NHIN LAI CUOC DAU TRANH HE TU* TU0NG TRONG c u d c DUNG DAU UCH SU* VIET NAM - MY (1954-X975) BUT DiNH THANH" N h i / n g t i e n d e c u a cuoc d a u t r a n h h e trf trfofng 40 nam da qua tiif ngky cu6c khang chien cho'ng My ciiu nu6c cua nhan dan Vi$t Nam kS't thiic thSng ldi Mot cuoc chien tranh chi dien khu vUc Dong Nam A, nhUng da di lai dau A'n dam net lich svt hi§n dai thS' gidi vho niia sau th§' ky XX M6t cu6c chid'n tranh, theo su danh gia cua H.Kissinger, kien true sU chu chot ve dUdng lpi chie'n lUOc cua My giai doan cuoi cua cuoc chid'n tranh: "D6 la cupc chie'n tranh dai nhat lich sc£ Hoa Ky, cuoc chie'n tranh xa nhft't, it lien he ro ret nha't dd'n nhiJng quan he c&'p thie't cua nu6c ta" (1) TrUa 30-4-1975, sau nh^n dUdc tin T6'ng tho'ng ciia chinh quydn Sai Gon da tuydn bo d i u hang, Tong thorig Hoa Ky Gerald Ford mot Icfi tuyen bo' ng&n ngui: "Chinh phu Viet Nam Cong hoa da dau hang TrUdc ho d^u hang, chiing ta da riit phai bp My khoi mien Nam Viet Nam Vi?t Nam la mot kinh nghidm dau d6n cho nudc ta Lich Sli se la ngUcIi phan xdt cuoi ciing vd* nhiing vide chiing ta da l^m va chUa lam * PGS Vi^n S6 hpc he't tai Viet Nam va tai cac ndi khac Chiing ta hay binh tinh chd phan xet cua lich Sli" (2) De bie't dUpc sU phan xdt do, G.Ford da yeu clu H.Kissinger tU van cho minh "mpt bai hpc ve Viet Nam" T^i lieu mai dd'n dliu nhiing nam 2000 mdi dUpc c6ng bo' tac ph^m "Khong hoa binh, chang danh du Nixon Kissinger va sU phan boi d Viet Nam" cua Larry Herman xua't ban nam 2001 vk dUdc Nguyen Manh Hiing dich tid'ng Viet nam 2003 Viet Tide xua't ban H.Kissinger da ndu ldn mpt so bai hpc CO noi dd'n nhan to' cho'ng cpng san da CO tac dung the nao cupc chie'n tranh: "Nhan dan Hoa Ky noi chung da ung hp va hoan ho Tong tho'ng Eisenhower ong quyet dinh chia doi Viet Nam vk ung ho mot chinh quyen chong cpng san mien Nam" (3) "Toi luon luon tin, cung nhu nhieu quan sat vien khac rang quy^t dinh Cliu Viet Nam cua chiing ta nam 1965 da tranh cho Nam DUdng (Indonesia) rdi vao tay cpng san v^ co le da bao ve dUdc sU hien dien ciia chiing ta chau A Dieu CO nghia la khong nhiing chiing ta da giii Rghien curu hich sir s6 4.2015 quan dpi d No co nghia la chiing ta tri dUdc sU hidn didn kinh t^ cung nhU anh hUdng chinh tri, va cac quoc gia ban, ke ca Nhat Ban cam thay khong phai tu lo bao vd lay minh Khi chiing ta xet dd'n anh hucing cua nhiing gi dang xay ra, chiing ta c i n nh6 rang mUcli nam trUdc, anh hUdng ay c6 the 16n phong trao cpng san dUdc nhieu ngu6i coi nhU mot khoi nha't nguyen chac chan se nha'n chim ta't ca chiing ta Vi the', nhClng ldi tuyen bo cua chiing ta, toi tin riing chiing ta co the ngita cao m£it ma khong phai tU hitnh chiing ta v^ chiing ta khong ndn coi vai tro cua chiing ta cupc chid'n tranh fi'y nhU mot tham hpa nhuc" (4) Ciing v6i chii nghia cho'ng cpng san trudc phong trao giai phong dan tpc dang len m^nh sau Chien tranh thd' gidi thii Hai, My da mUpn chieu bai iing hp phong trao nham tang thdm uy luc cho chii nghia cho'ng cpng san Da co nhiing cong trinh nghidn ciiu 'ly ludn" cua My dih ve van dd' "Cin thid't phai thuyd't phuc cac dan tpc riing thiic chS't cupc dfi'u tranh khong phai la giiia cac dan tpc chau A cho'ng lai phUdng Tay ma la cu6c da'u tranh ciia cac dan tpc chau A chong lai chvi nghia cpng san" (5) Trong mpt cong trinh nghidn ciiu ciia Vidn cac quan hd quoc te cua My, cac tac gia da vid't: "Cupc tid'n cong ve tam 1^ cua chiing ta phai nha'n manh xung dot giiia chu nghia cpng san va chu nghia dan tcic" (6) Tdng thong Kennedy t h i y dUdc kha sau sic nguy cd de dpa so phfin cua chu nghia dd' quo'c phong trao dfi'u tranh giai phong dan tpc dem lai Kennedy noi: "Qua nghien Cliu, chiing ta thfi'y rfing each mang giai phong dan tdc la mpt sU ki?n cd ban cua thcJi dai chiing ta Siic manh to ldn nhfi't tren thd' gidi la long khao khat vUdn ldn doc lfip dan tpc Ngfiy nay, cu6c chie'n dfi'u khong phai xay chau Au mfi lfi chau A, chau Au va My Latinh" Trong phong trfio do, nhU Tai lidu mfit cua L i u nam goe da vach ro: Viet Nam la noi nhfi't trdn the' gidi ma chinh quyen Kennedy phai dUdng d i u vdi mot co gang phat trien rfi't t6t cua cpng san nhfim Ifit mgt chinh phu than phUdng Tay Day la mpt thach thiic khong the bo qua" Kennedy noi ro r^ng: "Eisenhower da phai chiu nhflng hau qua chinh tri ciia Didn Bidn Phu va sii to'ng co nhflng ngUcfi phUdng Tay khoi Vidt Nam nfim 1954 Ngay nay, toi khong cho phep (!) co mot thfi't b^i nhu nam 1954 nfla" (7) Chi'nh sach chong cong ldn dd'n dinh cao vdi nhflng nhan vfit khet tid'ng cho'ng cong mpt thcii nhu Mc Carthy, Dulles, Nixon dupc ca tung lfi nhiing "chie'n si thfip tu quan cho'ng cdng" He tu tufing chong cpng dUdc nhfip vfio Han Quoc vdi Ly ThCfa Van, Nam Vidt Nam vdi Ngo Dinh Diem> Didm dinh dUdng loi "dd" cao ly tUdng quo'c gia, cho'ng cpng dvft khoat, kidn quye't vfi triet dd" Khau hieu cua Didm la "bfii phong, da thuc dan, cho'ng cpng" nhUng bfii phong, da thUc dan chi lfi my dan, chong cpng mdi lfi "quo'c sach so 1" vdi nhflng chien dich "to cpng, di^t cpng" tfin sat dfim mau nhflng ngu6i cpng san De chong lai dUdng loi chinh tri noi trdn cua My - Diem, vd' phia cfich mang Viet Nam da co doi sach gi? De lfim ro vfi'n de nay, can lUdc lai qua trinh lich sii dfi'u tranh bao vd vfi giai phong dfin tpc vdi he tU tUcing chii dao cua dan tpc Viet Nam Doi vdi ba't cii dan tpc nfio, quy^n dUdc song ddc lap, tU la mpt quyen thidng Hdng, mpt ciia bau vo gia Doi vdi Viet Nam, n6 cfing co mot y nghla sau sac Cufic chid'n dfi'u ben bi, lau dfii chong ngoai xam Rhin lai euQc dau franh he hr hrdmg cua nhan dan Vidt Nam da trai qua nhflng thdi ky lich stf khac nhau, nhflng ke thu xam lUdc khfic nhau, nhiing chu the lanh dao cupc khang chid'n khac nhau, nhUng tUu trung deu hUdng vd" mpt muc tidu khdng bao gicf thay doi dUdc khai qufit ngfin gpn 10 chfl: Doc lfip - Chu quyd'n -Thong nhfi't Toan ven Ifinh thd Toi xem 10 chfl lfi nhflng hfing so'tieu bieu cua lich SL! dfi't nUdc Viet Nam, cua dan tpc Vidt Nam Tii hang ngan nam trUdc, lich sii dfi't nudc da ghi nhflng chUOng choi lpi chid'n cong chong ngoai xam Tfl hang ngan nam trUdc, cac nhan to' tho, dfin tpc, lich sii, ngon ngfl, van hoa tdng hpp lai da 3uydn thfinh cot each, tam hdn chung cua ngUdi Viet Nam mfi bieu hidn bao qufit nhfi't, ndi bat nhfi't lfi chii nghia yeu nudc Chii nghia yeu nudc lfi tu tu6ng va tinh cam chii ye'u cOia ngu6i Viet Nam nhfl Ho Chu tich da khai quat: "Dan ta co mpt long ydu nUdc ndng nan Do la mpt truydn tho'ng quy bau ciia ta Tfl xua de'n nay, moi To qud'c bi xam lang thi tinh t h i n fi'y lai soi nd, no kd't mpt lan song vo ciing manh me, to ldn, no lUdt qua mpi sU nguy hiem, kho khfin, n6 nhfi'n chim tfi't ca be lii ban nUdc vfi cudp nU6c" (8) Nhiing dac trUng cd ban ciia chii nghia yeu nUdc Vidt Nam la tinh ben vflng toi luyen, niem tu hfio dan tpc sfiu sfic, mot chii nghia ydu nudc dfim dfi tinh nhan van NhUng, de'n thdi ky lich SLE cfin dai, bi kich lich sii da dd'n vdi dfin tpc Viet Nam thuc dfin Phfip xfim lUdc nU6c ta Trong g i n hai the' ky, cfie tfip doan phong kid'n nUdc gay ndn tinh trang cat cfl, Nam Bfie phan tranh, chien tranh lidn midn hong thon tinh lfin lam cho long dfin ly tan, sflc manh tho'ng nhfi't ciia dfin tpc bi hiiy hoai De gianh Ifi'y dia vi chinh tho'ng, cac tap doan phong kien khong tin vfio npi liic dan tpc, ddu diia vao sU "vien trd" cua bdn ngofii Ld Chidu Thd'ng ciu vidn nha Thanh, Nguydn Anh ciu vidn quan Xiem (Thai Lan) va thUc dan Phap Vdi thai dp ye'u hen va nhflng chinh sach bao thu, lac hfiu, nhfi Nguydn da de mfi't nUdc, nhUng nhfin dan Viet Nam khong cam chiu lfim no le cho quan xam lUdc Khap ndi nUdc, tfl thi de'n nong thon, tijf mien xuQi de'n mien mii, lidn tuc no nhflng cupc ndi day, khdi nghia chong thUc dan Phap va cho'ng ca trieu dinh bfin nudc Cfie td chflc ydu nUdc dcfi vdi nhflng xu hudng chinh tri khac nhau, hoac thien ve bao dpng, da'u tranh vu trang, hofic thidn ve nang cao dan tri, gifio due, dao tao nhfin tai, cha'n kinh td', nhUng ddu hudng vd" mpt muc tieu nhfi't lfi gianh lai dpc lfip dan too Tinh hinh dfi lam boc lp mpt thuc te' Thdi the' da ddi thay Ridng chu nghia yeu nUdc chUa du de lfim cho dan tpc Viet Nam thoat khoi ach tho'ng ti ciia thUc dan Phap Did"u cin thid't can ban lfi mdt dUcJng 16'i each mang thich hdp vdi boi canh lich sfl mdi ciia thd' gidi Lich set da gianh cho Nguyin Ai Qud'c nhidm vu giai quye't cudc khung hoang vd" dudng loi cua cfich mang Viet Nam Ho Chu tich da phfin tich qua trinh diln sU cham dflt cupc khung hoang dfldng 16'i dd "Luc diu, chinh la chu nghia yeu nudc, chfl chua phai chii nghia cpng san da dUa toi di theo Lenin, tin theo Qud'c te' thfl ba Tiing bfldc mpt, cupc da'u tranh, vfla nghien cflu ly lufin Mac - Lenin, vfla lfim cong tac thuc td', d i n dan tdi hidu dUdc rang chi co chii nghia xfi hpi, chu nghia cpng san mdi giai phong dUdc cac dan tpc bi fip bfle vfi nhflng ngUcii lao ddng tren the' gidi khdi ach nd le" (9) Rghjgn curu Ljch sd" s6 4.2015 Dudng ldi kd't hpp chu nghia ydu nUdc vdi tu tudng cua chu nghia xa hpi da dua den vide thfinh lap Dang Cdng san Ddng Dfldng nam 1930, mpt bfldc ngofit can ban cua each mang Viet Nam Tfl thdi diem nfiy Dang Cpng san Viet Nam nam quye"n lanh dao each mang Viet Nam vfi trd thfinh muc tieu dfin ap, khung bd* ciia chinh quyen thflc dfin He thdng nha tu, trai giam, cfie hdi ddng dd" hinh, may chdm hoat dpng khong ngflng de ngan chan va tieu diet Dang Cong san nhung khong ke't qua Sau cupc khiing bo dfim mfiu phong trao Xo Vi^t - Ngh? I l n h nfim 1930-1931, trum mat tham Marty nhfin xet bfio cfio t h i n g 10-1933: "Vide td chflc lai Dang Cong san Dong Dfldng c6 dii nhflng ye'u to can thid't cho mpt sfl md rpng nhanh chong vdi sU thuc day ciia nhflng ngfldi lanh dao co nang Iflc Dang Cpng san Ddng Dudng lai co nhflng kha nfing mdi vd" tuyen truyd"n vfi hfinh dpng ciia no chua he bid't dd'n tfl cupc dfin ap nam 1931" (10) MUdi nam sau, bUdc vfio cupc Chid'n tranh the' gidi thfl Hai, lai xay mpt ddt khung bd dfl ddi doi vdi Dang Toan quyen Catroux tuyen bo' tai Hpi ddng Chinh phu Dong DUdng ngfiy 4-1-1940; "Chung ta danh toan didn va mau chong vfio cac td chflc cpng san; cupc dfi'u tranh nfiy, phai tieu diet cpng san thi Dong Dudng mdi dUdc yen dn va trung thfinh vdi nUdc Phap Tinh thd' chie'n tranh b i t bupc chung ta hfinh dpng khong chut thfldng tid'c" (11) Trong nhflng nam Chie'n tranh thg' gidi thfl Hai, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh trd vd" nUdc, tnic tid'p lanh dao, lfip Mat tran Viet Minh xfiy dflng can cfl dia d Vidt Bfie, lUc Ifldng vfl trang vfi Iflc lfldng chinh tri, chdp thdi cd Nhat d i u hang, ldnh tdng khdi nghia, gianh thfing ldi cho Cach mang thfing Tam, lap nflde Vidt Nam Dfin chu Cpng hoa Tuyen ngon Dpc lfip ngfiy 2-9-1945 dflpc dat vfio dong maeh lich set the' gidi, dflpc xem nhu hfiu due cua Cfich mang My nfim 1776 vdi Tuyen ngdn Dpc lap va Cfich mang Phap nfim 1789 vdi Tuydn ngdn Nhan quyen Do la thfing ldi to ldn diu tien ciia dfldng loi kd't hdp chu nghia yeu nUdc vdi tu tudng cua chii nghia xa hdi Dau t r a n h h e ti^ tiiofng giufa Viet Nam va My t r o n g c u o c d u n g d a u lich sii (1955-1975) Chung ta hay bat d i u tfl vfi'n de" quan trpng va can ban nhfi't: Nguyen nhan nfio da dUa My dinh liu vfio Viet Nam gifla hai nUdc each ca mdt dai dUdng khdng he" co mau thufin doi khang vd" cac mfit qufin sU, chinh tri, kinh te' Trai lai, Chie'n tranh thd' gidi thfl Hai, Vi^t Nam lfi mpt thupc dia ciia Phfip, cupc dfi'u tranh each mang ciia nhfin dan Vi^t Nam dudi sU lanh dao ciia Dang Cong san Vidt Nam da chpn dfldng dung dfin dflng vao hang ngu cac nUdc ddng minh chien dfi'u chdng phat xft Dflc - Y - Nhfit Da CO nhie"u each giai thich vd" thai dp ciia My xfim nhap vfio Viet Nam ciia cac nha nghien eflu va chinh khach My Arthur Sechelinger Jr dfi tflng la co' vfi'n chinh tri cua Tdng thdng Kennedy, thfla nhfin cupc chie'n tranh ciia My d Vidt Nam la sai lim bi tham nhfi't lich sfl nUdc My, nhung lai cho rfing My chi pham phai mot thfl "chu nghia d^ quoc tinh cam" Ong ta giai thich rfing dinh h'u vfio Viet Nam nhflng dpng cd ve tinh than, tfl tudng, mpt thfl "chu nghia hfio hidp" dat khdng dui^ chd, khac vdi chu nghia dd' qudc kinh te' cua cac de'qud'c thuc dan trflde day (12) Seymour Mclman, Gifio sU tai TrUcing Dai hoc Columbia cung len an manh me cupc chien tranh xam lupe Viet Nam, nhflng cho rfing vdn d i u tU cua My d mi^n Rhin lai c u ^ dau tranh h^ hr hrihig Nam Viet Nam khdng cd bao nhieu, ndn khong thd noi lfi My thu nhfin dUdc lpi nhufin gi ve kinh td' Ngay ca cfie tfie gia cua Tai lidu mfit Lau nfim gdc dfldc cdng bd nfim 1971 cung ndi rfing: "Chinh sach cOia My doi vdi Viet Nam nhflng nfim 40 de'n d i u 1950 khong cd muc dich ro ret, khong nhfi't qufin, thid'u kien dinh" (13) C6 diing nhfl thd khdng? Cfin cfl vao nhflng sfl kidn lich sfl da diln ra, chung tdi se chflng minh tinh nha't quan cua chinh sfich My nhflng nam Luc (vfio d i u nhflng nam 40), nhfin dan ta dfi budc vfio thdi ky chuan bi mpi mat cupc chidn tranh cho'ng thflc dan Phfip vfi phat xit Nhat, cupc chie'n da'u se dfin dd'n Cach mang t h i n g Tam nam 1945 Ban Chi thi ngfiy 21-12-1941 ciia Trung Udng Dang Cdng san Ddng DUdng vd" "Cudc chie'n tranh Thfii Binh Duong vfi trfich nhidm cin kip cua Dang" da nhfi'n manh: Nd'u nhu qufin ddng minh Anh - My dd bp vfio Viet Nam thi d dia phUdng nao ndi day khdi nghia d dia phUdng fi'y, lap chinh quydn cfich mang rdi nhan danh chinh quyen each mang cCia nhfin dfin mfi giao thiep vdi hp Chu y rang ta c6 manh thi hp mdi chiu dem xia dd'n Nhfi't lfi dflng CO ao tudng rfing quan Anh - My se mang tai tfl cho ta Chid'n tranh the' gidi lan thfl Hai dfi tao nen mdt sfl thay doi dien mao dia ly, chinh tri, kinh td' to ldn chfla tflng co lich set the'gidi phfle tap khdng chi gifla cac nflde ddng minh mfi chi phm de'n toan cue didn ehinh tri the gidi Do d6, de hieu bie't dfldc mdt cfich can ban tinh hinh da't nflde Viet Nam bra canh lich set dd, cin c6 sfl phfin tich thai dp cua cac nflde ddng minh, chu yd'u lfi Phap vfi My ddi vdi Vidt Nam Ve" nUdc Phap, sau nhanh chdng bi bai trfin trflde cupc tid'n cdng ciia qufin dpi phfit xit Dflc, Tudng Dd Gdn chay sang Anh, thfinh lfip chinh phu lUu vong, tid'p tuc chid'n dfi'u, nhUng d vao dia vi "ldp ve" cac nUdc ddng minh Cac cudc hpi nghi quan trpng cua cfie nudc ddng minh d Le Caire, Casablanca, Yalta, Postdam dd"u vang bong nUdc Phfip Quan he gifla Phap va My da diln khdng sudn se Ngay tfl thdi ky nflde Phap cdn dang bi day xeo dUdi gdt sat ciia phat xit Dflc, thflc dan Phap van dm fi'p cfii mdng trd lai dia vi thdng tri nhfl cu d Viet Nam Khi phe ddng minh dfi chie'm dUdc Bfie Phi, Tudng Dd Gon lfip "Uy ban giai phong Alger" vfi tuydn bo khdi phuc dia vi eua de' qudc Phap trdn thd'gidi Diu nfim 1944, Dd Gon tridu tap hdi nghi Bradavin (Brazzaville) (14) Trong sd'hdn 40 dai bieu du hpi nghi, qua nfla lfi nhflng toan quyen, thd'ng sfl, vidn chflc cao cfi'p cua bd may thUc dan cfl So' cdn lai la nhflng ngfldi "ban xfl" dfi dupc chpn Ipc ky cfing vfi sfl tham gia cua ho cung chi mang tinh chat hoan toan tu va'n Muc tieu cua hpi nghi ddng thdi cung lfi chinh sfich eua Dd Gon doi vdi Cac nUdc phe ddng minh (My, Anh, cae thupc dia cua Phap da dfldc xfic dinh Phfip, Lidn Xd, Trung Qudc) tham gia chid'n ban tuyen bo' md diu hpi nghi la: da'u vdi muc dich chung la danh bai khdi Muc dieh ciia cdng trinh khai hoa (!) phfit xit Dflc, Y, Nhfit nhUng ddng thdi ciing nflde Phap thflc hidn d thudc dia gat bd mpi fi'p ii nhflng tinh toan ve" Idi ich rieng y dinh tu tri, du trUdc mfit hay tUdng cupc chid'n tranh dang diln va lai xa xdi nhfi't lfi sau chid'n tranh kd't thuc Tinh TrUdc tinh hinh bid'n chuyen nhanh hinh dfi dan de'n nhiing mdl quan he rfi't chong vdi sfl thfi't bai lien tie'p cua Nhfit a RgManHBBW^ch sfl so 4.2015 trdn cac chie'n trfldng chfiu A - Thai Binh cac thudc dia ciia Anh, Phap, Ha Lan thi Dfldng cua phat xit Nhfit, Phap tie'n them My dfldc xem lfi co chinh sfich cdi md, rdng mpt bfldc vdi ban tuyen bo' ngfiy 24-3-1945 rai hdn vdi Phihppines ve ehe' dp tflcJng lai cua cac nflde Dong Thang 8-1941, My va Anh da cung Dfldng Ndi dung eua ban tuyen bo dupe Dd thao Hid'n chucmg Dai Tfiy DUcJng vdi Gdn xem nhfl mot "bUdc ngofit chinh nhflng Idi le rfi't tid'n bd nhfl "tdn trpng sfich thupc dia cua Phfip" co thd tdm tfit quydn eua moi dfin tpc dUdc Ifla ehpn hinh trdn nhflng diem cd ban sau dfiy: thfle chinh phu theo y hp", "quyen lfim chii "Lien bang Dong Dfldng sd cung vdi vfi quyen tu dieu khien chinh phu phai nflde Phfip vfi cfie bp phfin khfic ciia khdi tra lai eho nhflng dan toe da bi sflc manh cpng ddng hpp thfinh Lidn hiep Phfip, tudc mfi't" dd nhflng quye"n ldi ddi vdi ben ngoai se Sfl that dd la mdt thii doan tinh vi cua nUdc Phap dam nhfin thay mat Ddng My mud'n mdt mui tdn dat hai muc dich: DUdng se cd mpt chinh phu Lidn bang Ddng Mgt Id, xoa diu phong trao dfi'u tranh ciia DflOng Toan quyen lam Chu tich vfi dupc nhan dan cac nudc thudc dia My Ifla chpn nhiing ngfldi Dong Dudng phai dem hd't sflc lue ddl vdi cflng nhu ngfldi Phfip cfl tni d Ddng Dfldng" phat xit Dflc, Y, Nhat; Hai Id gfiy mdt anh (15) Ban tuyen bo' dd da bi nhfi sfl hpc Phfip hfldng thuan ldi cho My de chuan bi lam an Philippe Devillers phe phan lfi lac hfiu vdi sau nfiy chid'n tranh ke't thue tinh hinh the gidi hang chuc nam Cung tfl nam 1941, My dfi hudng Ddng thdi vdi ban Tuydn bd' ndi trdn, Uy manh sfl ehfl y ve chau A Hangri Luytxd ban hfinh ddng giai phong Dong Dudng tieh (Henri Luce), mpt nha tU ban My, chii td cUc hoat dpng vide thflc hidn ke Tap chi Thdi dgi (Time) dfi vid't: 'The ky hoach chie'm lai Vidt Nam vfi Ddng Dudng XX phai lfi the' ky My Trien vpng mpt s\i lanh dao tich cflc ciia My ddl vdi ndn tfl bdn ngofii vfi bdn Viec Nhfit d i u hang nhanh chong dat thfldng mai thd' gidi, co nh'flng kha nang Phap trudc mot tinh trang lung tflng: Iflc giup cho sfl tid'n bp ciia lofii ngudi to ldn lupng ben thi tan ra, Iflc Ifldng bdn den ndi tri tudng tUdng ciing phai kinh ngofii thi chuan bi chfla xong Luc nfiy, cupc ngae Vi nhu, ddl vdi chau A, chung ta nghi ehay dua quye't lidt de gifinh Ifi'y thdi ed dfi rfing nd chi cd gia tri lfi dem lai cho chung dien gifla nhfin dfin Viet Nam va dd' quoc ta mdi nfim vfii trfim trieu la Trdn thflc Phap Trong nhflng ddn vi d i u tien eua te', nhflng nam sap dd'n, chau A ddl vdi chung ta se dfldc the hidn bfing 4, 5, 10 dpi quan viln chinh Phfip lenh ddnh ty dd la moi nfim" (16) tren bidn vfi kd' hoach cua Xanhtdny du Ngay tfl cupc chie'n tranh cua cac dinh tung nhflng dpi biet kich nhay dfl xud'ng Bac Bp vdi danh nghia Ddng minh nudc ddng minh ehd'ng Nhfit d Thfii Binh thi ngpn cd thang ldi cua Cach mang thang Duong vfi Ddng Nam A cdn dang tid'p diln, Tfim da dUdc giUdng cao suot tfl Bac de'n My da chuan bi thay Phap lam chu tren Nam cua Nha nudc dfin chii nhfin dfin dau ban dao Dong Dfldng Doi vdi Viet Nam va tien d Ddng Nam A, nUdc Viet Nam Dfin Ddng Dfldng, "sau Phfip thua trfin vfi phai ehfi'p nhfin d i u hang Dflc phat xit, chii Cpng hda Vd" phia My, thai dp doi vdi Phfip cung Tdng tho'ng My F.D.Roosevelt dfi phd duyet he't sfle ro rfing So vdi chinh sach ddi vdi mdt kd' hoach dat Dong Dfldng dfldi quyen Rhln lai cudc dau frnnh he hr tadng uy tri ciia Trung Qudc Tudng Gidi Thach dfldc My hfiu thufin Chinh phu Phap kich liet phan ddl ke' hoach nfiy vdi sfl ung hp cua Anh "De'n gifla nfim 1944, Roosevelt da phai rut lai kd' hoaeh nfiy va de'n thfing 8-1944, tai Hdi nghi Ottawa (Canada), Roosevelt ehfi'p nhfin sfl quay trd Iai cua Phap vdl did"u kien lfi Phap hfla thflc hien quyen tfl cho Ddng Dfldng" (17) cung khdng dfldc de cho Phap vfio Dong Duong" (20) Tuy nhien, chinh sach ciia My ddl vdi Phap ve vfi'n de" Viet Nam vfi Ddng Dudng da thay ddi rfi't nhanh vfio nhflng thfing cuoi nfim 1945 sau Tong thdng Roosevelt qua ddi thfing 4-1945 De lfim ro nguydn nhan cua tinh hinh dd, cin tim hidu thai dp ciia My each Thai dp tren cua My da dfldc xac nhfin nhin bdi canh lich sii chinh tri mdi cua the' Hdi ky ciia Elliott Roosevelt vid't vd" gidi vfi dfl kien thay ddi efi'u true cua tUdng bd minh cho bid't Tong thd'ng My tfl diu quan luc lUdng mdi c6 ldi cho sfl tho'ng tri nhflng nfim 40 da nhid"u l i n cdng khai ehi ciia My Trong bdi canh lich sfl chinh tri trich chinh saeh thudc dia eiia Phap va mdi cua the gidi co hai dac diem ndi bfit: Bde diem thQ nhdt la sU phat trien ciia nhfi'n manh Phap phai co sU thay ddi ehinh sfich doi vdi Viet Nam vfi Ddng Dupng sau chu nghia xa hdi d Trung, "Dong Au Chung ta dfi bid't, t h i n g 2-1848, Tuydn ngdn eua chid'n tranh kd't thiic Khi Nhfit lfim dao chinh Ifit dd chinh Dang Cpng san Mfic vfi Angghen viet quyen Phfip d Ddng Duong 9-3-1945, l i n d i u tidn dUdc cdng bd' d Luan Don Phfip CO lien lae vdi My de eiu cflu nhUng Nhflng cfiu diu tien cua Tuyen ngdn vie't: My lfim ngd Binh lufin vd" vide do, Tudng "Mdt bong ma dang am anh chau Au, bdng Sennd (Chennault), chi huy khdng qufin ma chii nghia cdng san Tfi't ea nhflng the' My d midn Nam Trung Qud'c luc vie't lUc cua chau Au cu: Giao hofing vfi Nga Hdi ky: "Die'u lfim cho ngUdi ta tin hofing, Mittrinich vfi Ghidd, bpn cfi'p tid'n rang Chinh phii My mud'n cho ngudi Phap Phfip vfi bpn canh sat Dfle deu da lien hipp bi dudi khdi Dong Dfldng dd' cho viec taeh Iai thfinh mot lien minh t h i n de trfl bong ma d6" (21) hp khdi thupc dia cang dUdc de dfing" (18) 69 nfim sau, chii nghia cdng san khdng Phfip dfi cam thfi'y tinh hinh mpt each eon lfi mot bdng ma mfi da trd mdt sau sac ldi than vfin: "Dd lfi thbi ky thfle the lich sfl vdi su xufi't hidn Dang ma nflde Phap bi loai ngofii eae cudc hdi Cdng san Lien Xd vfi Nhfi nude Lien bang nghi Ddng minh Nhflng phai vien diu tidn Cpng hoa xfi hpi chu nghia Xd vie't ciia cUdng qud'c so' tfl cUdng (y fim 28 nfim tid'p theo, nfim 1945, sau chie'n chl My) mdi dd'n Bac Bd da khdng cin thfing eua cac nUdc ddng minh ehd'ng phfit gia'u gidm cho rang chung ta da vinh vien xit, mpt loat cac nflde d Trung, Ddng Au va di khdi ncJi dd Nudc Phfip da bi gaeh khdi chfiu A da rdi bo chii nghia tu ban, di theo ban chau A, it nhfi't la ve phfldng dien dUdng ciia Lien Xd vdi ehe' dp xfi hdi mdt CUdng qud'c co thupc dia" (19) chii nghia Khi Nhfit d i u hang, mdt bfle dien mat Bgc diem thQ hai Id sU phat trien rpng ciia Chinh phii My gfli cho cac si quan My khfip ciia phong trfio giai phdng dan toe hoat dpng efic cd quan chi huy trdn tren khfip cfie luc dia A, Phi, My Latinh mat trfin chfiu A - Thfii Binh Dfldng da Tinh hinh noi tren lam eho cac nUdc dd' nha'n manh: "Bfi't cfl trUdng hdp nao qud'c, trUde he't la My rfi't Io ngai Cac nflde RgMto ciiru IJch si^ sg 4.2015 ddng minh dfi tiing sat canh ben chien dfi'u chong phat xit, da nhanh chdng ehia tay va trd thfinh nhflng ddl tupng ehdng ddl gay gfit My khoi cudc chid'n tranh vdi mot flu thd' ndi troi vd quan sfl, chinh tri, kinh td' Da't nflde My khdng bi tfin phfi nhfl cac nflde ddng minh khac Hai qua bom nguyen tfl nem xuong Hiroshima vfi Nagasaki lfi mpt bieu tUpng vd" sfle manh quan sfl ciia My vdi ddc quyen bom nguyen tii, ddng thdi lfi mdt thdng diep rfin de vdi Lien Xd (mai den nfim 1949 Lidn Xd mdi cd bom nguyen tfl) he't lfi Phap Mud'n the, phai cd chinh sach phu hpp vdi Phap Luc do, Phap d vao mdt tinh trang ^dp ve*' vdi cac nflde ddng minh muo'n khoi phue cic thupc dia nhflng khong dii Iflc vfi hi My ngfin can O nflde Dang Cdng san thfing the' sau ehien tranh, dxicJc nhan dan tin nhiem dfi tich cflc tham gia chid'n dfi'u cho'ng phfit xit Dflc, dflde tdn vinh lfi "Dang ciia nhflng ngfldi hi ban" va da tham gia chinh phii Trong chu trUdng efi'u tnic Iai Tay Au, My ra't quan tam de'n nflde Dflc va lo ngai nflde Dflc trd lai manh se de dpa phfit dpng mpt cudc chid'n tranh rfla hfin Do dd phai lfim eho Tfiy Au manh ldn, trUde tudng Anh Sdcsin (Churchill) d TrUdng Dai hpc Phun tdn (Fulton) bang Mitxuri (Missouri) My, da md d i u eho cupc "chien tranh lanh" gifla cac nudc dd' qude vfi eac Iflc Ifldng dan chu, hda binh tren thd gidi O Trung Ddng, phong trao du kich cdng san ndi len chong cac chinh phii vfi My dfi phai dd vao nflde 400 tridu dd la de Kinh te' My chfing nhflng khdng bi suy giup cfie nflde nfiy cho'ng lai cdng san sup mfi cdn gifiu manh hdn nhd ldi nhufin "Ngfiy 9-2-1946, Stalin co bai phat bieu cua to hdp quan sU - cdng nghidp My dem dd dng giai thich vd" "sU khfic lai chien tranh va trd thfinh nUdc cung cfin ban gifla chii nghia cpng san vfi ehu ca'p vien trd eho cac nude chau Au vdi Ke' nghia tU ban Ong nha'n manh hd tho'ng tfl hoach Marshall My nghiim nhien tU xem ban ein de'n eac ngudn nguyen Udu vfi thi minh Ifi ngfldi lanh dao ciia thd' gidi tfl trfldng Cudc Chid'n tranh thd' gidi thfl Hai ed tie'ng ndi quyet dinh doi vdi eac vfi'n dd" gin dfiy chi lfi mpt mpt chudi cupc qud'e te' va Lien hiep qude de thay the' ehien e6 the xay va chi c6 thd chfi'm dflt Hdi qud'c lidn dupc thfinh lfip ngfiy 26-6- kinh te' the' gidi chuyen doi sang chu 1945 d San Francisco (My), chinh thfle hoat nghia cpng san" (22) Hai tuan ll sau bfii dpng tfl 24-10-1945 Sau Tdng phfit bidu ciia Stalin, George Kennan, Bp thd'ng My Frankhin D.Roosevelt mfi't, trudng Bd Ngoai giao My mdt bfii bfio quye"n luc chuye'n sang tay ciia Tong thdng va tie'p theo dd, thang 7-1946, tren td Boi Henry Truman vdi chie'n Ifldc doi ngoai ngogi (Foreign Affairs) dUdi bi danh X, hoan toan khac vdi dudng Idl ciia G.Kennan cdng bd mdt bfii bfio dudi d i u dd: "NhQng ngudn goe cua ehinh sfich Xd vid't", F.D.Roosevelt dd dng nhfi'n manh: 'Trai qua 300 Luc nfiy, Truman ra't quan tfim dd'n Tay nfim lich sfl nUdc Nga va 30 nam lich sfl Xd Au vfi CO y dinh ca'u tnic Iai Tay Au theo vie't, ehinh sach ddl ngoai eua MfitxccJ va hfldng cha'p nhfin sfl chi dao cua My nham dua tren ba tru cdt: chii nghia dd' qud'c Sa tao it nhfi't lfi mpt the can bang chid'n hofing, he tu tudng cfich mang cdng san, Ifldc vdi khoi cfie nude Trung va Ddng Au che dp Stalin" (23) dfldi anh hudng eiia dudng loi chinh tri eua Lidn Xd Thfing 3-1946, bfii diln van ciia Thu Rhhi lai cu6c day Iranfa he hr hr6ng Tfl sfl ke't hdp hai ndi dung "chraig chii nghia cpng san" vfi "chidn tranh lanh" dd da hinh thfinh "Hpc thuyet Truman" Hpc thuyd't dd dfi che ngU dUclng loi ddl ngo^i eiia My nhieu thfip ky Dd lfi tinh hinh ma nflde Viet Nam, mdt mat b i n g dudng loi chinh tri cua minh, tid'p nhfin dUdc anh hudng tich cue cua cac trfio lflu tie'n bp cCia the gidi dd phat tridn va mat khac, phai dUdng d i u vdi cac chinh sfich cua cac chinh quyen My noi tie'p hdn 30 nfim vdi muc dich thii tieu nen ddc Ifip ciia Vidt Nam vdi lufin diem chong cpng san Trong thdi gian tfl cuoi nfim 1945 dd'n d i u nam 1946, Chii tieh Hd Chi Minh dfi gfli bfle thu vfi didn van cho Td'ng thd'ng vfi Bd Ngoai giao My Trong dien van 18-10-1945 gfli Truman, Hd Chu tich hoan nghenh viec lfip Uy ban tfl vfi'n vd Viln Ddng ciia Lien hiep qud'e vfi chflng minh vd mat phap ly va thflc te' Viet Nam phai ed quydn dai didn tai Uy ban chfl khdng phai lfi Phfip Ifldc My d Con Minh midn Nam Trung Qudc ndi ro t i e pham Why Vietnam? (Tai Viet Nam?) xufi't ban nam 1980, dd tfie gia dfi ndi ro mpt each trung thlie nhflng sU kidn lich sfl dfi diln nhflng nam td chflc dng phu trfich da cpng t i c vdi Viet Minh Chu tich Hd Chi Minh lanh dao, mpt nha each mang mfi dng rfi't kinh men vfi kham phue ve nhan quan chinh tri sfiu sfic vfi p h i m chfi't dao dflc cao dep Tic pham ciing da phd phfin chinh saeh ehdng cpng sai l i m cua My cl Vidt Nam nhieu thfip ky A.Patti da l i n den Ha Npi Lin thfl nha't lfi sau Cfich mang t h i n g Tfim thfinh cdng L i n thfl hai la vfio t h i n g 5-1991 Lan thfl ba lfi vfio dip to chflc UNESCO tdn vinh Chu tich Hd Chi Minh la Anh giai phong dan tpc vfi Nhfi van hoa ldn Tdi da ed may mfin dfldc tid'p xue vdi dng l i n gap thfl hai Trong l i n gfip dd, ong noi: Ngay 30-9-1945, tdi de'n chao Hd Chu tich de vd nUdc Hd Chii tich hdi tdi: Thfii dp cua My doi vdi Viet Nam nhfl the'nao? Cd gi thay ddi Tdi tra ldi: Tfl sau Roossevelt chd't den nay, tinh hinh cung chUa co gi rd rang ChUa co tuyen bo' nfio chinh thflc ung ho Viet Nam dupe ddc lfip Cung nhfl khdng ed tuyen bd' nfio iing hp Phip trd lai Viet Nam, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh lac dau va ndi: Cd mu ma khdng thfi'y My dfi bfit dau thay ddi chinh sach, da cung efi'p eho Phap vu vfi phUdng tidn chie'n tranh Phap se sdm mudn xam chid'm Lfio, Campuchia, Trung Ky vfi ca Bfie Ky nfla Dieu dd, hp se phai tra bfing mdt gia dfit, Patti cho r i n g lfi mot loi tien tri da dupe thue hien sau 30 nfim My thfi't bai Viet Nam Trong thfl gfli Truman ngfiy 16-2-1946, Hd Chii tich lai keu gpi Tong thd'ng My tdn trpng tinh t h i n va ldi vfin cua Tuyen bd' 12 diem cua ehinh Qng ta va nhflng bai phat bieu ciia cfie dai dien My tai Lien hidp qud'c de CO "budc quyd't dinh iing hd nen dpc lfip ciia Vidt Nam" Ngfldi nha'n manh: "Muc tieu cua chflng toi la ddc lap hoan toan va hdp t i e toan dien vdi Hoa Ky Chung tdi se lfim he't sflc minh de lam cho nen dpc lap va sfl hdp tae trd ndn cd ldi cho toan thd gidi" (24) Tid'c rfing nhflng bfle thu vfi didn vfin trdn dfiy dfi khdng nhfin dupe mot hdi am nfio eiia cfie nhfi c i m quyen My luc Thflc te tren da dfldc Thid'u tfi Archimeds My dfi thu dudc kd't qua gi viec Patti, Iiic dd phu trich td chflc OSS (Office thflc hidn ehinh sach ehd'ng cdng kd't hdp of Strategic Service), cum tinh bao chie'n vdi sfl dung ehieu bfii ung hd chii nghia dfin 12 Rghien ctru i*jch siS- s6 4.2015 tdc Hay de cho cac nhfi chinh khach Phfip, My tra Idi vach t r i n chinh saeh va nhflng thfi't hai dau ddn viec thflc hien" (26) Tren thuc te', chinh sach ndi tren khdng CO gi mdi Nd da dupe Phap thflc hien xfim lupc Viet Nam Tudng Leclerc, dupc de nghi thay vi ddc - thiy tu ndi tie'ng cd chinh sach eiing rfin vdi edng san sang Ddng Dfldng lfim Td'ng tfl ldnh quan vien ehinh da tfl choi vi t h i y rd khdng thd thfing dupc cupc ehien tranh d Vidt Nam Leclerc cd cau noi ndi tieng: "Chii nghia cho'ng cpng la mdt ddn bay khong cd diem tfla ehflng nfio ngUdi ta chfla giai quyd't dfldc vfi'n de dfin tpc" Trong mpt cupc didu tran trflde Quoc hpi My, trflde sU thfit khdng thd chdl eai noi trdn, cac Thflpng nghi si Fulbright vfi Church da phai thfla nhfin: "Nhflng nhfi lanh dao edng san lfi kie'n true su thfit su cua nen dpc lap dan tdc Vidt Nam" (27) Rut kinh nghidm thfi't bai cua Phip, Tdng thdng De Gaulle da noi thfing vdi Tdng thdng My Kennedy tfl nfim 1961: "He tu tudng ma cac dng neu eung chfing thay ddi dupc gi Cac dng cang lao vao cho'ng chu nghia cdng san d (Viet Nam) thi nhflng ngfldi cdng san cang ndi bat len la nhflng ehien si eiia dpc lfip dfin tdc vfi cfing dfldc iing hp" (25) Thfla nhfin sU thfi't bai eua My chinh sach ehd'ng edng d mien Nam Viet Nam, ThUdng nghi si My Fulbright quyen sach "Su ngang ngUde cua quyen uy" dfi vid't: "Quan diem eiia My ve cich mang bi chi phdl bdi mot vfi'n de ddn gian nhUng cho tdi vfin khong the khac phuc dfldc: Chiing ta co thai thu dich vdi chii nghla cdng san, ddng thdi Iai ddng tinh vdi chii nghla dfin tdc vfi chii nghia cdng san vfi chii nghla dfin tdc gan lien vdi thi chiing ta dam bdi rdi, thfi't vpng, cam tfle, ha'p tfi'p, vdi va va ba't nhfi't Trong trfldng hpp cfich mang Cuba vfi chien tranh d Vidt Nam ehu nghia edng san vfi chii nghia dfin tdc lien ket chat che vdi My da vfi'p phai nhflng vfi'n de tid'n thoai Ifldng nan he't sflc gay go vide Viet N a m s a u k h a n g c h i e n cho'ng My thfing Icfi Ngay 30-4-1975, khdng chi nhan dan Viet Nam phfi'n khdi, vui mflng tot dp don nhfin tin cudc khfing chie'n chong My da toan thfing mfi ban be khap nam chau da tiing ung hd Viet Nam chid'n da'u cung chia se niem vui dd Sau 20 nfim bi chia cat, dfi't nude thu ve" mpt mdl, hai mien Nam Bfie lai sum hpp mpt nhfi NhQng ngfiy vui da sdm qua di Nhfin dan Viet Nam dflng trUdc nhQng kho khan cflc ldn dang bay trUdc mat 20 nfim chien tranh dfi tfin phfi dfi't nUdc Tren mien Bfie, cic cd sd san xua't edng nghiep, ndng nghidp, cac tuyen giao thdng huyd't maeh bi hai cudc chie'n tranh khdng quan pha hoai nang ne Ludng thuc thie'u thdn nghidm trpng Vien trd quoe te' ke ca cae nude xa hpi chu nghia h i u nhU khdng cdn Lam phat phi ma de'n so Chinh sfich bao vay, ca'm van ciia My cfing lam cho tinh hinh da't nUdc them khd khfin mien Nam, hfing trieu ngfldi thfi't nghiep ChOi nghla thuc dfin mdi My dd Iai nhQng td nan xa hpi nghiem trpng (cfie bang eUdp, ma tuy, mai dfim) Cac Iiic lupng vfi td chflc phan ddng am muu pha hoai chinh quyen cfich mang Mpt so lUdng nhan dan khdng nhd, du khdng mudn, nhUng khdng vfldt qua dfldc kho khfin ddi sd'ng da chpn dfldng di tan sang My Rhin lai cuQc dau tranh he hr hr^ng Vd" mat chu quan, mdt sd chinh sach d mien Bfie khong thich hdp vdi tinh hinh mien Nam mdi giai phong (hpp tac hda ndng nghiep, cai tao cong, thUdng nghiep tu ban tu doanh) da lfim cho tam ly xfi hdi them cfing thang vfi lo ngai Quan trpng hdn nfla lfi cung thdi gian do, hfiu qua cua cudc chie'n tranh chdng My cdn chfla dfldc khfie phuc thi nhfin dan Viet Nam lai phai chiu dUng hai cupc chidn tranh tid'p noi, mpt d bidn gidi phia Bfie, mpt d bien gidi Tay Nam Dieu cin nhfi'n manh lfi hai cupc chie'n tranh khdng phai cac nflde de qudc gfiy ndn ma la cfie nha lanh dao Trung Qudc vfi Campuchia, nhflng nflde mang danh nghia chii nghia xa hoi p h i t dpng NhQng ldi Ie nguy bidn ve nguyen nhan dUa qufin vfio Vi^t Nam di day cho Vidt Nam mpt bfii hpc lfi Viet Nam lien tue gay ha'n vdi Trung Qud'e khong thuyet phuc dflpc nhan dan the' gidi vfi ca du lufin lanh manh, khach quan ciia nhan dan Trung Quo'c cd cam tinh vdi Viet Nam eung khdng ddng tinh Chudi sfl kidn lich sii ngfiy 19-1-1974 danh chidm q u i n dao Hofing Sa 17-21979 dfla qufin xfim lupc Viet Nam, ngfiy 18-3-1988 dfinh chie'm dao Gae Ma va vao nhflng nam cua thfip ky d i u the' ky XXI lien tuc vi pham chii quyen Ifinh hai cua Vipt Nam trdn Bidn Ddng, bfi't ehfi'p Lufit bien qudc te nam 1982 eua Lien hiep quo'c, mUu toan bid'n Bien Ddng ao nha Tfi't ca nhQng hanh dpng dd da bpc Id y dd ciia Trung Qud'c mud'n trd thfinh mdt sieu cUdng vdi chinh sach bfinh trUdng ba quydn nudc ldn bupc cic nflde khu vflc dd cd Vipt Nam phai ehfi'p nhan vai trd ba chii cua Trung Qude Dan tdc Vipt Nam la mpt dan tdc cd truyen thong coi trpng tinh nghia Nhfin dan Viet Nam rfi't bid't dn vfi quy trpng sfl giflp dd cua Trung Qud'c sU nghiep da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc, nhflng nhfin dan Viet Nam cdn quy trpng hdn dudng loi ddc lap tu chu ciia minh, khong vi nhflng ldi ich ed dfldc nd'u theo Trung Quo'c ma bd rdi dai nghia, thflc hidn nhflng quan he qud'c td' xa rdi nhflng nguyen tfie ciia chii nghia xa hpi Ddi vdi Campuchia, Viet Nam da khdng nhfin thflc kip thdi ban cha't phan ddng ciia tfip dofin Pdn Pdt Idng Xary Chung khdng nhflng da thuc hien chinh sach diet chiing ddl vdi nhfin dfin Campuchia mfi cdn tie'n cdng qufin sU, giet hai nhan dan Vidt Nam d eae tinh bien gidi Vidt NamCampuchia vdi sU Oing hp va vidn trp ciia Trung Qudc Khi nhflng nhfi lanh dao each mang Campuchia de nghi Viet Nam giup dd, sfl thfi'm n h u i n tinh nhan van cua chii nghia xa hdi va tfl tfldng Hd Chi Minh "giup ban la tu giup minh", khdng cho phep Vidt Nam khoanh tay dflng nhin dan tpc Campuchia bi tidu didt Hanh dpng co mpt thdi gian bi ngd nhfin, nhflng sau nfiy da dfldc nhan thfle lai Tda an qudc td xfl tdi didt chung cua tap dofin Pdn Pd't - Idng Xary Nhfliig nhfi lanh dao Campuchia da bpc Id tinh cam chfin cua minh ndi rang khdng cd sii giup dd eua Viet Nam thi khdng cd Campuchia Cupc chid'n dfi'u chdng hai cupc chie'n tranh d bidn gidi phia Bac vfi bidn gidi phia Tay Nam cung vdi thUc trang cua dfi't nflde nhU dfi ndi d trdn dfi ve nen mdt bfle tranh xim, hay ndi mdt cfich khac dd lfi cudc khiing hoang kinh td - xa hdi gay gfit Cudc khung hoang kinh td - xa hdi dd da bfit dau tfl nhflng nfim trflde chu nghia xa hpi hien thUc trdn the gidi thfi't bai, trUde Lidn Xd vfi cac nudc xfi hdi chu nghia d Ddng Au sup Vdi tinh t h i n trich nhidm trudc van mdnh cua dan Rghien cflu Lich sir s6 4.2015 tdc dang bi de dpa nghiem trpng Dang chii trUdng phai dua dfi't nflde khdi cupc khung hoang dd Trong tinh hinh luc Dang khdng the trdng chd vfio bfi't cfl sfl giup dd cua luc lUdng nfio khfic ngofii lue lUdng ciia ehinh ban thfin dan tpc Viet Nam Dang nhan dinh mpt md hinh ciia chu nghia xa hoi tha't bai khong cd nghia Ifi nhflng nguyen Iy cua chu nghia xa hdi khdng cdn gifi tri Qua nhidu nam theo ddi va tdng ke't cfie hoat ddng thuc tien cua nhan dan va eae dia phUdng, Dai hpi lan thfl VI ciia Dang (nfim 1986) vdi tinh than diing cam "nhin thang vfio sii that, ndi ro Sli that" da dd dfldng Idl ddi mdi tu duy, trflde hd't la tfl kinh td' Dudng 161 dd'i mdi phe phan sfiu sfic tfie hai eua chu nghia giio dieu, va nhiing khuynh hfldng tu tudng chu quan, y chi, ndng vpi, dd't chay giai doan da nhan thfle khdng diing vfi xfl ly khdng diing vfi'n de thdi ky qufi dp ldn ehu nghia xa hpi d mpt nudc cd nen kinh te lac hau nhfl Viet Nam Thuc chfi't cua cdng cupc doi mdi la trd lai tu dpc lap, tu chii sing tao cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh, khai pha mdt dudng mdi dua dfi't nude qua nhieu giai doan qua dp tie'n len chii nghia xa hpi, la trd lai nhflng quan diem cd ban dung dan cua hoc thuyet Mae - Lenin Mac da tiing ndi: "Chu nghia cdng san khdng phai lfi mdt trang thai cin phai sang tao ra, khdng phai lfi mdt Iy tfldng mfi hidn thue phai khudn theo Chung ta gpi chii nghia cdng san lfi mpt phong trao hidn thflc, nd xda bo trang thii hien nay" (28) Cin hieu diing cau noi cua Mac nhfl sau: Chu nghla edng san khdng phai la cau tra Idi cho mpt sfl mong mud'n eua ngfldi (tfle la mpt khfii nidm tam, khdng tudng) ma lfi cau tra Idi cho mpt sfl vfin dpng lich sfl hien thflc (khii nidm vfit bidn chfliig) Sau thfing Idi cua Cach mang thing Mudi 1917, cfin cfl vfio thflc tiln each mang nflde Nga, Lenin vie't: "Khdng edn nghi ngd gi nfla rfing each mang xa hpi chii nglm nhfi't dinh phai mang nhQng hinh thflc dae thu mdt nudc ma dfin so" ndng thdn rfi't ldn" (29) Lenin cdn ndi: "Ne'u phfin tich tinh hinh chinh tri hien nay, cd thd ndi rang chung ta dang d vao mpt thdi ky qua dp thdi ky qufi dp" (30) Vdi dudng Idl ddi mdi, Viet Nam bat diu phfit trien nen kinh te' nhieu phan, hdi nhfip quoc te', hoat ddng theo cd che thi trUdng dudi sfl quan ly cua Nhfi nflde theo dinh hudng xfi hpi chii nghia Trong qufi trinh hpi nhap kinh te' thi trUdng, da sinh Dang vfi xfi hdi tu tudng lo ngai lieu tham gia qua sfiu vfio kinh td' thi trUdng cd dan dd'n chii nghia xfi hpi di chech hudng? Can c6 mpt cich nhin bidn chflng ve vfi'n de nfiy Ba mfldi nfim ddi mdi da chflng td sU lo ngai lfi khdng co cfin efl Sfl that la cho ddn nay, dfi't nUdc ta edn nhieu viec phai lfim di tham gia diy du kinh te thi trfldng Cd tham gia day dii, tich cUc, manh me, kinh te' thi trUdng mdi nang cao dUdc nfing luc hdp tac vfi canh tranh dUa nen kinh te' len mpt quy md ldn, mdt chat lUdng cao vfi san xufi^t nhieu cua cai, Ifim cho da't nUdc eang giau co vfi tren cd sd dd, Nhfi nudc xfi hpi chii nghia va Dang Cpng san cd dieu kidn de the hien tinh Uu viet cua chu nghia xa hdi sfl phan phdl va phfin phdl lai thfinh qua cua ndn kinh te va thflc hien eae ehinh sich xa hpi lfim cho ddi sdng cua nhan dfin ca ve vat chfi't vfi tinh t h i n ngfiy cfing tot dep Nfim nay, ngofii ky niem 40 nam khang ehien ehdng My thang ldi, giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nha't dfi't nudc, nhfin dan Viet Nam edn ky nidm 70 nfim Cfich mang Rhin lai cu6c