Tir CIAI PHONG MIEN NAM, THONG NHAT TO OUOC DEN HOI NHAP OUOC TE v o KIM CirONG' Dpc l a p d a n toe, thd'ng n h a t da't ntfdc - cd sd n e n t a n g c u a t i e n t r i n h hoi n h a p quo'c t e Cupc Tong tie'n cong vfi noi dfiy miia Xuan nam 1975 dupe md mfin bang Chie'n dich Tay Nguyen (tfl ngfiy 10-3-1975 de'n 24-3-1975) da nhanh chong gifinh dUde thang ldi vdi vific giai phdng hoan tofin Thi xa Buon Ma Thupt (ngay 11-31975) vfi sau lfi sU thfio chay cua quan dpi Sai Gon khdi cac tinh Playcu, Kon Tum Dfi'n ngfiy 24-3-1975, dia bfin Tay Nguyfin rgng ldn da dfldc giai phdng hofin tofin Sau thang ldi nay, Quan giai phong tifi'p tuc md chifi'n dieh tai dia bfin Hufi'-Dfi Nfing (tfl ngfiy 19 dfi'n 29-3-1975) vfi cung da nhanh chong gianh thang ldi Nhflng chifi'n t h i n g t h i n to'c va ve vang dd da da diy quan doi Sfii Gon vao tinh the' tuyet vpng Tifi'p dfi'n, tfl dau t h i n g 4-1975, eae binh dofin chu lUc theo hfldng tie'n ve Sfii Gdn dfi giai phdng eic dia phfldng Phan Hang, Binh Thuan, Binh Tuy, Xufin Loc, dfinh chilm Bfi Ria Cuoi thfing nfim 1975, chie'n dich giai phong Sfii Gon, ndi dat tru sd eua eac ed quan d i u nfio eua chinh quyfi'n Nguyen Vfin Thieu da b i t dau dflde chuan bi theo • PGS.TS Vifin Sfl hpc tu tudng chi dao "Thdn to'c, tdo bgo, bdt ngd, chdc thdng" Ngay 14-4-1975, Bo Chinh tri quyfi't dinh dat tfin "Chie'n dich Ho Chl Minh" cho trfin tong tfi'n cong giai phong Sfii Gdn - Gia Dinh Ngfiy 26-4-1975, cupc tie'n cong vfio Sfii Gon bat dau vdi sU phoi hdp hiep ddng chfit che cua nfim canh quan ehu lfle ciing cfie luc Ifldng vu trang dia phUdng va sU giup sflc cua quin chung ndi day Tfl 26 de'n ngfiy 28-4, Quan giai phong da tieu diet mpt bp phan quan trpng Iflc Ifldng dich tren tuyen phong thu vong ngoai Sai Gdn va nhanh chong xifi't chat vong vay xung quanh phd Ngay 30-4, vdi sfl hiep ddng chie'n da'u ciia cae lfle Ifldng chinh quy, eac lfle Ifldng biet dong, tfl vfi kfi't hdp vdi sfl noi day cua quin chung, Quan giai phong da than tdc thpc sau, nhanh chong chilm Dinh Dpc lap, Bp Tong tham mflu va Khu Bp tfl lenh cae binh ehung quan dpi Sai Gon, Bifit khu thu va Tong nha eanh sat, san bay Tan Sdn Nha't, Dai phat Tong tho'ng vfla nham ehfle Dfldng Van Minh phai tuyfin bd d i u hang khong dilu kien Dung 11 gid 30 ngfiy 30-4-1975, cd cich mang da tung bay tren ndc Dinh Dpc lap Trong the tifi'n cong Tir giai ph6ng mi&i Ram, adng nhat To qude , t h i n toe do, tfl ngfiy 30-4-1975, ddng bfio vfi chifi'n si d m i l n Ddng Nam B6 vfi ddng bang song Cflu Long da ddng loat tie'n cong vfi ndi dfiy Ngay 1-5-1975, tofin bd lanh thd dfi't lifi'n mien Nam Viet Nam da dfldc giai phdng Vdi thfing ldi cua Chiln dich Hd Chi Minh, nhan dan Viet Nam da hofin thfinh sfl nghi$p giai phong dan tpc, giai phong mien Nam, thdng nhfi't To qude; dfi't nudc Viet Nam hoan toan dUdc dpc l^p Vdi t h i n g Idi Chifi'n dieh Hd Chi Minh mua Xuan 1975, nhan dfin Viet Nam da hofin thfinh eupe each mang dan tpc dan chu trfin pham vi ca nflde: dan tpc dUdc dpc lfip, To qudc dflpe thdng nhfi't Tfl thdi diem nay, dan tpc Viet Nam bfldc sang mpt thdi ky mdi - thdi ky xfiy dflng vfi phfit trien dfi't nflde gifiu manh d l c6 the "sdnh vai vdi cdc ci^fng qudc ndm ehdu" Cd the tha'y, viec giai phdng mien Nam, thdng n h i t To quo'c da trd thfinh tie'n d l dl Vifit Nam gia nhfip to chflc hfing d i u vfi quan trpng nhfit ciia cpng ddng qude te; la Lifin hdp qudc (thing 9-1977) Mac d i u tfl trflde Viet Nam da tflng ed nguyfin vpng gia n h i p td chflc nfiy, nhflng dfi't nflde bi chia cat, bdi canh nflde vfi qud'c te' chfla that t h u i n Idi nfin Viet Nam chfla t h i tham gia Trong ca mpt thdi gian dfii dfi't nflde bi thfle dan P h i p hp, mpi vific giao lflu qudc te' chinh thfle eiia Vifit Nam diu Phap quye't dinh; eae mdi quan hfi vdi thfi' gidi dfi'u phu thupe vfio chinh quyen thUc dfin Sau Cach mang t h i n g Tim thfinh cfing, ea nudc lai tifi'p tyc cupc trfldng k^ khfing chifi'n chdng thuc dan P h i p Tfl sau Hi$p dinh Gidnevd (nam 1954), mdi chi c6 mien Bic gifinh dflpc dpc Ifip, mifi'n Nam lai chiu sU 1^ thupe vfio dfi' quo'c My Trong trfit tfl t h i gidi hai cflc, Viet Nam da cd rfi't nhilu nd lfle d l dfit quan hfi vdi eae nflde xa hpi chu nghia (XHCN) vfi nhie'u nflde t h i gidi thfl ba cung nhu tu ban chu nghia (TBCN), nhflng cic t h i Iflc thu dich da chdng pha lai nguyen vpng ciia Vifit Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa Dfi'n sau giai phdng mifi'n Nam, hai mifi'n da trd mpt quoc gia thdng nhfi't vfi dpc Ifip vdi su ddi cua Nha nude CHXHCN Viet Nam, thi tfl thdi dilm do, dfiu cic t h i lUc thfl dieh vdi nhifi'u mflu mo xao quyfit eung khfing the ngan can sfl gia nhfip ciia Viet Nam vfio to chQc ldn nha't cua cpng ddng qudc tfi' Lien hdp quo'c Vdi sfl kifin giai phong miln Nam, thdng nhfi't To qude tie'n d l de Viet Nam hfldng eae nudc khu vUc Dong Nam A dfi hinh thfinh Dfl lufin cac nudc khu vUc da ddi chifi'u, mudn hpp t i e vdi Viet Nam; va thfle te hp da di theo xu hUdng nhfl Thii tudng Thai Lan Chatichai Choonhavan Iue bfi'y gid da tuyfin bd: "Bien Bong Biicfng tii chidn tnidng thdnh thi triidng" Die'u nfiy cung cd nghia la mue tieu cua eae nudc ASEAN mong mud'n hudng tdi hdp tfie vdi Viet Nam va dd Ifi ed sd thufin ldi dfi Viet Nam b i t tay vao tie'n trinh hpi nhfip khu vflc Nhfl vfiy, CO the noi rfing, de eo t h i di theo eon dfldng p h i t trien nhu hifin thi d i u tifin phai xua't p h i t tfl ye'u tdchu quan, CO nghia chinh tfl nhu eau eua npi tai da't nudc Trong giai doan trUde giai phdng mien Nam, muc tifiu hfing d i u ciia cieh mang nUdc ta dupe khfing dinh vfi theo dudi Ifi gianh dpc lap hofin tofin cho da't nUde, giai phdng mifi'n Nam khdi sU lfi thupc vfio de' qudc My, thdng nhfi't giang sdn ve' mpt mdi, de trfin cd sd xay diing mpt dat nUde Viet Nam gifiu manh, phdn vinh vfi di theo dfldng p h i t triln mfi Dang da Ifla ehpn Nhfl vfiy, de phat trien vfi hpi nhfip vdi qudc te mpt each tofin difin, trflde tifin phai co dpc Ifip dan tpc, phai co tu chu tuyfit ddi, hoan toan; eon neu nhfl vfin phai ehiu Ie thupc vfio bfi't ky mpt ehu Rghien cihi luch sit, sd 4.2Q15 the nfio thi khong thd noi dfi'n hpp tac va hpi nhfip Ddl vdi moi mpt chu the Ifi qudc gia thi vfi'n de toi quan trpng d i u tifin lfi Ipi ieh qudc gia, ldi ich qude gia phai dfldc xfiy dijtng Cling cd vfi bao vp tren n i n tang dpc Ifip d i n tpe Nfi'u nhfl khdng cd dpc lfip dan tpc thi khong the nao ndi dfi'n Idi ich qudc gia Dpc lfip dan tpc la nen tang ed sd d i u tifin d l xay dflng dfldng III hpi nhfip, tfl chu, md rpng quan he vdi ben ngoai vi muc tifiu xay dflng va phat trien quo'c gia-dan tpc cfldng Sfl kifin lich sfl giai phong hoan tofin miln Nam, thdng nha't To qudc da mang Iai eho d i t nflde mpt ed hpi mdi, ed quyfi'n Ifla chpn dfldng phat trifin eua dfin tpc Vifit Nam cfip dfi'n Vfin Idfin Dai hpi Dang l i n thfl VIII (nfim 1996): "Xay dflng mpt nfi'n kinh t l md, hpi nhfip vdi khu vfle va thfi' gidi, hudng manh ve xufi!t k h i u , ddng thdi thay t h i nhfip khau bang nhQng san phim nUde san xufi't c6 hieu qua" (1) Q u a t r i n h h o i n h a p quo'c te h i e n n a y la sfl t i l p nd'i c u a lich suf da'u t r a n h cfich m a n g v a t r u y e n t h o n g d a n toe Viet N a m Mac d i u vfiy, tren mpt ham y rpng hdn va muc tieu xuyen suot eua each mang Vi$t Nam thi hpi nhfip ciia Vifit Nam dfldi sU lanh dao cua Dang, nhfl da trinh bay trfin, trflde h i t dfldc xay dflng tfl n i n mdng cua nfi'n dpc Ifip dfin tde Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh khfing dinh: "Khong co gi quy hcfn dpc lap, tti do", n i n dfic lfip eiia qu& gia-dan tpc lfi trfin he't "Bit co doi cd ddy Tnidng Sctn ciing phdi gidnh cho diicfc dpc lap ddn tpc" Dpc l^p la ne'n tang cd ban nhfi't cho Vipt Nam tham gia vao eae hoat dpng qudc t l , gia nh^p cac the che quoc te' va quan he vdi cpng ddng quo'c te' Cpi ngudn cua hpi nhfip qudc t l , cd le dfldc hinh thfinh tQ rfi't sdm, gfin vdi sfl phfit trifin lich sii cua cfie qude gia-dan tpc giai doan phfit triln tfl ban ehu nghia Song thufit ngfl mdi chi dfldc sfl dung nhie'u tren the' gidi vfio euoi nhQng nam 50 ciia thfi' ky trflde Mac d i u co nhilu cieh d i n giai khic nhung tUu trung "hpi nhdp quoc td' la sfl tham gia cua mpt quo'c gia-dan tpc vao cic hoat dpng qude tfi', tQ da phUdng de'n song phfldng Dflng trfin khia eanh ngfl nghia cua thuat ngQ nfiy thi cd thfi ndi "hpi nhgp qudc te" la mpt vfi'n de hoan toan mdi doi vdi Viet Nam Tuy nhien, sau Dang vfi Nhfi nflde ta khdi dpng eong eupe "Boi mcH" vfi nha't la tfl sau Chien tranh Ltinh, vdi sfl ket thuc eua trfit tfl hai cflc Yanta vfi sfl thay ddi sfiu sfic vfi toan difin efla tinh hinh the' gidi thi sQ cin thie't cua vfi'n d l hpi nhfip qudc tfi' mdi trd nen cin thifi't va ro ndt Trong nhQng tfii lieu ehinh thflc cua Dang va Nha nflde Viet Nam, thufit ngfl nfiy l i n d i u tifin dupe de Trong tie'n trinh lanh dao cieh mang Viet Nam, Dang dat mue tieu dpe lap dan tpe Ien hfing diu Ta't nhien tifi'n trinh dd Dang luon chu trpng tdi vifie gfin ke't hai vfi'n d^ ehu ylu la dpe lap dfin tpc vdi trfio Iflu each mang thfi' gidi; sflc manh dfin tpc kfi't hdp vdi sflc manh thdi dai Vifit Nam phfi'n di.\x trd thfinh thfinh vien cua dai gia ^ n h cac nflde trfin the gidi, mudn hdp tfie vdi tofin the cac quoc gia Dieu nfiy dfldc t h i hifin ro cic vfin kien cua Dang vfi Nhfi nUdc sau Caeh mang thfing Tfim nfim 1945 cfing Trong bfle thfl gcti Tong Thfl ky Lifin hdp qude (thang 12-1946) Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh da nhfi'n manh: "Vifit Nam sfin sang thfle thi chinh saeh md efla vfi hpp tic mpi linh vflc" vdi cae nflde, "chip nhfin tham gia moi td chflc hdp t i c kinh te dfldi sfl lanh dao eiia Lifin hdp qude" (2) Trong hai cupc chie'n tranh giai phdng, chdng thuc dfin Phap vfi dfi' quoc My, vdi muc tieu cao nhfi't lfi gianh dpe l|i^p dan tpc, TiJr giAi ph6ng mien Ram Bidng nhdt Td qude Viet Nam da nhfin dfldc sfl ung hp vfi giup dd to ldn cua nhan dfin vfi chinh phu eua nhie'u nflde tren the gidi, trudc tien la eae nflde XHCN, eac nude t h i gidi thfl ba, nhfin dan cfie nude TBCN, eae to chflc quoc tfi' va toan the lofii ngudi tiln bp, yeu ehupng hoa binh Cung q u i trinh do, Viet Nam khong ehi la thfinh vifin cua hfi t h i n g XHCN, lfi thfinh vifin cua Cpng ddng tfldng trp kinh tfi' (SEV), mfi cdn la thfinh vifin cua Phong trfio Khong lifin kfi't, eua nhieu td chflc van hoa, giio due eiia Lien hpp qude Cupc ehien dfi'u gifinh dpc Ifip dan tpe cua nhan dan Vipt Nam khd di dfi'n t h i n g Ipi eudi Cling n l u khong cd sfl ung hp, giup dd dd tfl ben ngofii; Dong thdi day eung Ifi die'u kipn thufin I