BIEN, o A o VIET NAM TRONC CAC Tl/LIEU TIENC ANH TlTTHE KY XVIII DEN ClUA THE KY XIX DUONG HA m f ir T he ky XVI-XVII, cung vdi nhflng phdt kid'n dja ly vi dgi bang dfldng biln, ngfldi chdu Au da biet dd'n nhflng "tan the gidi" ngodi chdu Au T i dd, nhflng tuyd'n giao thdng budn ban dudng bien hinh thdnh vd ngdy cdng trd nen trpng yd'u noi liln chdu Au, chdu My vdi chdu A va chau Dgi Dfldng ddng thdi thuc diy cho qud trinh thdm dd, khdm phd vd chinh phuc nhflng vtmg dd't ndy cac the' ky sau dd Hdng logt thdng tin ghi chip ve cdc vung dd't mdi dd cd Vidt Nam dfldc in d'n vd phd biln bdng nhilu t h i tilng Mdc dfl vdy, nhflng tfl Hpu de cdp de'n Viet Nam ndi chung vd vung biln, dao c i a Vidt Nam ndi ridng xud't ban bdng tid'ng Anh so vdi cdc tfl li§u bdng tilng Tdy Ban Nha, Bd Ddo Nha, Phdp thi khd mudn nhflng lgi cd t i m quan trpng vd tinh phd qudt cao Trong khudn khd bdi vilt nay, vdi nhflng tfl H$u gdc cd tay, chung tdi chi tdp trung tim hieu nhflng thdng tin cung cd'p vl biln, dao Vipt Nam bdng tie'ng Anh cdc tfl li$u xud't ban d the ky XVIII din giia t h l ky XIX md ching tdi tiep cdn dflpc Vdi n i t v l n g u d n ti^ lieu t h l ky XVIII, nhin td'ng the, nhflng cdng trtnh d l cdp din biln, dao Viet Nam bang tie'ng Anh mdc du xud't ban chfla nhilu nhflng n h i n g thdng tin ma chung cung cd'p lai cd vi tri kha quan trpng vide phd bien kiln t h i c , ddng thdi Id bang c i khang dinh c h i quyln cua Viet Nam ddi vdi hp thdng cdc dao, quan dao ma ngfldi Vidt Nam ldm c h i tfl trflde de'n Dlu tidn phai k l den cudn "A new account ofthe East Indies, being the observation and remarks, vol IT' cua Alexander Hamilton xud't ban ndm 1727 tgi Scotland, gdm cd 320 trang, hiln lflu trfl tai Thfl vien The New York Public (USA) Tilp theo la cong trinh "The History of China Upon the Plan of Mr Rollin's Ancient History (translated from the French)" in d'n ndm 1755 gdm 382 trang, hiln lflu gifl tgi Thu vidn Dai hoc Princeton (USA) Cudn "The Modem part of an Universal history from the earliest account of time, vol VIF in vao nam 1759 tgi London gdm 578 trang, Cdng tnnh tilp theo phai k l din Id "An Historical account of the embassy to the emperor of China" gdm 475 trang, hi$n lflu tai Thu vidn Dai hpc Oxford vd "An Abridged account ofthe embassy to the emperor of China" g6m 388 trang hiln lflu tgi Thfl viln Dgi hpc Princeton cua hai tac gia Macartney vd George, xud't ban ndm 1797 * NCS Khoa Lich S i , Trudng Dgi hoc Su phgra Hd N$i oien oao v i a itam irong eac hr lieu Bfldc sang the ky XIX, cdc tfl Udu tilng Anh de cap dd'n bien, dao c i a Viet Nam cdng xud't hien nhilu hdn D l u tidn phai ke dd'n dd la cdng trinh "The view of the India extra Gangem, China and Japan, Vol Iir cua tac gia Thomas Pennant xudt ban ndm 1800 tai London gdm 284 trang, hidn dfldc luu g i i tai Thu vidn cua Dai hpc Harvard Tid'p theo Id cudn "Modern Geography: A Description of the empires, kingdoms, stares, and colonies with the oceans, seas, and Isles in all parts of the world: including the most recent discoveries, and political, alterations, digested on a new plan, vol IF' c i a hai tac gia John Pinkerton va S Vince xud't ban nam 1804 tai London va New York, gdm 698 trang, hidn lflu gifl tgi Thfl vi$n Dai bpc California Cdng trinh sau dd dfldc chinh s i a vd tai ban tgi London vdo nam 1806 gdm 676 trang Ke'dd'n Id "A Voyage to Cochin China in the years 1792 and 1793: Containing a general view of the valuable productions and the political importance of this flourishing kingdom, and also of such european settlements as were visited on the voyage" cua tac gia John Barrow xud't ban nam 1806 gdm 447 trang tgi London, hien luu tgi Thu vi$n Dai hpc Darlington Cdng trinh "The Literary panorama: A review of books, A register of events, A magazine of varieties comprising interesting intelligence from various districts of the United Kingdom; The British connections in The East Indies, The West Indies, America, Africa, western Asia & c and from the Continent of Europe, vol i" gom 1418 trang in tai London nam 1807 c i a tdc gia C Taylor hidn Itfu gifl tai Thfl vien Dai hpc New York Cdng trinh "EncyclopaediaLondinensis or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature, vol TV" dflpc xud't ban tgi London ndm 1810 gdm 910 trang, hidn lflu 23 tai Thfl vien Dai hpc Minnesota Nam 1813, tac gia James Playfair cho xud't ban cudn sach "A System of Geography, Ancient and Modem, vol V" tgi London gdm 827 trang Ke dd'n la cdng trinh "A System of Geography for the use of school on an entirely new plan" c i a tac gia Thomas Keith in vao nam 1826 tai London gom 372 trang Den nam 1832, tdc gia David Brewster cho xud't ban cdng trinh "The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia: Science and the Arts, in eighteen volumes, vol VT" tai Philadelphia (USA) gdm 797 trang Cdng trinh hien dfldc lflu gifl tai Thu vidn Dai hpc Stanford (California, USA) Tid'p theo la cdng trinh "A System of Universal Geography, or a description of all the parts of the World, on a new plan according to the great natural, divisions of the globe, accompanied with analytical, synoptical and elementary tables, vol i" c i a hai tac gia M MalteBrun vd James G, Percival xud't ban nam 1834 tai Boston, hiln dfldc lflu gifl tgi Thfl vien Dgi hpc Michigan (USA) gdm 640 trang Nam 1836, tac gia James Horsburgh cdng bo cdng trinh "India Dirctory, or Directions for sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil and the Interjacent poiis, volume Second' xud't ban tgi London gdm 740 trang, hiln lflu tgi Thfl vidn Dgi hpc Minnesota Nam 1842, cdng trinh "The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and miscellaneous literature Seventh edition, volume VII, paH T' cua tac gia Napier dfldc xud't ban tgi Edinburgh (Scotland), London (England) va d Dublin (Ireland) gdm 392 trang Den nam 1845, ba tdc gia Edward Smedley, Hugh James Rose vd Henry John Rose cung cho xud't ban cdng trinh "EncyclopaediaMetropolitana or Universal Bictionary of Knowledge, volume XVT' tai Rghien curu Lich sd' so 5.2015 London gdm 804 trang vd hien dfldc lflu gifl tgi Thfl vien Dgi hpc Michigan (USA) Tid'p theo la cdng trinh "The Encyclopaedia Britannica a Bictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Gejieral Literature, Eighth edition, vol VIT' in d'n nam 1854 tai Scotland gdm 800 trang Nam 1856, Hiep hdi Dia ly hoang gia Anh cho xud't ban cdng trinh "Ckizetteer of The World, or Bictionary of Geographical Knowledge, compiled from the most recent authorities, vol V" gdra 874 trang tgi London Cdng trinh uy tin ndy hidn dUdc luu g i i tai Thfl vidn Dai hpc Oxford Va cuoi cung phai k l den cdng trinh "Geography or First Bivision of "The English Encyclopedia", volume i r ' cua Charles Knight gdm 1148 trang dflpc xud't ban tgi London vdo ndm 1866 Cdng trinh dd so ndy hidn dflpc lflu gifl vd bao quan d Thfl vien The New York Public tgi New York Npi d u n g 2.1 Ve bd bien vd vi tri cua cdc ddo ven bd bien Viit Nam Trong Hch s i Vilt Nam, the ky XVIIXVIII Id giai dogn diln nhilu bilh cd thay ddi ldn, dd Id: stt phan chia Dang Trong (chua Nguyin) va Ddng Ngodi (vua Ll - chua Trinh); phong trao ndng ddn Tay Sdn d n i a cuoi the ky XVHI Idt dd cdc tdp dodn phong kiln, thd'ng nhd't ddt nfldc; trilu dai Tay Sdn bj Idt vd su cai tri c i a VUdng trieu Nguyen d d l u the ky XIX Nhing biln ddng ddn d^p lam thay ddi bd mat chinh tri c i a dd't nfldc diln ddng thdi vdi nhflng thay ddi manh me c i a lich s i t h l gidi Cdc nudc tfl ban chdu Au dang trln dd phdt trien kinh tl' mgnh me ddi hdi cln cd nhflng Iflpng thdng tin, kie'n t h i c khdng Id vl cdc nfldc chdu A, chdu Phi vd chdu My - nhflng qudc gia dang cdn "vd chu" n h i m phuc vu cho qua trtnh cgnh tranh md rdng thi trfldng buon ban va chie'm dogt thudc dia dang didn khoe Udt Vi vdy, nhflng thdng tin tri thflc ve cac qudc gia d chau A dd cd Viet Nam, ddc biet la n h i n g thdng tin md ta v l viing biln, dao Vidt Nam ciing dfldc de cdp tfldng ddl chi tilt cdc cdng trinh dia ly, lich s i bdng tid'ng Anh giai doan Trong cdng trinh xud't ban nam 1727 tai Edinburgh (Scotland), tdc gia Alexander Hamilton da md ta khd chinh xdc vl dac dilm dfldng bd biln Ddng Trong nhfl sau: "Ddng Trong cd bd bien dai khoang 700 dam tinh t i ddng sdng cua Campuchia tdi Quambin (Quang Binh), vd nd cd nhilu hai cang tdt rd't tiln ldi du chung khdng thudng xuydn dfldc nhflng ngudi xa la lui tdi; vS dpc theo bd bien Ddng, nd rd't sdu, tai mdt so ndi tdi thd'y chilu sdu t i 60 de'n 80 sai n i a hai ly tinh tfl bd bien" (1) Tfl thdng tin cho chung ta thd'y, dien tfch ldnh thd Vidt Nam p h l n Dang Trong dfldi Sli cai tri cua cdc chua Nguydn t i nhflng ndm d l u cua the ky XVIII da thflc Sli ldm chu vung ddng b l n g song Ciu Long mdu md trii p h i vdi mot dudng bd bien dai phia Ddng nhilu vung vinh, cang bien sau rd't tdt vd an toan, thudn ldi cho giao thdng budn bdn dfldng t h i y Khdng chi cd vdy, Alexander Hamilton cdn chi va md ta cdc dao ven bd Dang Trong tinh t i Nam Bdc dong thdi dua n h i n g canh bdo nguy hilm cho cac tdu t h u y i n di chuyen din vung bien ndy nhfl sau: "Cd mdt sdhdn dao trdn bd bien ndy N h i n g dao gin bd biln khdng gdy nguy hiem PulloJecca de Terra (Ci lao Cau), ndm d phia nam va gin bd nhd't Hdn dao khdng cd ngfldi d vd trdng chi gidng nhfl nhflng bdi dd cua Paracel md khdng cd cay, bui cdy, hogc co Tdi vfldt qua mdt dam d dd va nd nkm khoang mdt dam tfl bd biln PuUoJecca de Pien oao Vi^ Rom h-ong etc t\i lieu Mare ( C i Lao Thu) va tdt ca cac chudi cac hdn dao trai ddi t i cum dao nguy hidm Paracelcd ve nhieu dd hdn n h i n g hdn dao khde PulloCambir (Cu lao Xanh) each bd bien khoang 15 hai ly, g i n q u i n dao Hodng Sa Hdn dao dd khdng cd ngfldi d du kha ldn PuUo Canton (Cii lao Rl), ndm g i n bd biln Cling gidng nhfl cdc dao cua Champello (Champa) nhflng khong cd nguy hiem Cd ddng chay mgnh chay de'n phia nam gid m i a Ddng Bic lam cho cdc thuyen trfldng phai chu f d l tri g i n bd biln Dang Trong vi sd bi lai q u i n dao Paracels, ndi cd chudi bai dd nguy hilm, ddi khoang 130 hai ly, rpng khoang 15 hai ly vd chi cd mdt sd hdn dao d mdi dlu Cd mdt so' lien gidng giia nhflng bai dd nhflng khdng dd'u hilu ro rang ve moi nguy hilm; nhflng tdi bilt mot tdu cua ngfldi Anh tfl Surat da vd tinh di qua chung nhflng khong bilt vd cung khdng nhin thd'y mdi nguy hilm cua chung cho dd'n nd di qua, ho ba't ngd nhin thd'y bd bien Ddng Trong" (2) Dilu thu vi Id, ngodi viec md ta cdc hdn dao c i n g nhflng canh bao v l sfl biln ddi cua ddng hai lflu ven bd vdo mua gid mua Ddng Bac dl cdc tdu thuyin phai chu y c l n trpng trdnh hi cuon xa Khdng chi cd vdy, tae gia cdn cho thd'y md'i quan hd giia cac dao ven bd vdi q u i n dao Paracels (tic q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa) cung nhfl m i c dd nguy hiem cua n h i n g "chudi bai da" c i a hai q u i n dao ddi vdi tdu t h u y i n qua lgi Cdc hdn dao cua Dang Trong cung dfldc cac tac gia cua "The Modern part of an Universal history from the earliest account of time" d l cdp dd'n kha ngdn gpn nhfl sau: "Trflde chung tdi rdi khdi vUdng qudc ndy, ehung tdi chdc c h i n khdng dfldc qudn cung cd'p cho mpt ban kd ngdn gpn n h i n g hdn dao ldn nhl^t thudc v l dd't nfldc ndy: 25 n h i n g ngfldi ban dia dgt cho chung cdi ten la Pullos (Cu lao), va cd mdt sd' Ifldng ldn n h i n g hdn dao dpc theo bd bien nhfl: PuUoSicca, la ndi cdn cdi vd khdng cd ngfldi d, va trdng gid'ng nhtf mdt nhdm cdc philn da khd can, khdng cd cay hoac mdt ngpn cd PuUoSecca de Mare, mdt chudi cdc hdn dao cdn cdi va da khac, kio ddi t i vung nfldc ndng nguy hiem dfldc gpi la Hoang Sa PulloCambir, d mudi ldm hai ly ngodi khdi tinh t i bd bidn, nhflng g i n vung nfldc ndng tren, vd nd mac d i ldn nhung cung khdng cd ngfldi d PuUo Canton, ndm gin bd bien, vd d khoang each khdng xa so vdi Cam-Pello, ca hai ndi ddng chay chay t i phfldng Nam ldn phia Bdc budc cdc thuy t h i gifl khoang each xa nhd't cd the vd khdng t h l tilp cdn g i n bd biln" (3) Theo khao c i u so sdnh, ddi chilu c i a cdc hpc gia Viet Nam vd the' gidi, ten gpi cac hdn dao ven bd c i a nfldc ta cac nhd hang hai, dia ly Bd Ddo Nha va Tdy Ban Nha mdt p h l n tfl philn dm tilng Cham vd tid'ng Vilt md ddt Ngfldi Cham vd'n gpi cac dao ven bd la "pu-lao" hogc "pu-lau" Trong qua trinh cdng cfl ldu dai gifla hai cpng dong ngfldi Vidt vd ngfldi Cham, nhflng t i dung dl goi cac hdn dao tie'ng Cham dflpc Viet hda thdnh "cu lao", tflc Id cac hdn dao, n h i n g bai da nd'i ldn khdi mgt nudc d ven bd bien Viet Nam Va t i dd, cac nha hang hai, dia ly' t h l gidi qua trinh thdm hiem, thdng thfldng da s i dung n h i n g tfl ndy phidn dm sang ngdn n g i qudc td' thdnh "puHo", "callau", "paulo" hogc "pulo" de ddt cho cdc hdn dao Vidt Nam cac cudn nhdt k^ hai trinh, cdc cdng trinh nghidn cflu dia 1^, lich s i l i e bd'y gid Theo dd, PulloJecca de Terra d i n g de gpi Cu lao Cdu thudc tinh Binh Thudn ngdy nay; PulloJecca de Mare t i c la C i Lao Thu, la dao Phu Quy c i a tinh Binh Thudn; nghign ciiu L|ch a i sd 5.2015 PulloCambir d i n g de chi Cu lao Xanh, Id xd dao Nhdn Chau cua Quy Nhdn, tinh Binh Dinh; Pullo Canton dung de goi C i lao Re, t i c huydn dao Ly Sdn c i a tinh Quang Ngai nay; PuUoSicca dung dl chi chung cho hai hdn dao Id C i lao Thu vd Cu lao Cdu; Cam-Pello hay PulauChampa Id tdn gpi c i a Cu lao Chdm gdm hdn dao ldn nhd thudc xa dao Tdn Hiep cua Thdnh Hdi An, tinh Quang Nam Cung theo cdc hpc gia khao ciu, d giai doan ndy Parcel, Paracel hodc Paracels dUdc dung rd't phd bien d l gpi chung cho quin dao Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa c i a Viet Nam ma chfla cd stt phdn bipt ro rdng Id Paracels (Hoang Sa) vd Spratly Island (Trfldng Sa) nhfl sau ndy Khdng chi dflng d m i c dd k l ddc dilm bd bien cung nhu ke ten cdc hdn dao ven bd cia Dang Trong theo t h i tu t i Nam Bdc, tdc phim "The History of China Upon the Plan of Mr Rollin's Ancient History (translated from the French)" xud't ban ndm 1755 p h l n "The history of Cohinchina" d chfldng vid't ve Ddng Trong cdn cho bilt "Ddng Trong dfldc chia thdnh nam hoac sdu tinh va cd biln gidi vdi Ddng Ngodi Dd't nfldc ndy Id ndi cu ng\i tot, vd cd mdt sd thdnh phd nhflng da dfldc xdy dflng mpt cdch diy dung y: Kinh dd c i a vfldng quoc dflpc gpi Id Kehie (Hue) va Id ndi d cua nhd vua Vfldng qud'c cd mdt so cang bien tdt d phia ddng, d l dang tid'p can vd gin bd cd dp sdu 60 sai vd d mdt so ndi din 80 sai ma tdu cd t h l neo ddu Dpc theo bd biln, ban thdy mpt sdhdn dao thudc ve Ddng Trong Nhflng dao ndy cd nhieu cay h i u ich sd dd cd cay Damar cho mdt logi nhtfa nhfl nhfla thdng day cung phdt triln cac loai trdi cdy, nhfl xoai, cae xg hgt, coca riing Bd biln c i a hp Id ndi cung cd'p h i u h i t cac loai cd, ddc bi$t Id r i a , vd ngfldi dan khai thac d l u vd ban trdn ddt Hin (4) T i nhflng thdng tin ngdn n g i i trdn de cdp chfla dflpc nhilu vd'n de biln, dao cua Vipt Nam nhflng chi it cung cho thdy vao khoang thdi gian nay, Ddng Trong da thilt ldp dfldc - tinh vdi trung tam Id dd H u l vd cfl dan Dang Trong, ngodi vile ldm ndng nghilp thi hoat ddng danh bdt tren bidn thflc sfl la mpt hogt dong kinh te khd quan trpng cupc sd'ng cua hp Bd biln phia Ddng c i a Kinh thdnh Hue cd n h i n g cang bien tdt rd't thudn ldi cho vi$c cdp bin, lifu thdng hang hda Su chia cdt nhd thut vao cua bd biln Viet Nam tao nhilu vung vinh vd hai cang tdt rd't thudn ldi cho vi^c giao thdng giao thfldng dfldng biln Tuy nhien ben canh dd, bd bien cung cac dao ven bd cung tgo ndn khdng it nhflng khd khan thdm chi Id nguy hiem cho cac tdu thuyin phfldng Tdy hp chfla ndm ro dflpc quy ludt hai vdn c i a v i n g bien Vilt Nam Trong tac p h i m The History of China Upon the Plan of Mr Rollin's Ancient History cd ghi "Cdc dao cua Kondore cd diem dang chu ;^ Id cd nhilu dai dd n g i m nguy hilm ben bd biln c i a hp, ma nhflng ngfldi chdu Au gpi la ParaceUes; vd cac vu d i m tdu xay thfldng xuydn dd'n noi md nha vua cua Dang Trong thd'y phai c i mot vdi tdu thuyin vdo mpt m i a nhd't dinh n&m de tim vdt hdng hda vd cac bp phdn c i a tdu bi ddm Trong ndm 1714, tdu Arion - mdt tdu budn ndi tilng chau Au, cung da bi md't tich trdn cac bd bien ndy" (5) Kondore, hay Condor, Condore, Poulo Condore, PuUo Condore, Pulo Condor la ten gpi c i a Cdn Dao md cdc nhd hdng hai phfldng Tdy dung de ddt cho hdn dao ndy Vd vi vdy, cd le la n h i m ldn cho rdng Cdn Dao Id mpt p h l n eua quin dao Paracels nhu tfl Udu da vilt Hodc cung cd the Cdn Dao g i n vdi q u i n dao Paracels B i ^ dio Viet Ram frong cdc hr lieu d ngodi khdi n i n ddn d i n sfl n h i m l l n eho rdng Cdn Dao Id mdt dao he thd'ng cdc dao, bai dd, bai cat cua q u i n dao Dac bipt, Pulo Canton (Cu lao Re) vdi vi tri dia 1^ thudn ldi dfldc cdc tac gia de cdp dd'n khdng chi Id dilm dflng chdn t i l p nfldc ngpt, Ifldng thiic trdn hai trinh t i Dang Trong Ddng Ngodi ma cdn nhfl Id mdt t i l n ddn, mpt dilm nm gifla ddt liln vdi q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa Cac cfl dan Vilt Nam thdi bd'y gid sinh sdng tren Cu lao R l thfldng Hodng Sa va Trfldng Sa d l khai thdc san vdt Khdng d i n g d dd, nhd nfldc phong kid'n Vilt Nam c i n g ddc bilt quan tdm d i n hai q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa vi "Ciidng gidi mat bien niidc ta co xd Hodng Sa rdt Id hiem yeu" (6) vi vdy c h l dp phong kid'n Viet Nam da " P h i Quang Ngai, d ngodi c i a bien xa Vinh An huydn Binh Sdn cd nui gpi Id C i lao R l ( ) ldp ddi Hodng Sa de ld'y, di ngdy ddm thi mdi dd'n" (7) vd " hp Nguyin ddt ddi Hodng Sa 70 sud't ( ) c i t p h i l n mdi ndm c i thdng nhdn gid'y sai di, mang Ifldng du dn thang" (8) ddng thdi "Hp Nguyin lai ddt dpi Bac Hai, khdng dinh bao nhidu sud't ( ) cho di thuyin cau nhd cdc x i Bdc Hai, e i lao Cdn Ldn vd cdc dao Hd Tidn tim Ifldm vdt c i a tdu vd cac t h i ddi mdi, hai ba, bdo ngfl, hai sam cung sai cai dpi Hodng Sa kidm quan" (9) Dilu ndy cho thd'y tfl t h l ky XVII, q u i n dao Hoang Sa vd Trfldng Sa md cd s i Vipt Nam thfldng gpi Id "Van 14 Trfldng Sa", "Dgi Trfldng Sa" hodc " x i Hodng Sa" da sdm dflpc trieu dgi phong kien Viet Nam khdng dinh vd xac ldp chu quyln t r l n thflc td' C i lao R l - t i c Pulo Canton Id hdn dao cd khoang cdch g i n vdi q u i n dao Paracels nhdt nen dd dfl