in trouble with the law Not only is he rather naïve but he also seems to be very sensitive 10 Seldomhave I received any assistance or advice XVIII Complete these sentences with suitable words Little did she/anyone realize that she would win the competition Rarely did they complain about their bad working conditions Scarcely had I opened the letter when the phone started ringing No sooner had I answered/ picked up the phone than I heard a knock at the door At no time did I talk about it outside this office So difficult was the work that I was unable to finish it Not until everyone finished were we allowed to leave the room Not only did he lose his job, but his son also ran away from home Only aftera long search/chase were the police able to catch the thieves 10 No sooner had we started our picnic than it started to rain Collected and written by TRAN MANH TRUNG – HONG DUC UNIVERSITY ****************************************************** 44